Chapter 8 Questions
Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.
*leave children to make their own rules *Be punitive or aloof
Which child has most likely developed an attitude of skepticism due to an understanding that others do not always give true statements?
4 year old Kaylee, regarding her friend's excuses
By what age do young children realize that others may lie or exaggerate to get what they want or to avoid trouble?
4 years
Psychological traits and emotional terms are first incorporated into a young child's self-description around the age of ______ years.
4-5
At what age would you most likely hear a child first say, "I'm smart because I can say big words"?
4-5 years
Children of emotion-________ parents show fewer behavior problems than children of emotion-________ parents.
coaching; dismissing
An internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior is defined as
conscience
According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?
authoritarian
Baumrind describes children raised by ______ parents as often unhappy, fearful, and anxious about comparing themselves to others.
authoritarian
______ play combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representations of ideas, and it occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
constructive
_________ play combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representations of ideas, and it occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
constructive
According to social role theory, gender differences result from the ______ roles of women and men.
contrasting
Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?
control, demand, acceptance, responsiveness
The support that parents provide one another in raising a child together is referred to as
coparenting
_______ is defined as the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child.
coparenting
What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?
corporal punishment
Many researchers consider the growth of ____________ regulation in children as fundamental to becoming socially competent.
emotional
What are the important characteristics of sibling relationships?
emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, variation
Counter to Baumrind's theories, the ______ parenting approach has shown positive outcomes for some ethnic groups.
authoritarian
The parenting style used by some Asian American parents, while appearing to be ______, actually reflects concern and involvement in their children's lives and is best seen as a type of training.
authoritarian
Young children learn in early childhood that certain situations are likely to evoke particular
emotions
Responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings is known as _______
empathy
the __________ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.
authoritarian
According to Baumrind, children whose parents are _________ are often cheerful, self-controlled, self-reliant, and achievement oriented.
authoritative
In the Latino culture, development of self and identity requires respect and obedience, which is a key component in the __________ parenting style.
authoritative
________ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
empathy
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.
encourage
True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.
false
Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?
fear
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by indulgent parents?
fear and low self-esteem
For most young children, the label of ________ refers to someone with whom they play.
friend
What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?
gender identity
Which of the following provides males and females with a framework of how they should think, act, and feel?
gender roles
______ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
__________ __________ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.
gender typing
According to Erikson's developmental stages, which emotion lowers self-esteem in young children?
guilt
According to Baumrind, children raised by _________ parents never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, the _________ parenting style places few demands or controls on the child and is characterized by overly involved parents.
indulgent
According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?
indulgent
True or false: When children interact aggressively with peers, they are at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school.
true
The psychoanalytic theory purports that gender typing occurs
unconsciously
The developmental concept of self-________ is defined as the child's representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Besides aggressive television shows, violent ________ __________ have also been correlated with aggression in children.
video games
Children who are aggressive with peers are at risk for what problems?
- Delinquency - Dropping out of school
What are the advantages of emotional development in young children?
- It allows them to try to make sense of other people's emotional reactions. - It allows them to begin to control their own emotions.
What are the qualities that researchers have used to evaluate children's development of conscience?
- Whether a child is sensitive to rule violations - Whether a child experiences guilt - Whether a child experiences discomfort after a transgression - Whether a child has awareness of right and wrong
Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?
- anxiety about comparing themselves with others - weak communication skills - unhappiness and fear - failure to initiate activity
Children raised by authoritative parents are likely to display which of the following characteristics?
- cheerfulness and self-control - friendliness with peers - self-reliance and achievement orientation
Match the type of child maltreatment with the correct definition or example.
- child neglect matches failure to provide for a child's basic needs failure to provide for a child's basic needs - emotional abuse matches psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems psychological, verbal, or mental acts or omissions that could cause serious behavioral, cognitive, or emotional problems - physical abuse matches infliction of physical injury infliction of physical injury - sexual abuse matches incest, rape, or fondling genitals incest, rape, or fondling genitals
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
- division of labor - social heirarchy
What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?
- doing nothing - intervening and helping resolve - admonishing or threatening
What characteristics do young children (age 3) often use in their self-descriptions?
- material attributes - physical activities - physical attributes
Match the definition to the corresponding style of play
- practice matches involves repetitive behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports involves repetitive behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports - pretense/symbolic matches involves physical environment transformed into a symbol involves physical environment transformed into a - symbol social matches involves social interactions with peers involves social interactions with peers - constructive matches combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas
Match the type of play with the age of occurrence.
- sensorimotor matches primarily confined to infancy primarily confined to infancy - practice matches can be engaged in throughout life can be engaged in throughout life - pretense/symbolic play matches peaks around 4 or 5 years of age and gradually declines peaks around 4 or 5 years of age and gradually declines - constructive play matches a common form of play during the elementary school years a common form of play during the elementary school years
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
- social cognitive theory - social role theory - psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?
