Chapter 8 Self-Test

availability

In the ______ heuristic, individuals decide how frequent or probable something is based on how easily it comes to mind.

representativeness

In the _______ heuristic, people judge the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or be prototypical of some category.

belief perseverance

Difficulty in changing one's beliefs despite disconfirming evidence is referred to as _________.

validity

____ is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

mindsets

_____ are sets of attitudes or beliefs that shape how a person perceives and responds to the world.

reliability

_____ is the extent to which a test produces consistent results.

standardization

_____ refers to the process of making test scores more meaningful by defining them in relation to the performance of a pretested group.

savant

_____ syndrome is a syndrome in developmentally disabled individuals that involves the presence of unusual talents that contrast with low levels of general intelligence.

predictive

_____ validity is the extent to which a test can predict how well a person will do in settings that require intelligence.

content

_____ validity refers to the extent to which a test samples whatever behavior is of interest.

mental representations

______ are internal mental symbols that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs in the world.

dual-processing theories

According to ______, people have two types of thinking that they can use to make judgements and decisions.

linguistic determinism

According to the _______ hypothesis, different languages impose different ways of understanding the world that can constrain and shape our thinking.

sensitive period

A ______ is an early period in the life of an organism during which it is especially sensitive to and able to learn from specific information in its environment.

crystallized intelligence

A component of general intelligence that involves accumulated knowledge and skills is referred to as _______.

fluid intelligence

A component of general intelligence that involves the ability to deal with new and unusual problems is referred to as _____.

stereotype threat

A concern for one's performance or behavior that might confirm a negative stereotype about one's group is referred to as a(n) ______.

self-fulfilling prophecy

A cycle by which others' beliefs or our own can affect behavior in ways that make the beliefs true is referred to as ______>

babbling

A form of language that emerges around 6-7 months and takes the form of consonant-vowel combinations is called ______.

general intelligence factor

A general mental ability that Charles Spearman hypothesized is required for virtually any mental test is the ______.

algorithms

A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution is called a(n) _______.

insight

A sudden, conscious change in a person's understanding of some situation or problem is called _______.

factor analysis

A(n) _____ is a method which analyzes a pattern of correlations to look for common factors, or ingredients underlying the scores.

aptitude tests

A(n) _____ is a test designed to measure a person's potential to learn new skills.

achievement test

A(n) _____ is a test that is designed to measure how much a person has learned over a certain period of time.

prototype

A(n) ______ is a kind of best example or average member of a concept that incorporates more of the features most commonly associated with it.

language acquisition device

An innate mechanism that Noam Chomsky proposed to explain the process of language acquisition in children is called the _______.

decisions

Choices that affect our behavior are referred to as _______.

judgements

Conclusions drawn from some evidence we have at hand are referred to as ________.

overregularization errors

Language errors made by children that involves extending the rules of word formation are called _______.

concepts

Mental categories that group similar objects, events, ideas, or people are called ________.

achievement gaps

Persistent differences in educational outcomes of certain groups of people, usually based on characteristics like race or gender are called _______.

heuristics

Powerful sets of mental tools that people use to navigate everyday judgements and decisions are referred to as _______.

cognition

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to mental activities associated with thinking, including knowing, remembering, solving problems, making judgements and decisions, and communicating.

bounded rationality

The idea that rational decision making is constrained by limitations in people's cognitive abilities, available information, and time is referred to as ________.

framing

The particular way that a decision or issue, or set of options is described is referred to as _______.

cognitive psychology

The study of mental activities and how they work is the focus of ______.

confirmation bias

The tendency to look for and weigh evidence that confirms preexisting beliefs more strongly than evidence that is inconsistent with those beliefs is referred to as ________.

loss aversion

The tendency to make choices, including riskier ones that minimize losses is referred to as _________.

overconfidence bias

The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's knowledge and judgements is referred to as ________.

hindsight bias

The tendency, once some outcome is known, to overestimate the likelihood that one could have predicted that outcome in advance is called the ________.

intelligence

The term _____ refers to the capability to think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, reason, plan, solve problems, learn from experience, and acquire new knowledge.