Chapter 8 Nutrition

Which of the following statements is true? A. Scientists think all vitamins have been discovered. B. Biotin is a vitamin-like substance for humans. C. Vitamins are classified as being soluble in either alcohol or fat. D. The first vitamin was discovered in 1960.

*not B or C

Which of the following foods provides the most beta-carotene per serving? A. Bacon, 1 strip, cooked B. Mango, 1 medium, raw C. Plain yogurt, 1/2 cup D. Pear, 1 medium, raw

*not C

Which of the following statements is true? A. People can survive for years by only consuming formula diets that contain all known vitamins. B. Biotin is a vitamin-like substance for humans. C. Vitamins are classified as being soluble in either alcohol or fat. D. Scientists are conducting research on plants to discover more vitamins that are essential for human beings.

*not Vitamins are classified as being soluble in either alcohol or fat.

Having excess body fat increases the risk of ________.

*not diverticulosis

Which of the following foods provides the most beta-carotene per serving?

*not pear, 1 medium, raw

In the body, vitamin A helps ________.

*not the small intestine absorb calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin?

*not vegetables

Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin ________.

B-12

Ronald has an inherited metabolic defect in which his cells have difficulty processing the toxic amino acid homocysteine to form the nonessential amino acid cysteine. His physician may recommend vitamin ________ supplements to help Ronald's body metabolize homocysteine.

B-6

Which of the following statements is true? A. Retinol is foundonly in plant foods. B. Certaincarotenoids are precursors for preformed vitamin A. C. Vitamin A isnecessary for calcium and phosphorus absorption. D. In children,vitamin A deficiency is called rickets

B. Certain carotenoids are precursors for preformed vitamin A.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Technically,vitamin E is not a vitamin because the body can make the nutrient. B. Premature infantsare at risk of vitamin E deficiency. C. Megadoses ofvitamin E are associated with bone pain, general weakness, and death. D. According toscientific research, 75% of Americans consume diets that supply excessiveamounts of vitamin E.

B. Premature infantsare at risk of vitamin E deficiency.

Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?

Boiling in a saucepan of water

Which of the following foods is a good source of thiamin?

Bread made from enriched wheat flour

Eating cruciferous vegetables regularly may reduce the risk of cancer. Which of the following foods is a cruciferous vegetable?

Cabbage

Which of the following statements is true? A. Retinol is foundonly in plant foods. B. Certaincarotenoids are precursors for preformed vitamin A. C. Vitamin A isnecessary for calcium and phosphorus absorption. D. In children,vitamin A deficiency is called rickets.

Certaincarotenoids are precursors for preformed vitamin A.

Which of the following substances is a rich source of vitamin D?

Cod liver oil

Which of the following vitamins can be made by the human body?

D

Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by radicals.

E

Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity?

E

Which of the following foods are a good source of vitamin B-12?

Eggs

According to results of scientific studies, people who take dietary supplements of vitamin A or beta-carotene have a lower risk of developing cancer.

False

Beta-carotene is the most biologically active form of vitamin A.

False

Night blindness is an early symptom of vitamin D deficiency.

False

Vitamins E, K, C, and D are fat-soluble vitamins.

False

Of the following foods, which is the richest source of riboflavin?

Fat-free milk

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin B-12?

Fat-free milk

Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D?

Fatty fish

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?

Fortified dairy products

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin?

Grains that have undergone enrichment

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

Green leafy vegetables

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamin supplements more likely to cause toxicity than taking excess amounts of water-soluble vitamin supplements?

In general, it is more difficult for the body to eliminate fat-soluble vitamins than water-soluble vitamins.

Erika takes megadoses of vitamin B-6 because she thinks it benefits her health. After learning about this vitamin in your nutrition class, which of the following statements about vitamin B-6 would be the most accurate information to tell her?

Ingesting largedoses of vitamin B-6 can cause nerve damage.

_________ are a good source of vitamin B-12.

Lean meats

________ is added to refined cereal grains during the grain enrichment process.

Niacin

Which vitamin is needed to make coenzyme A?

Pantothenic acid

________ are water-soluble vitamins.

Pantothenic acid,vitamin C, and thiamin

Which of the following statements is true? A. Technically,vitamin E is not a vitamin because the body can make the nutrient. B. Premature infantsare at risk of vitamin E deficiency. C. Megadoses ofvitamin E are associated with bone pain, general weakness, and death. D. According toscientific research, 75% of Americans consume diets that supply excessiveamounts of vitamin E.

Premature infantsare at risk of vitamin E deficiency.

________ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.

Retinol

________ is added to refined rice during the grain enrichment process.

Riboflavin

Which of the following statements is true? A. Excessive intakesof vitamin D cause rickets in children. B. Skin can form previtamin D after being exposed to sunlight. C. Pellagra is thevitamin D deficiency disorder in adults. D. Vitamin D is necessary for proper collagen formation.

Skin can form previtamin D after being exposed to sunlight.

Which of the following statements is true about vitamins? A. Chemically, theyare the same as minerals. B. Compared to protein, the body requires vitamins in larger quantities. C. Excesses can beconverted to glucose for energy. D. They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat.

They are usually in foods that Americans commonly eat.

________ is added to refined cornmeal during the grain enrichment process.

Thiamin

Niacin is a B vitamin that is needed for energy metabolism.

True

People can die from pellagra.

True

When healthy skin is exposed to sunshine, it forms a substance that the body converts to active vitamin D.

True

Which of the following vitamins is a teratogen, when consumed in excess?

Vitamin A

The body can store large amounts of ________.

Vitamin B-12

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

Vitamins K, E, andD

Which of the following foods is not a good source of thiamin?

