Chapter 8-Test #3 Biology

The gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called ________ and does what?

Stomata, regulation of gas exchange and water balance

Most abundant enzyme on earth

Rubisco

Light reactions harness energy from the sun to produce _______ _________, ______, and _______. These energy-carrying molecules are made in the ________ where carbon fixation takes place.

-Chemical bonds, ATP, NADPH - Stroma

To synthesize one glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle must turn _____ times. It uses ____ molecules of carbon dioxide, _____ molecules of ATP, and _____ molecules of NADPH

-Six -6, 18, 12

1 Cycle of the Calvin Cycle equals

1 Carbon Molecule

Formula for Photosynthesis

6 C02 + 6 H2O ---LIGHT---> 6 O2 + C6 H12 O6

Which of the following structures is not a component of a photosystem? A. ATP synthase B. antenna molecule C. reaction center D. primary electron acceptor

A. ATP Synthase

Which of the following components is NOT used by both plants and cyanobacteria to carry out photosynthesis? A. Chloroplast B. Chlorophyll C. Water D. Carbon dioxide

A. Chloroplast

What is the source of electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain? A. Water B. Oxygen C. Carbon Dioxide D. NADPH

A. Water

Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation? A. the conversion of CO2 into an organic compound B. the use of RuBisCO to form 3-PGA C. the production of carbohydrate molecules from G3P D. the formation of RuBP from G3P molecules E. the use of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2

A. the conversion of CO2 into an organic compound

How many photons does it take to fully reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8

B. 2

In which compartment of the plant cell do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place? A. Thylakoid B. Stroma C. Outer Membrane D. Mesophyll

B. Stroma

Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct? A. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks B. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes C. The space surrounding thylakoids is called stroma D. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll

B. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes

From which component of the light-dependent reactions does NADPH form most directly? A. photosystem II B. photosystem I C. cytochrome complex D. ATP synthase

B. photosystem I

Which order of molecular conversions is correct for the Calvin cycle? A. RuBP + G3P → 3-PGA → sugar B. RuBisCO → CO2 → RuBP → G3P C. RuBP + CO2 → [RuBisCO] 3-PGA → G3P D. CO2 → 3-PGA → RuBP → G3P

C. RuBP + CO2 → [RuBisCO] 3-PGA → G3P

Which complex is not involved in the establishment of conditions for ATP synthesis? A. photosystem I B. ATP synthase C. photosystem II D. cytochrome complex

C. photosystem II

What two main products result from photosynthesis? A. oxygen and carbon dioxide B. chlorophyll and oxygen C. sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen D.sugars/carbohydrates and carbon dioxide

C. sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen

Where in eukaryotic cells does the Calvin cycle take place? A.thylakoid membrane B.thylakoid lumen C.chloroplast stroma D.granum

C.chloroplast stroma

Photosynthesis takes place in the

Chloroplast

Which molecule must enter the Calvin cycle continually for the light-independent reactions to take place? A. RuBisCo B. RuBP C. 3-PGA D. CO2

D. CO2

The light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle can be organized into three basic cycles:

Fixation, Reduction, and Regeneration

Stage 1 of Calvin Cycle:

Fixation: fixing the carbon while the carbon enters. Carbon fixation because carbon dioxide is fixed from an inorganic form into organic molecules. (The enzyme rubisco incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule, 3-PGA)

What is the main thing that comes out of the Calvin Cycle

G3P

Stacks of thylakoid is called

Granum

Photophosphorylation

Light for electron gradient

Photosynthesis takes place in two stages:

Light-dependent reactions and the calvin cycle

The process of photosynthesis occurs in a middle layer called

Mesophyll

Light-reactions, what happens:

Photon excites electron and generates ATP

What happens first photosystem 1 or 2

Photosystem 2

Embedded in the thylakoid membrane is chlorophyll, a molecule that absorbs light and responsible for the interaction between light and plant material and numerous proteins that make up the electron transport chain

Pigment

Stage 2 of Calvin Cycle:

Reduction: ATP and NADPH take the carbon dioxide and add a hydrogen (The organic molecule is reduced using electrons supplied by NADPH)

Stage 3 of Calvin Cycle:

Regeneration: Regenerate of RuBP. Three molecules of ATP are used during the regeneration process (RuBP, the molecule that starts to cycle is regenerated so the cycle can continue)

How can primitives do photosynthesis with releasing oxygen?

Using one photosystem

ROYGBIV: what has the shortest/longest wavelength and carries the least/most amount of energy

Violet: Short Wavelength-More energy Red: Long Wavelength-Less energy

Source of electrons for reducing power: Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria

Water

Cyclic Phosphorylation

a pathway in which excited electrons from chlorophyll are used to generate ATP without the splitting of water or reduction of NADP

Rubisco

enzyme that makes photosynthesis go accepts the carbon dioxide

Primary energy source in cells

photosynthesis

The actual step that converts light energy into chemical energy takes place in a multiprotein complex called a

photosystem

Liquid-filled space surrounding the granum is called the

stroma

The Calvin Cycle (where and what):

take place in the stroma, uses energy derived from these compounds in the light dependent reactions to make GA3P from CO2.

Light-dependent reactions (where and what):

take place in the thylakoid membrane and use light energy to make ATP and NADPH.

What happens in photosystem 1

the electron comes from the chloroplast electron transport chain (NADP--->NADPH)

What happens in photosystem 2

the electron comes from the splitting of water, which releases oxygen as a waste product. (Split water, capture hydrogen, electrons go up)

Noncyclic Phosphorylation

the photosynthetic pathway in which excited electrons from chlorophyll are used to generate ATP and reduce NADP with the splitting of water molecules

The thylakoid membrane closes an internal space called the

thylakoid lumen

Glucose is made of what?

two three-carbon G3P's