Chapter 8 Quiz
Which of the following would be an example of crystallized intelligence?
Jordan can easily recite the entire dictionary.
The final exam for your psychology class is a(n) __________ test.
achievement
A picture of a computer is an example of a(n) __________ representation. The word computer is an example of a(n) __________ representation.
analogical; symbolic
Cory performs well at the word game Scrabble because he is good at solving problems and rearranging letters quickly to form many words. These skills reveal his __________ intelligence.
fluid
Our ability to learn quickly, understand complex ideas, and use knowledge to solve problems demonstrates
intelligence
When Dave started driving, he had to use a navigation system to get around his neighborhood. Over time, Dave could drive through his neighborhood without the navigation system because he knew where all of the streets and roads were. Dave has most likely developed a __________ of his neighborhood.
mental map
Using heuristics to think has the advantage of __________ and the disadvantage of __________.
requiring minimal thinking; not always working
When solving a problem using insight, the solution is reached
suddenly when it just pops into your head.
When you read the word cake on a menu, it is a(n) __________ representation. The picture of a cake on a menu is a(n) __________ representation.
symbolic; analogical
Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking?
taking a nap with soft music playing
Last week, Alana saw a television show about a rare, but fatal, virus. Now, she has a runny nose and a fever and thinks she has contracted the virus. Alana's thinking is most likely based on
the availability heuristic.
You get to your car and realize you have lost your keys. So you think of the last time you saw your keys and retrace your steps from that point. You are using the problem-solving technique of __________ to help find your keys.
working backward
Which finding is the best evidence that genetics plays an important role in determining intelligence?
Identical twins raised apart have more similar IQs than siblings raised together.
An intelligence test that includes a verbal scale and a performance scale is the
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Which of the following is NOT an example of an analogical representation?
a sign language gesture for "please"
According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice
can be frustrating and impair thinking.
Oberlin is participating in a psychology study in which he has to press a red button whenever he sees a circle on the computer screen and a green button whenever he sees a square. This study is measuring __________ reaction time.
choice
The type of reaction time task that is most strongly related to intelligence test scores is the __________ reaction time task.
choice
When Mary thinks about a "guitar," she is using a mental representation of knowledge about that object. Mary is thinking about a
concept.
Jake is choosing his major from three different alternatives: biology, Spanish, or psychology. Jake is using
decision making.
Jane is taking the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS). Afterward, Jane says that she liked creating stories from different pictures and recreating patterns with blocks. It appears that Jane enjoyed the __________ scales of the test.
performance
When John uses his knowledge to reason, make decisions, and adapt to environmental challenges he is
showing intelligence.
Some mental shortcuts can cause errors in thinking. For example, simply because a piece of information is remembered easily, it does not mean that the best decision is based on that information. This error in thinking reflects
the availability heuristic.
Josh is having trouble deciding which of two pairs of shoes to buy. Donna tells him that when she could not decide which of two sweaters to buy, she decided to buy both sweaters. Josh realizes that buying both pairs of shoes will solve his problem as well. Josh __________ to solve his problem.
used an analogy
Peter is a 4-year-old who can already read and has the vocabulary of a 10-year-old. His parents also love to read, so his house is filled with books. What is the most reasonable conclusion about the source of Peter's high intelligence?
His intelligence resulted from an interaction of both genes and environment.
Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earl's research?v
How do we rotate internal representations of objects to "see" them from many angles?
Which of the following questions best summarizes the current approach to the role of nature and nurture in intelligence?
How does each factor, genes and the environment, contribute to intelligence?
Sam always buys one specific brand of cell phones because she believes that brand is the most reliable. Sam is using __________ to decide what cell phone to buy, which may help her save time picking out her next cell phone.
a heuristic
The type of thinking that uses shortcuts to allow you to make a decision quickly, without considering all of the evidence, is called
a heuristic.
Annie needs to take her cat to the vet but she does not have a carrier. She remembers that once she took her guinea pig to the vet in a pot. But she knows the cat will not fit in a pot so she cannot use this previous strategy. Annie is having a hard time solving the problem because of
a mental set.
