Chapter 8 Joint

The function and range of motion of each joint depends on its ___________

anatomical design

Which type of movement changes the angle between the shaft and the articular surface?

angular motion

Which of the following involves damage to the articular cartilages and encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints?

arthritis

What is another name for a joint?

articulation

All synovial joints have the following basic features EXCEPT __________. articular cartilages accessory structures blood vessels a joint capsule sensory nerves All synovial joints have all of the listed features.

blood vessels

Which of the following are pads of fibrous cartilage that may subdivide a synovial cavity, channel the flow of synovial fluid, allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces, or restrict movements at the joint?

menisci

Hip fractures are most common in which group of people?

people over 60

Which of the following synovial joint types allow(s) rotational movements?

pivot joint and ball-and-socket joint

Ashton loves to stand on his tiptoes. What type of special movement best describes the elevation of the heel and proximal portion of the foot when a person stands on tiptoes?

plantar flexion

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

1. lubrication 2. nutrient distribution 3. shock absorption

Which of the following is NOT a factor that helps to limit mobility and thus reduce the chance of injury in a joint? the presence of other bones, bony processes, skeletal muscles, or fat pads around the joint tension in tendons attached to the articulating bone the presence of accessory ligaments and collagen fibers of the joint capsule All of the listed responses are factors that help limit mobility and thus reduce the chance of joint injury.

All of the listed responses are factors that help limit mobility and thus reduce the chance of joint injury.

T/F The joints between the humerus and ulna and between the humerus and radius enable abduction and adduction of the elbow.

False

Define hinge joints

Hinge joints permit angular movement in a single plane. A hinge joint is an example of a nonaxial joint.

Which of the following statements regarding the knee joint is FALSE? It has the largest range of motion (up to 170 degrees) of any joint of the lower limb. It lacks the large muscle mass that supports and strengthens the hip, but it must still provide support. It lacks the strong ligaments that support the ankle joint. All of the listed responses are true.

It has the largest range of motion (up to 170 degrees) of any joint of the lower limb.

Which of the following statements about the temporomandibular joint is FALSE? It permits small gliding and rotational movements. It permits flexion movements. It is primarily a hinge joint. It is a small but complex multiaxial joint.

It permits flexion movements.

coracohumeral ligament of the shoulder joint

It strengthens the superior part of the articular capsule and helps support the weight of the upper limb; it also originates at the base of the coracoid process and inserts on the humeral head.

With age, what happens to bone mass?

Bone mass decreases because bone is weaker, and the risks of fractures increase.

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to a suture joint when compared to a gomphosis or a synostosis?

The connective tissue that binds this joint is the unossified remnants of the embryonic mesenchymal membrane in which the bones developed.

Which of the following does NOT describe a rotational movement?: The palm and wrist are moved to face posteriorly. The palm is moved posteriorly toward the wrist. The head shakes side to side, indicating "no." The upper limb is turned (inward) toward the vertebral surface of the body.

The palm is moved posteriorly toward the wrist.

Which of the following statements regarding the joints of the ankle and foot is FALSE? The distal tibiofibular joint is a fibrous syndesmosis between the distal facets of the tibia and fibula. The joint formed between the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the lateral articular surface of the talus is termed the fibulotalar joint. The proximal tibiofibular joint is a plane joint formed between the anteromedial surface of the tibia and the head of the fibula. The talocrural joint is a hinge joint formed by articulations among the tibia, the fibula, and the talus.

The proximal tibiofibular joint is a plane joint formed between the anteromedial surface of the tibia and the head of the fibula.

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe bursae? They may develop in abnormal locations. They may appear beneath the skin covering a bone. They are found around all synovial joints. They are filled with synovial fluid and lined by a synovial membrane. They reduce friction and act as a shock absorber.

They are found around all synovial joints.

Which of the following statements about intercarpal joints is FALSE? They are condylar joints. They permit slight twisting movements. They are plane joints. They permit slight twisting movements, and they are condylar joints.

They are plane joints

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of articular cartilages in synovial joints? They act as shock absorbers. They lack a perichondrium. They help reduce friction. They resemble hyaline cartilage in that their matrix is composed of about the same amount of fluid.