- to provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities - to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family
Custodial fathers experience the loss of about _______ of their predivorce income.
10 percent
Around what age do most children develop self-conscious emotions?
15 to 18 months
By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?
2 1/2 years
Custodial mothers experience the loss of about ______ of their predivorce income.
25 to 50 percent
In the United States, ______ of parents of 3- and 4-year-olds report using spanking frequently
26%
By ______ of age, children already prefer to spend time with same-sex rather than opposite-sex playmates.
3. years
In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
4 types
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children raised by neglectful parents?
independence
According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?
Authoritative
Which developmental theory states that gender typing happens when children understand what their culture considers appropriate and inappropriate behavior for each gender?
Gender schema theory
Among ______, the authoritarian style does not appear to suppress the child's development, but to encourage a sense of self and identity that are embedded in the family and require respect and obedience.
Latinos
Critics of Baumrind note that her parenting style categories reflect only a ______ view of child development.
North American
What is a major milestone of early childhood?
The ability to control one's emotions
Which country has the most favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
United States
By early childhood, children show ______ for same-sex peers.
a preference
The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.
acceptance; demand
Which of the following child-rearing practices does NOT characterize higher-SES parents?
acting more directive and less conversational
the __________ parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.
authoritative
A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's ________ morality stage, which is the second stage in his theory.
autonomous
___________ is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
autonomous morality
Mariah identifies herself as a blond, tall, and good at tag. Mariah is most likely how old?
between 4 and 5
Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.
bicultural
When immigrants select elements of US culture to help survive and advance, they may be said to be developing a _________ orientation.
bicultural
Select all the outcomes associated with the emotion-coaching parenting style.
child can focus attention better
What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?
creative
What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized?
depression
According to gender schema theory, gender typing occurs when a child
develops a concept of what is appropriate for males and females
What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?
do nothing at all
In ______, children first start to distinguish between friends and nonfriends.
early childhood
Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.
heteronomous
Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the _________ morality stage.
heteronomous
Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with
higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence
Experts are increasingly concerned about children who play violent video games, especially games that are
highly realistic
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow immediately. This is a belief in
immanent justice
______ is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.
immanent justice
Which of the following does not pose an increased risk for depression during childhood?
impulsiveness
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by ______.
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas
Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is most associated with early childhood?
initiative versus guilt
According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage of development that occurs during early childhood (between ages 3 and 5) is called _________ versus _________.
initiative; guilt
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents are ______ popular and well-adjusted compared to children raised by heterosexual parents.
just as likely to be
Recent research has shown that gender differences have a ______ pronounced and ______ consistent impact on a child's adjustment to divorce than previously believed.
less; less
In the United States, a ______ of parents reported spanking their children frequently, and a ______ reported yelling at their children frequently.
minority; majority
What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?
moral
__________ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.
moral
Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.
nature
The four main types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and child _______
neglect
According to Baumrind, the ________ style of parenting is characterized by a lack of involvement in the child's life.
neglectful
Children raised by _________ parents tend to have poor self-control, low self-esteem, and have trouble with peer relationships and immaturity
neglectful
Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?
neglectful
Children raised by gay or lesbian parents or couples are ______ than children of heterosexual parents to be lesbian, gay, or bisexual when they grow up.
no more likely
During the initiative-versus-guilt stage, children identify most with their
parents
Who do young children identify with most during the initiative-versus-guilt stage?
parents
The term __________ _________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.
perspective taking
What is defined as the ability to understand or be sympathetic to another person?
perspective taking
According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.
play
According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?
play
Sensorimotor _________ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?
practice
______ play involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
practice
A child who uses a hairbrush as a microphone while singing is engaging in what type of play?
pretense/symbolic
______ play involves children using one object to stand in for another object, such as using a block as if it is a walkie talkie.
pretense/symbolic
Emotion _________ plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.
regulation
Which of the following child-rearing practices does NOT characterize lower-SES parents?
relying less on physical punishment
A gender __________ is a set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
role
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 15 to 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
self-conscious
What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
self-conscious
According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact
self-esteem
Children's representations of themselves make up their concept of
self-understanding
Freud believed preschool children developed a ______ the opposite-sex parent.
sexual attraction to
What type of impact does television have on children's development?
significant impact
_________ play involves interactions with peers.
social
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?
social biological theory
The ______ approach argues that children's gender development occurs through observation and imitation and through the rewards and punishments children experience for gender-relevant behavior.
social cognitive
Which type of play involves interactions with peers?
social play
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of sibling relationships?
stability
Which country has the least favorable view of corporal punishment in parenting?
sweden
__________ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children.
television
Which of the following is NOT an example of a social cognitive influence on gender development?
the level of sex hormones in a child's body
Children's emotional development in early childhood allows them to begin to control
their own emotions
Ruth Chao suggests that the authoritarian child-rearing style is best conceptualized as a type of ______ in Asian American parenting.
training
True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
true