Chapter 8: The Progressive Era

Woodrow Wilson

-Woodrow Wilson: democratic candidate who became the first man born in the South to win the presidency in almost 60 yrs -William Jennings Bryan helped him win demo. nominee -Doctoral thesis, Congressional Gov, had him teaching in college b4 governor of NJ -New Freedom: Wilson's reform idea, placed strict gov control on corporations, aimed to provide more opportunities/freedoms for small businesses -Didn't win majority of popular vote, won more than 4 times # of Electoral College Votes than Teddy and Taft -Son of Virginia minister, religious, president of Princeton

Did Roosevelt believe federal lands should be preserved against all human uses? Explain.

-Teddy didn't agree w/ John Muir--he believed some wild lands had valuable resources that were meant to be used=he asked experts to draw up plans for both conserving and using the forests (Gifford Pinchot) -You can protect it as well as conserve it

What steps did minorities take to combat social problems and discrimination?

**-Formed groups and organizations that worked on reform by challenging laws in court, protesting, and newspaper articles **-United the people, so they can all work together towards the same goal -African Americans: Urban League -Jews: Anti-Defamation League -Mexican Americans: Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM), mutualistas -Native Americans: Society of American Indians -Asian Americans: took laws to court, put land ownership under children's name

What was the legacy of the Progressive Era?

**-Gov=more active in the daily lives of citizens, fed power was strengthened -Initiative, referendum, recall, 19th amendment: expanded voters' influence -Future trends: fed gov grew to offer more protection to Americans' private lives while @ same time, gaining more control over peoples' lives -Antitrust, Fed Reserve Board, other fed agencies: watched economy closely -Wilson+Teddy's controls: provided consumer protection which led to gov extending regulation over other aspects of business -Greatly expanded gov's role in managing natural resources -Fed action on dams, national parks, resource use: areas of debate that affect people in many regions -Dishonest sellers, unfair employment practices, problems in schools, cities, the environment, and public health--but Progressives said that the gov can take action to help people fix those probs

What did Theodore Roosevelt think government should do for citizens?

**-If the people work hard, the gov will use their power to help them (their jobs, homes) -Fair gov isn't "everyone gets rich" -Gov shouldn't take care of the lazy, they have to work hard -Should step in to problems w/ authority and power -Should bust the trusts/not allow big businesses to be powerhouses -Inspect meat, food, and drugs sold across state lines and the processing plants -Should preserve forests until lumber is ready to make houses for citizens -Should help water supply by making dams+reservoirs -Should regulate transportation rates

U.S. Forest Service (and National Park Service)

**-The US Forest Service was created to preserve as many forests as possible **-Teddy loved, respected, and was fascinated by nature, like Yellowstone National Park (1st one) -John Muir: Cali naturalist whose efforts had led Congress to create Yosemite National Park -Congress gave prez power to protect timberlands by setting aside land for fed forests **-Teddy closed off 100 million acres of forestland based on Muir's advice -Teddy didn't think lands should be untouched--said they had resources that should be used **-Gifford Pinchot: led Division of Forestry in the US Department of Agriculture, had the rational idea of protecting forests until the trees matured into good lumber, then logging them (for houses) and place new areas under protection **-The National Park Service oversees America's 59 national parks

NAACP

**-White mob in Springfield, IL (Lincoln's hometown) killed 2 black people + burned 40 black homes (prisoners they were going to lynch were removed to safety) -Niagara Movement=outraged **-White reformers acknowledged need to help AAs protect their lives, win right to vote, and secure their civil rights **-White reformers+Niagara Movement=joined to form National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) **-NAACP: aimed to help AAs to be physically free from peonage/slavery, mentally free from ignorance, politically free from disfranchisement, + socially free from insult -NAACP=B&W progressives who worked in other social reform areas (Jane Addams, Ray Standard Baker, Florence Kelley, Ida B. Wells--who used her TN newspaper to explain horror of lynching) **-Strategy: use courts/the law to challenge unfair laws **-Focus: equal access to decent housing and professional careers **-Helped middle-class blacks