They resemble hyaline cartilage in that their matrix is composed of about the same amount of fluid.

T/F Intervertebral discs are NOT found in the sacrum or coccyx, nor are they found between C1 and C2 vertebrae.

True

Which of the following statements regarding circumduction of a pencil model is/are FALSE? It is a type of angular motion. The tip remains stationary, while the shaft, held at an angle of less than 90 degrees, describes a complete circle. With the tip at the same point, the angle of the shaft remains unchanged as the shaft spins around its longitudinal axis. An example of this would be moving your arm in a loop as when drawing a circle on the chalkboard.

With the tip at the same point, the angle of the shaft remains unchanged as the shaft spins around its longitudinal axis.

The type of angular motion known as ____ is movement away from the longitudinal axis of the body in the front plane.

abduction

Which of the following is/are considered (a) major ligament(s) of the ankle? medial ligaments deltoid ligament lateral ligaments tibiofibular ligament deltoid ligament and lateral ligaments lateral ligaments and tibiofibular ligament

deltoid ligament and lateral ligaments

Freely moveable joints are classified as __________.

diarthroses

Which type of joint is specialized for movement and permits of wide range of motion?

diarthrosis

Which type of movement is characteristic of the articulation between the tibia and fibula with the talus?

dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

What angular motions is used to describe the movement in the anterior-posterior plane that reduces the angle between articulating elements?

flexion

Which of the following joints is monaxial? condylar ellipsoid shoulder joint saddle ball-and-socket gliding (planar)

gliding (planar)

Between the sacrum and hipbones is a sacro-iliac joint with a planar diarthrosis articulation. What type of movement would someone observe?

gliding movement

Which of the following is a hinge diarthrosis in the foot?

interphalangeal

Regarding joints of the foot, which of the following groups of synovial joints is/are considered plane joints that permit limited sliding and twisting movements? interphalangeal joints metatarsophalangeal joints intertarsal joints interphalangeal joints and tarsometatarsal joints

intertarsal joints

Which of the following ligaments connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae? anterior longitudinal ligament interspinous ligament posterior longitudinal ligament ligamentum nuchae ligamentum flavum supraspinous ligament

ligamentum flavum

Which type of joint found in the foot is a condylar joint that permits flexion/extension and adduction/abduction?

metatarsophalangeal joint

The skeletal and muscular systems are structurally and functionally interdependent; their interactions are so extensive that they are often considered to be part of a single system called the __________.

musculoskeletal system

Which of the following is a general term that indicates pain and stiffness affecting the skeletal system, the muscular system, or both?

rheumatism

The tendons of specific appendicular muscles, collectively called the ________ , support the shoulder and limit its movement range.

rotator cuff

What is the name of the ligament that extends from the styloid process to the posterior margin of the angle of the mandibular ramus?

stylomandibular ligament

Which of the following structures lie(s) between large muscles and the capsular wall? subscapular bursa subdeltoid bursa subacromial bursa subdeltoid bursa and subscapular bursa

subacromial bursa

Articulations identified as synostosis are further classified as belonging to which functional category of articulations?

synarthrosis

Which articulation classification is represented by the distal articulation between the tibia and fibula bones?

syndesmosis

Which type of amphiarthrosis is fibrous and lies between the tibia and fibula?

syndesmosis

Which of the following accessory structures are typically NOT part of the articulation itself but in some joints are an integral part of the joint capsule and provide significant strength to the capsule? synovial tendon sheaths extracapsular ligaments tendons accessory ligaments

tendons

T/F Although flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation are permitted by the four broad ligaments that stabilize the hip, hip flexion is considered to be the most important "normal" movement.

true

T/F Synovial fluid provides lubrication and reduces friction via the hyaluronan and lubricin within it, which is produced by synovial membranes lining the joint cavities.

true

Which of the following does NOT describe a special or unusual type of movement? turning the sole of the foot inward turning the arm inward crossing the arms shrugging the shoulders

turning the arm inward

What type of joint is between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs with an articulation of a planar diarthrosis and movements of elevation/depression?

vertebrocostal joint