Chris is describing what lasagna is to a friend who has never eaten it before. He tells his friend, "Lasagna usually has layers of noodles with cheese and sauce in between each layer." In this situation, Chris is describing his __________ of lasagna.
concept
Dr. Lee studies how concepts are organized. She believes that concepts are characterized by lists of features that describe what objects belong in the category. Dr. Lee most likely follows the __________ model of concepts.
defining attribute
Alina often has trouble understanding her own feelings and has difficulty recognizing when her friends are expressing their feelings. Alina probably has low __________ intelligence.
emotional
Dr. Green is a respected psychotherapist. All of his clients appreciate his patience, understanding, and empathic manner. Based on this, Dr. Green appears to have very high __________ intelligence.
emotional
Which of the following best describes reasoning?
evaluating a conclusion to see if it is valid
Using an analogy to help solve a problem is most likely to occur when the problem
is similar to another problem.
A man is skiing skillfully down a mountain. This man would most likely score high on bodily-kinesthetic intelligence according to the __________ theory.
multiple intelligences
The main concept of general intelligence theory is that
one factor underlies intelligence.
If you have a higher level of general intelligence, you are also likely to have better
physical health.
Your rent is due, but you are short $100. You find a way around this obstacle to meet the goal of paying the rent by offering to clean your friend's house for $100. You now have enough money to pay your rent. To reach your goal, you have just used the thinking strategy of
problem solving.
A prototype includes __________ in a category. An exemplar includes __________ in the category.
the most typical concept; all examples of concepts
When you meet Joe, he tells you that he loves math and building computers and robots. You decide that Joe must be an engineering student and not a liberal arts student, even though there are more liberal arts students at your school. In making this decision, you have just used
the representativeness heuristic.
To buy cheese, Bobby goes to a large store with a big selection of cheeses. Ted goes to a much smaller store with only a few choices of cheeses. Who is more likely to buy cheese, and why?
Ted, because his store has fewer choices
Cara is a mechanic. She fixes three cars that will not start by replacing their batteries. When a fourth car is brought in and will not start, she assumes the problem is the battery. Cara's assumption is based on
a mental set.
When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some characteristics of the actual objects—streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) __________ representation.
analogical
A road map and a photograph have some of the physical characteristics of objects. Because of this, they are __________ of the external world around us.
analogous representations
Mary does well in both math and science. According to general intelligence theory, Mary's performance in literature and history should be __________ how she does in math and science.
as good as
When a friend asks for a restaurant recommendation, you quickly remember the place you ate in last night, and suggest that restaurant to her. You most likely thought of that restaurant due to the __________ heuristic.
availability
Mr. O'Neil, a high school math teacher, believes that students who are good at math will also be good in English, history, and music. Mr. O'Neil's belief most closely resembles the __________ intelligence theory.
general
The idea that one single intelligence factor contributes to performance on all intellectual tasks is known as the __________ intelligence theory.
general
If you can make decisions, solve problems, learn quickly, and adapt to changes in the environment you probably have a
high level of intelligence.
Your friend loves the new restaurant in town. To see whether she is correct, you read a variety of online restaurant reviews. You are using __________ reasoning to determine whether this conclusion is valid.
informal
After struggling to solve a physics problem, you take a break for lunch. When you go back to work on the problem, the solution suddenly pops into your head. In this case you used __________ to solve the problem.
insight
Joe has an incredible ability to memorize whatever he reads in a book, and also can recite all the cities in the United States alphabetically. However, he has difficulty doing simple tasks like taking the bus. Joe most likely
is a savant.
An advantage of the prototype model in describing how we think about concepts is that
it allows for flexibility in letting unusual concepts be included in a category.
According to the theory of multiple intelligences, the famous authors Mark Twain and Dr. Seuss most likely possessed high __________ intelligence.
linguistic
Before taking her calculus final, Heather reads a story about how men and women have equal abilities in math. As a result, Heather is __________ likely to do well on her exam because of __________.
more; reduced stereotype threat
The SAT is a psychometric test, which means that it is
a standardized test that is administered the same way for all students and scored objectively.
