Chapter 8 Reform Landmark of the Humanities

Hieronymus Bosch

A Dutch painter of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. His allegorical religious works include his masterpiece, The Garden of Earthly Delights, in which grotesque, fantastical creatures mingle with human figures. His work is often considered a forerunner of surrealism. His career spanned the decades of the High Renaissance in Italy. Boschs painting is a work of astonishing complexity

Pieter Bruegel

A Flemish painter that lived from 1525-1569. , captured scenes from peasant weddings, dances, harvests; painted proverbs that taught morals; portrayed large numbers of people; used vivid details and rich colors

Calvin on Predestination

A belief aligned with Luther that focused on the idea that people were predestined to be saved, while others would be damned.

Hans Holbein

A northern Renaissance artist, who was known for his portraits. He painted Erasmus, Henry VIII, and Edward VI among others. Hans Holbein - A German painter who had traveled to England with a letter of introduction from Erasmus - He later became the favorite painter of King Henry VIII, for whom he did a number of portraits - Holbein's portraits are incredibly life-like. He (and other Renaissance artists) may have used a camera lucida to aid in his creations.

Renaissance and Reformation

A religious movement in the sixteenth century that began as an attempted reform of the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the founding of Protestant churches separate from it.

Martin Luther

An Augustinian monk and doctor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany - He proposed a set of 95 arguments (theses) against church dogma and practices, especially the sale of indulgences - Luther believed that the Bible should be the single source of religious practice (sola scriptura) and encouraged the average individual to read it for themselves - Luther was the first to translate the Bible from Latin into a vernacular language: German - His Theses and other tracts quickly spread throughout Europe thanks in part to the printing press

Lucas Cranach

Artist, wrote the Christ and antichrist, painter who helps Luther, art and image matters, interplay of text and image

Albrecht Durer

Famous Northern Renaissance artist, he often used woodcutting along with Italian Renaissance techniques like proportion, perspective and modeling. (Knight Death, and Devil; Four Apostles) Of all the Northern European artists, Dürer experienced and incorporated the most Italian influence in his art - He was a master at prints made from woodcuts and engravings, as can be seen in his illustrations for the Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible - Dürer was also the first artist to explore landscape as an art form in its own right - His pieces use an incredible amount of realism, a hallmark of the Norther European artists Self-portrait

The Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Shakespeare's plays

were generally viewed as entertainment for the nation's elite classes.

Music of the Reformation

Since the reformation dominated the religious and social history of the sixteenth century it touched forms of new artistic endeavor including music. Music was now emphasized as a source of religious instruction. Encouraged the writing of hymnals

Erasmus

(1466-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

Sir Thomas More

(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not compromising his religious beliefs.

Michel de Montaigne

(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas

Luther and the Protestant Reformation

Sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church that ultimately led to the founding of new Protestant Christian religious groups. Luther's ideas sparked this Reformation and he believed that the Church was wrongfully focusing too much on good deeds. He emphasized that salvation comes only by faith in God

Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) One of the world's most famous playwrights - His plays were based on ancient Roman examples as well as morality plays from the Middle Ages - Shakespeare wrote comedies, tragedies, and histories, many believe his tragedies like Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, and King Lear to be his best - Most of his plays are written in unrhymed, blank verse which combines the meter of verse with the lack of rhyming of prose Shylock's Monologue from The Merchant of Venice, Note the occasional rhymes, and regular meter (a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables) starting at "Hath not Jew..." Hamlet's famous soliloquy

Northern Art

Paintings were of peasants and everyday things, less classical themes, introduced oil paint

The Spread of Protestantism

Religious movement intensified throughout Germ & Europe (PP!) Many attacked Church for religious as well as political reasons - Many German princes resented Church control & taxes; wanted Church land - Peasants wanted reform & lower gov't taxes Peasant's Revolt (1524-5) - over 300,000 revolted to end serfdom, taxes, tithes, have say in property - Luther sided with princes & urged them to crush rebellion - over 100,000 died; many poor rejected Luther German Princes warred with Church & HRE also Ended in 1555 with signing of Peace of Augsburg - Allowed princes to choose own state religion; huge defeat to RC Church - Catholics in South, Protestants in North

The Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It spit the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, among many others.

Elizabethan Music

Sophisticated and varied, it was important for theatre plays. The Queen's favourite composer William Byrd wrote for the church, consort and vocals. It was performed in playhouses, streets ,churches and Elizabeth's court.

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

chorale

a congregational hymn, first sung in the Lutheran church

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Triptych

a picture or altarpiece with a central panel and two flanking panels

Woodcut

a relief printing process by which all parts of a design are cut away except those that will be inked and printed

Calvin and Calvinism

another reformer, established in Geneva, God possessed all encompassing power and knowledge, Consistory- 12 elders controlled daily lives

Genre Paintings

art depicting scenes from everyday life

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases. England sought a tie to Spain which had become rich from its exploration of the New World - Henry VIII petitioned the Pope in Rome to marry his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon - The Pope agreed but Catherine bore Henry no male children - Henry VIII sought a divorce (annulment) from Catherine and the Pope refused - Henry created his own church, the Anglican faith, divorced Catherine and married Anne Boleyn (she doesn't produce a male heir either, but does give birth to Elizabeth who eventually becomes Queen of England) - Henry had a total of six wives before his death in 1547

Sixteenth Century Literature

era marked by heightened individualism and progressive inclination to clear away remnants of medieval orthodoxy

Jan van Eyck

influential Flemish painter whose pioneering use of rich colors and light conveyed unprecedented depth of field

Printmaking

process in which an artist repeatedly transfers an original image from one prepared surface to another. Processes of the 15th Century were wooden. The Printing Press - Perfected in the 1430s, it was perhaps the most important Renaissance invention - Perfected by Johannes Gutenberg with his moveable type - Led to the standardization of languages, reproduction of more accurate maps and charts, as well as the proliferation of knowledge once held only by artisans, craftsmen, and the Church - Thus "popular" or public education grew - It was through the books and pamphlets created by the press that Luther's reforms and Italian Renaissance ideals spread through-out Europe Printers using a press

Grunewald

reintroduces Medieval hierarchy of figures (more important figures are larger), combined with intense passion and drama. Rejects classical restraint in favor of dramatic, even violent images of contemplation.

Witch Hunts

spread by religious reformers' preachings about the Devil and severe economic hardships (1560-1660)

Anabaptism

the doctrine that baptism should only be administered to believing adults, held by a radical Protestant sect that emerged during the 1520s and 1530s.

The Shakespearean Stage

the only authoritative book that describes all the main features of the original staging of Shakespearean drama in one volume: the acting companies and their acting styles, the playhouses, the staging and the audiences.

religious persecution

unfair or abusive treatment toward a person or group of people based on religious beliefs