1902 Coal Strike

-1902 Coal Strike: PA coal miners went on strike, wanting a pay raise and shorter workday -Teddy sympathized workers, but knew coal was needed, so strike needed to end=tried to get mine owners to listen to workers' concerns (fail)-->threatened to send fed troops to take control of mines + run them w/ fed employees (success: mine owners gave workers a small pay raise and 9 hr workday) -Threatened to nationalize the mines -1st time fed gov had helped workers in a labor dispute

Federal Trade Commission

-Federal Trade Commission (FTC): Wilson persuaded Congress to create it, members of this group were named by the Prez to monitor business practices that might lead to monopoly, charged w/ watching out for false advertising or dishonest labeling

"Fighting Bob" La Follette of Wisconsin

-"Fighting Bob": dynamic progressive, won passage of many reform laws, Wisconsin state gov forced railroads to charge lower fees + pay higher taxes, helped his state to improve eduction, make factories safer, and adopt the direct primary

Describe how each of the following met Progressive goals: the Sixteenth Amendment; the Clayton Antitrust Act; the FTC.

-16th: Wilson wanted to lower prices for consumers=lower tariff, Underwood Tariff Bill to cut tariffs, 16th gave Congress power to do a graduated income tax--helped the poor/middle-class -FTC: protected consumers and small businesses from abusive business activities, got rid of bad trusts, **made fair business practices, prevented monopolies -Clayton Antitrust Act: protected consumers and small businesses from abusive business activities, got rid of bad trusts, protected labor unions from being attacked as trusts

Alice Paul's Militancy

-Alice Paul: social activist, was encouraged to be independent in a Quaker home, attended a Quaker college and New York School of Social Work before getting Ph.D from Univ. of PA -Believed in drastic steps to win the right to vote=organized women to recruit others across nation (got women off many backgrounds--Maud Younger/"millionaire waitress" who organized Cali's 1st waitresses' union to Nina Otero-Warren who was a Hispanic who headed New Mexico's State Board of Health **-Paul formed National Women's Party (NWP): used public protest marches w/ picket signs outside of White House, many women were arrested and went on hunger strikes, NWP angered people and other suffrage groups, made less-radical groups like NAWSA look tame **-Militant approach **-Loud and public approach

Amendment 17 Direct Election of Senators

-Amendment 17 Direct Election of Senators: Progressives adopted the Populist call for the direct election of senators by voters, not state legislatures, became a law when the 17th Amendment to the Constitution was approved -The direct election of the US Senators, instead of being elected by the state legislatures, senators were to be elected by a popular vote of registered voters

Early suffragettes Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton failed to win national voting rights for women, but where was there some early success?

-Anthony and Cady struggled for the right for women to have a voice in political issues **-They failed at the fed level, but by end of 1890s, women in western states (like Wyoming and Colorado) had won the right to vote -They could vote on school board elections **-Some success in abolition

Anti-Defamation League

-Anti-Defamation League: founded by Jews in response to growing anti-Semitism -Defended Jews and others against physical and verbal attacks and false statements -Secured justice and fair treatments to all citizens -Used the law to make things more fair

Why would education have led middle-class women to address societal problems?

-As the women became more educated and understood society and they way the world worked, the issues became more evident, so they wanted reform -They learned to lead reform organizations and do specific careers -No education=they could be cheated or bullied by their employers

Federal Reserve Act

-Banks had no central authority, loan rates fluctuated=wealthy bankers had a lot of control= access to reserves may be limited -Federal Reserve Act: by Wilson, placed national banks under control of Fed Reserve Board -Fed Reserve Board: set up regional banks to hold reserve funds from commercial banks (keeps people from having too much $), sets up the interest rate that banks pay to borrow $ from other banks, supervised bank management

Which groups in American society might have opposed Progressive reform? Explain.