Larry wants to see whether he can influence his students' test scores. When he gives his students their English test, he says "Tall students tend to perform worse than short students on this test." Indeed, the tall students do get lower scores on the test. These results provide support for the existence of
stereotype threat.
Right before her geometry exam, Julie heard a story about how women have trouble in geometry because it requires spatial manipulation. Even though she was prepared for the test, she did not do as well as she would have done had she not heard that story. Based on this, you know that Julie's performance was most likely impaired by
stereotype threat.
Terry is making a multilayer wedding cake. While trying to make sure it does not collapse, he remembered a bridge he saw that had an interesting support system. He applies that support system to the cake structure to make sure it does not collapse. Terry __________ to solve his problem.
used an analogy
Typically, scores on intelligence tests are closely related to __________ memory.
working
When we encounter a difficult problem, thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it. This technique is known as
restructuring
Stella takes an Advanced Placement English Literature test, which is designed to assess what knowledge and skills she has learned in that subject. Stella is taking a(n) __________ test.
achievement
Steve is trying to determine whether it will rain this Saturday. He quickly remembers that it has rained the past three Saturdays. If he uses this information to make his decision, he will be using the __________ heuristic.
availability
Monica is very good at algebra and chemistry. However, she is not very good at writing short stories. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, Monica most likely has high __________ intelligence and low __________ intelligence.
analytic; creative
The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) measures logical thinking ability and predicts students' success in law school. Based on this you know that the LSAT is a(n) __________ test.
aptitude
Dr. Brown conducts research on how concepts are represented. He believes that each category has one perfect representation of a concept. Dr. Brown most likely follows the __________ model.
prototype
Demi is a 10-year-old with a mental age of 12. Demi's intelligence quotient (IQ) is
120
Luke grew up by the beach and only wears sandals. For Luke, sandals would most likely be the __________ of the category "shoes."
prototype
Corbin, who is 10 years old, took a test that shows he has a mental age of 15. What can be concluded from this information?
Corbin is more intelligent than other 10-year-olds.
James is trying to break into a safe, but he does not know the four-digit code. To find the right code, he uses a procedure that will obtain the right result if he uses it correctly. Specifically, he tries every possible set of four-digit numbers until he finds the correct one. James is using a(n) __________ to find the correct code.
algorithm
Using algorithms to think has the advantage of __________ and the disadvantage of __________.
always working; requiring effortful thinking
Isaac is baking a cake by following the instructions in the recipe exactly. Isaac is using __________ to make the cake, which means that his cake will turn out correctly.
an algorithm
Marilyn is very skilled at crossword puzzles, in part because she has a lot of knowledge about crosswords that she acquired through experience. Her knowledge of crossword puzzle words reflects __________ intelligence.
crystallized
Dr. Smith is interested in how concepts are represented. He believes that a category includes all of the examples of the concepts in that category. Dr. Smith most likely follows the __________ model.
exemplar
Gillian bought one set of tools because that brand offered a $10 rebate. The tool company influenced her decision by presenting the information about the rebates. This is a strategy known as
framing.
Karl is posting signs on campus and he ran out of tape to put up the last sign. He could not figure out another way to put up the sign even though he was chewing gum and could have used the gum to put up the sign. Karl most likely does not come up with this solution because of
functional fixedness.
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of stereotype threat?
It disorganizes information in long-term memory.
Jethro believes that all elderly people have difficulty hearing and understanding. Whenever he interacts with an elderly person, Jethro automatically speaks loudly and slowly. Jethro is applying his __________ of the elderly in these interactions.
stereotype
Because she heard that her blind date was an accounting major, Cynthia imagined that he would be conservative, humorless, and dull. Cynthia's generalization of what an accounting student is like is an example of a(n)
stereotype.
Kareem always thought athletes were not very intelligent. He was surprised to find out that Quinn, the smartest, most dedicated student in the class, is on the football team. Kareem's initial beliefs about athletes are an example of a(n)
stereotype.
