Chapter 8 Memory Psychology

Flinching because someone is going to punch who has punched you before uses what kind of memory

Conditioning Memory

Remembering your friends BDAY from last week uses what kind of memory

Episodic Memory

Tying your shoe uses what kind of memory

Procedural Memory

Writing your name uses what kind of memory?

Procedural Memory

Words to a sound uses what kind of memory

Semantic Memory

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

The inability to recall information that one knows has been stored in long term memory

Sensory memory

The stage of memory that briefly stores exact replicas of sensations - for a few seconds at most

Semantic Memory

The subsystem of declarative memory that contains general information about the world

Iconic Memory

Visual sensory memory which lasts about a second

Figuring out a tip for a waiter is what kind of memory

Working Memory

forgetting curve

a graph showing that forgetting is initially rapid and then slows

Elaborative rehearsal

actively organizing new information to make more meaningful and integrating it with information already stored in long term memory

method of savings

assessment of memories by comparing the time or number of trials needed to memorize a given amount of information and the time or number of trials needed to memorize it again at a later time

echoic memory

auditory sensory memory which last up to 4 or more seconds

Explicit memory

conscious recollection of general information or personal experiences

massed practice

cramming the memorization of information or learning of a motor skill into one session

method of loci

device in which items to be recalled are associated with landmarks in a familiar place and then recalled during a mental walk fro one landmark to another

pegword method

device that involves associating items to be recalled with objects that rhyme with the number 123 and so on to make items easier to recall

link method

device that involves connecting in sequence images of items to be memorized to make easier to recall

forgetting

failure to retrieve information from memory

long term memory

memory that can store a virtually unlimited amount of information relatively permanently

long term potentiation

phenomenon related to the facilitation of neural impulses in which synaptic transmission of impulses is made more efficient by brief electrical stimulation of specific neural pathways

Being fast to memorize the name of a famous artist when you recently heard the name in passing uses what kind of memory

priming

`Memory

process in which information is acquired stored in the brain and later retrieved and eventually possibly forgotten

remembering to buy a gift for a friends party tonight uses what kind of memory

prospective memory

repression

psychoanalytic theory the defense mechanism that involves banishing threatening thoughts feelings and memories into the unconscious mind

encoding

the conversion of information into a form that can be stored for memory

Constructive recall

the distortion of memories by adding dropping or changing details to fit a schema

declarative memory

the long term memory system that contains memories of facts

procedural memory

the long term memory system that contains memories of how to preform particular actions

encoding specificity

the principle that recall will be the best when cues that were associated with encoding of memory are also present during attempts at retrieving it

retroactive interference

the process by which new memories interfere with the ability to recall old memories

proactive interference

the process by which old memories interfere with the ability to recall new memories

Short term memory

the stage of memory that can store a few items of unrehearsed information for about 20 seconds

episodic memory

the subsystem of declarative memory that contains memories of personal experiences tied to particular times and places

Serial position effect

the superiority of immediate recall for items at the beginning and end of a list

state dependent memory

the tendency for recall to be best when ones emotional or physiological state is the same during the recall of the memory as it was during the encoding of that memory

context-dependent memory

the tendency for recall to be best when the environmental context present during the encoding of a memory is also present during attempts at retrieving it

semantic network theory

the theory that memories are stored as nodes interconnected by links that represent their relationships

levels of processing theory

the theory that the depth at which we process information determine how well it is encoded store and retrieved

information processing model

the view of processing memories involves encoding storage and retrieval

decay theory

theory that forgetting occurs because memories naturally fade over time

interference theory

theory that forgetting results from some memories interfering with the ability to recall other memories

schema theory

theory that longterm memories are stored as part of schemas which are cognitive structures that organize knowledge about events or subjects

eyewitness testimony

witnesses recollections about events most notably about criminal activity

Another name for short term memory

working memory

remembering numbers as you dial it uses what kind of memory

working memory

Flash Bulb Memory

A vivid long lasting memory of a surprising, important, emotionally rousing event

implicit memory

recollection of previous experiences demonstrated through behavior rather than through conscious intentional remembering

retrieval

recovery of information in memory

Maintenance rehearsal

repeating information to unsold to keep in short term memory

storage

retention of information in memory

remembering parts of the limbic system uses what kind of memory

semantic memory

distributed practice

spread out the memorization of information or learning of a motor skill over several sessions

SQR3 Method

study technique in which a student surveys questions read and recites and reviews course material

overlearning

studying material beyond the point of initial mastery

mnemonic device

technique for organizing information to be memorized to make it easier to remember