-Big businesses: competition would go down and prices would lower b/c trusts would be broken -Fed gov: politicians and other leaders couldn't be corrupt -Men: some men didn't like the idea of women voting -Rich people: the gap b/w rich and poor would be smaller -People who were in charge and had the $$

Booker T. Washington

-Booker T. Washington: AA leader, urged patience for AAs -Told blacks to move slowly toward racial progress=by working hard and waiting patiently, AAs would gradually win white Americans' respect and eventually would be able to exercise their full voting and citizenship rights -Achieve economic independence before civil rights -He founded the Tuskegee Institute to provide African Americans with access to higher education in order to learn trade skills

How was Progressivism similar to the earlier Populist Movement? How was it different?

-Both wanted to help people/society -Both were reform movements that wanted to get rid of corrupt gov officials + make gov more responsive to people's needs -Both sought to elevate the abuse of big businesses -- -- -Progressivism=middle-class people who believed highly educated leaders should use modern ideas and scientific techniques to improve society -Populist Movement: farmers and workers/lower-class -Populist movement started in rural areas, Progressivism started in urban areas

Carrie Chapman Catt's "Winning Plan"

-Carrie Chapman Catt: studied law and worked as one of the country's 1st female school superintendents, captivating speaker, traveled around the world urging women to join the **National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) which she later become the prez of **-Catt's "Winning Plan": 1) teams of women lobbied Congress to pass a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote 2) teams of women used referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws--women won right to vote in NY, MI, and OK -Catt's "society plan" was to recruit wealthy, well-educated women, she and her workers signed on women from all levels of society and ethnicity (suffragettes) who helped promote suffrage in their own areas -Some women worked against suffrage--The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS) believed that the effort to win the right to vote would take women's attentions away from family and volunteer work that benefited society (it faded as pressure for women's suffrage grew stronger)

Carrie Chapman Catt vs. Alice Paul

-Carrie: political approach, pressuring the gov and Congressmen, referendum -Alice: militancy, loudly, protests

Clayton Antitrust Act

-Clayton Antitrust Act: passed by Congress, strengthened earlier antitrust laws by spelling out those activities in which businesses could not engage, protected labor unions from being attacked as trusts, strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act -Specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions, and the remedial measures

Direct Primary

-Direct Primary: established by governor Robert M. La Follette in Wisconsin in which citizens themselves select nominees for upcoming elections--soon all but 4 states had them -Usually the party leaders picked candidates for state and local offices

Niagara Movement

-Du Bois, Trotter, and black men met on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls (b/c NY side wouldn't give them rooms) -Niagara Movement: denounced idea of gradual process, condemned Washington's notion of only teaching trade skills (saying men needed to be taught history, literature, and philosophy, so they could think by themselves) -A few hundred strong=not very powerful

What specific Progressive reforms came from the Social Gospel idea?

-End of child labor, start of child education, urge of shorter work week, a push for fed gov to limit power of corporations and trusts

Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League

-Florence Kelley: believed women were hurt by the unfair prices of necessary goods, founded the NCL and helped the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) -National Consumer's League (NCL): gave special labels to goods produced in fair+good+healthy conditions and urged women to only buy those goods/avoid other ones, backed laws calling for gov to inspect meatpacking plants, to make workplaces safer, and to make payments to the unemployed -WTUL: tried to improve conditions for female factory workers, pushed for fed laws that set a minimum wage + 8 hr workday, created workers' strike fund to support fams who refused to work in unsafe+unfair conditions

How did women of the Progressive Era make progress and win the right to vote?

-Gained right to go to colleges that prepared them for careers and leading reform organizations -Formed a bunch of women activist reform groups/organizations that held protests and pushed for reform -Strength in numbers **-Women argued that they knew the matters of the home (children's care, education, family life) more than men, so they should be able to vote to make these decisions--they twisted the men's statement of saying women "just knew the home" -Gradually gained support of legislatures, especially during WW1 when women supported the war

What new forms of municipal (city) government were introduced?