Whole milk

________ is a carcinogen.

alcohol

________ prevent or limit the ability of radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.

antioxidants

Jamal wants to lower his risk of cancer. He should ________.

avoid drinking alcohol

In general, yellow, red, and orange fruits and vegetables are rich sources of ________.

beta-carotene

The human body can absorb some ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

biotin

Chino wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may decrease his risk of this chronic disease.

broccoli

Which of the following foods is a good dietary source of beta-carotene?

broccoli

Which of the following foods is a rich source of vitamin C?

broccoli

Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.

butter

Which of the following foods is a rich source of beta-carotene?

carrots

Which of the following substances is considered a "vitamin-like" nutrient for humans?

choline

Becky's 2-year-old-son can not walk because he was born with spina bifida. To reduce the chances that her next baby is born with this birth defect or related disorders, Becky should ________.

consume green leafy vegetables, drink orange juice, and take a folic acid supplement before getting pregnant

Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin?

dairy

A medical researcher has isolated a chemical from cigarette smoke. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical damages unsaturated fatty acids in the cells' plasma membranes. He is able to prevent this damage by adding vitamin E to the mixture of the chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has ________.

determined that the chemical in cigarette smoke is an oxidizing agent

A medical researcher is investigating the chemical and physical properties of substance that she isolated from the surface of charcoal-grilled meat. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical causes the rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membranes. She is able to prevent this reaction by adding vitamin C to the mixture of the substance chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has ________.

determined that the chemical isolated from charcoal-grilled meat is an oxidizing agent

The classic signs and symptoms of pellagra include ________.

diarrhea dermatitis

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, vitamin C is a "nutrient of public health concern."

false

During the grain enrichment process, refined wheat flour has vitamins E, C, and D added to it.

false

In 2020, the liver was the leading site for new cases of cancer among American men.

false

In humans, the lack of vitamin K results in a condition called pernicious anemia.

false

Women who take high doses of riboflavin during pregnancy are more likely to deliver babies with birth defects than pregnant women who take high doses of vitamin A.

false

Which of the following vitamins does not play a direct role in energy metabolism?

folate

The human body needs vitamin K to ________.

form active blood clotting factors

Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin E?

ground beef

The body needs folate to produce a coenzyme that ________.

helps form DNA

Charcoal-broiled meats may be a source of ________.

heterocyclic amines

When consumed with certain plant foods, vitamin C enhances the absorption of ________.

iron

Vitamin C ________.

is needed to form strong collagen

When cooking green beans, Jamal likes to add baking soda to the cooking water, because it keeps the color of the beans from turning olive green. As a result of this practice, Jamal's green beans have ________ than green beans cooked in plain water.

less vitamin C

Which of the following foods is the best source of preformed vitamin A?

liver

Routine vitamin C supplementation ________.

may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so

Felicity's LDL cholesterol level is too high. To lower her cholesterol level, she took large doses of a certain vitamin supplement, but she experienced gastrointestinal ulcers and liver damage as a result. Based on this information, which vitamin did she take?

niacin

An early symptom of vitamin A deficiency is ________.

night blindness

Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is almost completely covered in heavy veils when in public places. Her usual diet includes legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain bread and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of ________.

osteomalacia

In general, B vitamins function as ________.

parts of coenzymes

Sam wants to lower his risk of colorectal cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may increase his risk of this chronic disease.

processed meat

Exposing milk to light can reduce its ________ content.

riboflavin

Which of the following vitamins plays a direct role in energy metabolism?

riboflavin

Issac is an 8-year-old child who has African ancestry. He lives in Chicago and does not spend much time outdoors. He does not like to consume dairy foods because he has lactose intolerance. His diet consists primarily of enriched white bread, peanut butter, chicken, pork, apples, bananas, and green vegetables. Based on this information, Issac has a high risk of ________.

rickets

Blake is a college student whose diet consists primarily of refined white bread, chicken, meat, cheese, yogurt, and milk. Furthermore, he doesn't take dietary supplements. Based on this information, Blake has a high risk of developing ________.

scurvy

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

soybean oil

To conserve the vitamin content of foods, ________.

stir-fry instead of boil

Libby wants to have a birthday party for her 5-year-old daughter and several of the child's friends. She plans to serve cake, ice cream, and milk to the children in the backyard on a warm sunny afternoon. To conserve vitamins in the milk, Libby should ________.

store the milk in the refrigerator until serving time

The liver needs vitamin K to ________.

synthesize prothrombin

Sonya has a chronic illness, and to treat the condition, she takes an antibiotic every day. Despite her illness, Sonya's diet is nutritionally adequate, and she exercises regularly. Based on this information, Sonya may need to ________.

take a dietary supplement that contains biotin

According to results of some scientific studies, people who have age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may be able to slow the progression of the disease by taking dietary supplements that contain lutein and zeaxanthin.

true

Kale is a rich source of vitamin K.

true

Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin

true

Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin.

true

Scientists have discovered all essential vitamins.

true

The adult form of rickets is called osteomalacia.

true

Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of ________, the precursor for niacin.

tryptophan

Edna is 70 years of age. She is very healthy, and the only medication she takes is a prescription drug that reduces her stomach's acid production. Her diet includes a variety of foods from all food groups. Based on this information, Edna is at risk of developing ________.

vitamin B-12 deficiency

Which of the following vitamins is not added to refined grains as part of the grain enrichment process?

vitamin B-6

On sunny days, Juan spends at least 20 minutes exercising outdoors, because he knows sunlight helps his body make ________.

vitamin D

The human body may absorb some of the ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

vitamin K

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________.

vitamin K;bleeding

Juan is a body builder who takes a variety of vitamin supplements. He often has diarrhea, and last week he was diagnosed with a kidney stone. Based on this information, which of his supplements is most likely contributing to his current health problems?

vitamin c

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin C?

white potato *not fat-free milk