Fred, a high school senior, wants to be a lawyer. To achieve this goal, Fred realizes he will have to first graduate from law school. He also knows that to go to law school, he will have to first graduate from college. So, he decides that his first step toward his goal of being a lawyer is to apply to college. To solve his problem Fred is using
subgoals
Marco wants to get an A on his exam. To do this, he divides up the material into small sections and focuses on learning a different section every day until he knows all of the material for the exam. Marco is using __________ to achieve his goal of getting an A on his exam.
subgoals
Josie has decided that she wants to become a doctor, but she feels overwhelmed when she thinks about how many years of school it will take to become a doctor. She could manage this feeling by breaking the process into smaller pieces. If she did this, she would be using
subgoals.
When you write out a list of directions to find your way to a restaurant, you are writing words that do not physically resemble the locations of the streets. Because of this you are using a(n) __________ representation.
symbolic
You read a description about a woman named Tyra, who happens to be extremely beautiful and almost 6-feet tall. When asked to predict whether Tyra is a model or a science teacher, if you think of your prototype of what a model is like and what a science teacher is like, you are more likely to say that Tyra is a model. Your reasoning in this case may be faulty due to
the representativeness heuristic.
Bridget just took an intelligence test. The results showed that Bridget has very high musical intelligence. The test Bridget took was probably based on the
theory of multiple intelligences.
Although many successful musicians may not have "book smarts," they certainly have the "street smarts" needed to succeed in the music industry. The theory of intelligence that best accounts for this observation about "book smarts" and "street smarts" in musicians is the __________ theory.
triarchic
Sue is a great math student. According to multiple intelligences theory, Sue's linguistic ability should be __________ her math ability.
unrelated to
According to the defining attribute model, which of the following is the most important feature of the category "horse"?
They are all equally important features.
Seven-year-old Zoe is baking cookies for the first time. She does not know what a tablespoon is, so every time the recipe says to use a tablespoon, she uses a teaspoon instead. Zoe's system of measurement has __________ and __________.
low validity; high reliability
Kelly, a 30-year-old, took a modern IQ test and got an IQ score of 90. Based on this information, we can assume that Kelly
scored slightly below average on the test.
Shara is participating in a psychology study in which she has to press a button as fast as possible whenever she sees a circle on the computer screen. This study is measuring __________ reaction time.
simple
Regina is mentally manipulating information about how her boyfriend's new jeans fit him. When Regina does this she is
thinking about how he looks in the jeans.
You are studying for your exam when the electricity goes out. In order to have enough light to read your textbook, you put your cell phone in front of the page and use the light from the screen to read the book. You were able to successfully study for your exam because you avoided
functional fixedness.
Every morning, my bathroom scale tells me that I weigh 120 pounds. However, when I go to the doctor, their very accurate professional scale says I weigh 130 pounds. My bathroom scale has __________ and __________.
high reliability; low validity
Margo is very good at learning to do new things quickly and flexibly. Margo is most likely considered to be __________ in __________ intelligence.
high; fluid
Joel is fantastic at solving logic problems but has a terrible vocabulary and cannot find most countries on a map. Joel would most likely be considered __________ in fluid intelligence and __________ in crystallized intelligence.
high; low
While moving into a new apartment, Cole needed to hold the door open but he did not have a doorstop. Cole only had his heavy potted plant available and at first could not see how this would be useful. Then he realized he could use the plant as a doorstop to hold the door open. Cole solved this problem by
overcoming functional fixedness.
Which of the following best describes problem solving?
overcoming obstacles to get to your desired goal state
Kevin wants to be a doctor but right now he is an English major. Kevin is trying to find out how to change majors to one that will allow him to reach his goal. Kevin is engaging in
problem solving.
Lauren is baking a cake but realizes that she is missing ingredients. She has to make a cake, so she finds a new recipe that will work with the ingredients she has. Lauren is engaging in
problem solving.
Bob believes that the Seahawks will win the Super Bowl this year. To see whether you agree with Bob, you read a variety of online reviews about the Seahawks and the Broncos and compare the statistics for the teams and players. To determine whether Bob's conclusion is valid, you are engaging in
reasoning.