-Galveston plan: Galveston, Texas replaced its mayor and board of aldermen w/ a 5-person commission after a hurricane, very efficient in the rebuilding effort, permanently became the form of gov later on--many cities took up the commission form of gov (some added commission managers, the govs curbed the power of bosses and their political machines AND purchased public utilities (gas, electric, water), so companies couldn't charge city residents unfairly high rates (majority rules, power is in 5 people instead of 1) -Direct Primary, initiative, referendum, recall

Choose one specific social problem and explain how Progressive women reformers proposed to solve that problem.

-Having too many kids=American Birth Control League/Planned Parenthood -Temperance: Temperance Movement -Suffrage: Carrie Catt "Winning Plan," Alice Paul's militancy

In which area do you think government reforms had the greatest impact? Why?

-Helping workers who went on strike/were unsatisfied with working conditions, working hours, and salary -For 1st time, the gov stepped in to find a solution for the prob, sometimes even siding w/ the workers -The workers could sometimes count on gov to help them gain what they wanted -The company owners were no longer the ones in charge b/c an authority above them had came in and they had to listen to them or they might lose their company -Working conditions became better, workday was shortened, pay was better for the 1st time

Initiative

-Initiative: gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting citizens' signatures on a petition -Meant that voters themselves could pass laws instead of waiting for elected officials to act -A way for Progressives to make sure elected officials would follow citizens' wishes

What problems did muckrakers expose and what effects did their work have on Progressive reform?

-Lincoln Steffens (managing editor for McClure's magazine): showed political corruption in all aspects of the city--high fees for utility companies in Philadelphia, corrupt politicians won elections by bribing and threatening voters -Jacob Riis (photographer for NY Evening Sun): took pics of the crowded, unsafe, rat-infested tenement buildings where the poor urban worked=led to reforms -Exposed John D. Rockefeller: he used ruthless methods to ruin his competitors, charged higher prices, reaped huge profits -Progressives said schools need improvement, warned of fam breakdown b/c mothers were in factories -John Spargo: focused on dangerous + difficult lives of children/child labor -Price gouging--when necessities are hard to come by (water, gas) -Living conditions, corrupt gov -Effects: brought the attention of these problems to the wide expanse of the public, so reform could be made

What steps did Wilson take to increase the government's role in the economy?

-Lowered tariffs through Underwood Tariff Bill -16th amendment created gradual income tax -Fed Reserve Act put regulated banks -Fed Trade Commission (FTC) monitored businesses -Clayton Antitrust Act spelled out activities that businesses couldn't engage, protected labor unions -Workingman's Compensation Act gave wages to temporarily disabled workers -Adamson Act prevented a nationwide railway strike **-Include names of acts and commissions

Margaret Sanger

-Margaret Sanger: nurse, thought fam life would improve if mothers has less children, 1 of 11 kids, opened country's 1st birth-control clinic, jailed several times as a "public nuisance"--fed courts soon said doctors could give out info about fam planning, founded American Birth Control League to make info more available to women -Eventually became Planned Parenthood

Meat Inspection Act

-Meat Inspection Act: provided fed agents to inspect any meat sold across state lines, required fed inspection of meat-processing plants -Roosevelt's response to Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle" which exposed the filthy, unhealthy conditions of the meatpacking plants

Muckrakers

-Muckrakers: writers who wrote reports about the bad things happening in America -Theodore Roosevelt called them this name (a muckrake is a tool used to clean manure and hay out of animals' stables) even though he agreed w/ much of what they said -Writers hated the name @ first, then took it as an honor--their reports were seen by millions of Americans

Mutualistas

-Mutualistas: formed by Mexican Americans, groups that made loans and provided legal assistance, had insurance programs to help members if they were too sick to work -MAs were forced to sign labor contracts that kept them in debt to people whose land they worked--Supreme Court later made a law that enforced that system

Nineteenth Amendment

-Nineteenth Amendment: stated that the right to vote "shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex"

How did Roosevelt's use of presidential and federal power differ from that of earlier Presidents? Give two examples.

-Teddy and the fed gov stepped into problems with power and authority, he actually made some reforms w/ the power he had, unlike other presidents who couldn't get anything past Supreme Court b/c they disagreed(?) **-He used his power to help the lower-class instead of the upper-class 1) 1902 Coal Strike 2) Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act

What areas did Progressives think were in need of the greatest reform?

-Political reform: women wanted to vote, wanted things in the gov that made the gov more accountable and the people more involved (democratically based) -Honest gov: city officials built corrupt organizations (political machines)--the bosses of the machines used bribery and violence to influence voters + win elections, counted on loyalty of city workers to overlook them taking public $ for themselves, helped people solve personal problems to keep voters loyal -Good living conditions: bad gov + big cities needed paved streets, clean water, decent housing -Good municipal services: bribes and shady deals made the business owners and politicians (who owned the services) rich while urban residents struggled -Big business: middle-class progressives wanted the gov to "bust the trusts" that the wealthy industrialists created (trusts limited competition and raised prices) + thought Sherman Antitrust Act was ineffective -Class system: (motivated by religious faith), sought to reduce gap b/w rich and poor, wanted to improve city slums and working conditions done by lower-class people, wanted social welfare to help kids, and gov regulations to aid workers and consumers

How did industrialism [industrial capitalism] and urbanization lead to the rise of Progressivism?

-Progressives belief that industrialization and urbanization created troubling social + political problems=they wanted reforms to correct the problems and injustices -Progressives encouraged their state legislatures and the federal gov to enact laws to address the issues faced by the poor, they wanted to use logic and reason to make society work in a more efficient and orderly way, many, motivated by faith, sought social justice -In the span of 100 years, Americans went from the 1st steamship in 1807 to airplanes (in between are the railroad and the automobile)=happened quickly=society couldn't adapt

How did Progressives' views about race and values foster prejudice?

-Progressives shared the same prejudice against nonwhites held by other white Americans -Believed some were more fit than others to lead society and agreed with the scientific theories that said dark-skinned people were less intelligent than whites (Social Darwinism) -Southern Progressives used the scientific theories to justify the laws that kept AAs from voting -Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson supported discrimination -Segregation became the norm

Progressivism

-Progressivism: a belief by Progressives that new ideas and honest, efficient gov could bring about social justice, brought lasting reforms that still affect society today -Made up of all types of people w/ different political, religious, and ethnic beliefs as well as dissatisfied industrial workers and some wealthy Americans

Pure Food and Drug Act

-Pure Food and Drug Act: placed controls on food and medicine by having fed agents inspect the food and medicine sold across state lines, required fed inspection of food and medicine processing plants, banned the interstate shipment of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs -Food and Drug Admission (FDA) still inspects food and drugs and the processing plants today

Hepburn Act & the Interstate Commerce Commission

-Railroads could charge whatever rates they wanted -Interstate Commerce Commission: created by Congress earlier on to oversee rail charges for shipments that passed through more than 1 state -ICC power gradually dispersed b/c of Supreme Court -Elkins Act of 1903: imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favored shippers -Hepburn Act: gave the ICC strong enforcement powers, gave the gov the authority to set and limit shipping costs, set maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines

Recall

-Recall: gave voters the power to remove pubic servants from office before their terms ended -A way for Progressives to make sure elected officials would follow citizens' wishes

Referendum

-Referendum: allowed citizens to approve or reject laws by a legislature -A way for Progressives to make sure elected officials would follow citizens' wishes

Toledo Mayor "Golden Rule" Jones [not in text--look online]

-Samuel M. Jones moved from UK to NY at age 3 -Little schooling, worked his way up to designing a new oil pumping mechanism=fortune -Opened a factory in Toledo: 8-hr work day, profit sharing, paid vacations, Christmas bonuses -Said he delt w/ employees by following the Golden Rule -Nominated by Repub. party=mayor of Toledo=established free kindergartens, playgrounds, lodging for tramps, rooted out corruption, public ownership of utilities (some called him a socialist), free public baths, took away the police truncheons -Repub. party repudiated him=he ran alone=reelected twice, died in office -Will included a $10,000 "Golden Rule Trust" to the workers in his factory

Jane Addams' Settlement House

-Settlement house: community center that provided social services to urban poor/helped improve their lives, gave mothers classes on childcare, taught English to immigrants, ran nursery schools and kindergartens, fine arts programs for adults -Jane Addams': inspired by Toynbee Hall in London=opened Hull House in Chicago which grew to 13 buildings and inspired other college-educated, middle-class women to become social workers-->country grew to have 400 settlement houses -YMCA (Youth Men's Christian Association) provided services to urban poor

Social Gospel

-Social Gospel: an idea thought of by Walter Rauschenbusch that was a blend of German Socialism and American Progressivism, saying that by following Bible teachings about charity and justice, people could make society "the kingdom of God" -Protestants followed the idea: began to urge the end of child labor and a shorter workweek, pushed for fed gov to limit power of corporations and trusts -Walter Rauschenbusch: child of German immigrants, Baptist minister

Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal"

-Square Deal: Teddy Roosevelt's reform program for American when he became prez -Goals: keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of the small business owners and the poor -Teddy believed fair gov didn't mean everyone would get rich or the gov should take care of the lazy, compared idea to a hand of cards -If you work hard, you will succeed

Which right was the most important in terms of making changes in society?

-Suffrage: politicians cared for people who voted

Suffrage

-Suffrage: the right to vote -Progressive women said it was the only way to make sure the gov would protect children, foster education, and support family -Jane Addams said political issues reached inside the home

Why did Roosevelt's enforce the Sherman Antitrust act against the Norther Securities (railroad) Company? Did he dislike all trusts?

-The Northern Securities Company=deemed illegal trust by SC=was forced to split into smaller companies--**it was a bad trust -Teddy wasn't interested in bringing down all large companies -He saw a difference b/w "good trusts" and "bad trusts" -He believed that big businesses could often be more efficient than small ones, but big biz was bad only if it bullied smaller outfits or cheated consumers -He supported powerful corporations as long as they did business fairly (trustbuster, trust-tamer)

How did suffragettes' support of the war effort during WWI affect their effort to win the right to vote at the national level?

-US entered WW1=Carrie Catt and Florence Kelley led NAWSA to support war effort, NWP also helped-->convinced numerous legislatures to support a women's suffrage amendment -When the men left to fight in the war, the women swooped in and took over their jobs -Nineteenth amendment was approved by Congress -TN State House of Reps passed the amendment by 1 vote=enough states had passed the amendment that it became official -(Prez Wilson said "The world must be made safe for democracy" during WW1=women showed a banner that claimed America wasn't a democracy when envoys from Russia visited Wilson)

Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle"

-Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle": in which Sinclair related the despair of immigrants working in Chicago's stockyards and revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry -One chapter, about the meat industry, really disgusted people and made them want reform

Were the goals and actions of the mutualistas more similar to those of the Urban League or to those of the Anti-Defamation League? Explain.

-Urban League -Mutualistas: focused on helping monetary/economic problems such as providing loans, legal assistance, insurance for workers -Urban League: helped workers (like the mutualistas) by helping factory workers and maids find jobs -Both: helped for **economic assistance, education -Anti-Defamation League: more political/law centered, focused on more social problems (instead of economic, workers') like physical and verbal attacks, false statements, and justice/fairness

Urban League

-Urban League: a network for African Americans to join when they moved from rural to city, groups like black clubs and churches joined the league -Focused on poorer workers -Helped fam buy clothes and books, send children to school, factory workers and maids find jobs, daycare

W.E.B. Du Bois

-W.E.B. Du Bois: New Englander, educated at Harvard -Urged AAs to demand immediately all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution -(William Monroe Trotter also shared this view)

What do the differing approaches of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois suggest about their views of American society?

-Washington: had more faith in American society; believed that society will not grant AAs their rights immediately, but when AAs possess the proper reputation, they will mold to the belief to give AAs their rights, thought of a sorted out future b/c of AAs reputation, **believed in economic equality -Du Bois: had less faith in American society; impatient with society; believed that society will never change, so reform will only happen through demands, **believed in political equality

National Newlands Reclamation Act

-Water supply was a problem west of the Transcontinental Divide (plentiful in the east), became worse when mining companies came b/c they needed a lot of water=disputes over who owned the water supply -Francis Newlands of Nevada talked to Teddy, asking for the fed gov's help for huge reservoirs to hold and conserve water -National Newlands Reclamation Act: gave the fed gov the power to decide where and how water could be distributed -Gov would build+manage dams that would create reservoirs, generate power, and direct water flow=water could get to other states -Dry canons became reservoirs and lakes=Salt Valley Project in Arizona, Roosevelt+Hoover Dam on Colorado River

Describe the Election of 1912

-When Roosevelt said he was running again, the Repub. party split and Roosevelt's Party became the Progressive Party/Bull Moose Party -Because there were 2 Republican nominees, Wilson was handed the presidency -The Republican Party was split; some voted for Roosevelt, some voted for Taft -Democrats only had 1 person to vote for, so Wilson received all of the Democratic votes -Wilson didn't win majority of popular vote, won more than 4 times # of Electoral College Votes than Teddy and Taft

New Nationalism

-When William Howard Taft became prez, he did things differently than Teddy/didn't carry out all of Teddy's ideas -New Nationalism: a program to restore the gov's trustbusting power -Teddy traveled around the country speaking about this, calling himself as "strong as a bull moose" -Teddy vowed to tackle the trusts in a 3rd prez term=Taft-Roosevelt battle split Repub. Party and Progressives left it to make the Progressive Party -Jane Addams nominated Roosevelt as Progressive Party candidate, Repub. party nominated Taft=bitter election

William Howard Taft

-William Howard Taft: (Roosevelt's Secretary of War and hand-picked successor) became prez as Roosevelt went on safari -Pres. Taft did not follow all of Roosevelt's ideas, didn't lower tariffs to the level TR wanted, the Mann-Elkins Act gave the gov control of telephone and telegraph lines, and he brought twice as many trusts before the courts as Roosevelt did, including Rockefeller Standard Oil -Taft allowed monopolies that did not "unreasonably" squeeze out competitors, forced US Steel to sell a company Roosevelt approved of, and fired Gifford Pinchot when he disagreed with Taft's Secretary of the Interior

Sixteenth Amendment

-Wilson wanted to prevent high prices for customers=lower tariff (so people could buy cheaper foreign goods) -Congress passed Underwood Tariff Bill to cut tariffs and included a provision to create a graduated income tax -16th Amendment: gave Congress the power to levy a graduated income tax

Temperance Movement and Amendment 18

-Women wanted to improve fam life+keep it safe=temperance movement (women thought alcohol led to men using their $ on alcohol, neglect their fams, + abuse their wives) -Temperance Movement: led by Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), promoted temperance/not drinking alcohol, gained strength during Progressive Era, their work led to passage of 18th amendment -Eighteenth Amendment: outlawed the production and sale of alcohol

Ida B. Wells

Ida B. Wells: AA who worked for social change, helped form the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) -NACW: helped fams strive for success, assisted the less fortunate, $$ raised from educated black women helped set up day-care centers to protect and educate black children while parents went to work

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: a fire in NYC, most workers couldn't escape b/c managers locked most of the exits, mostly young Jewish women died, some jumped from windows in desperation, firefighters found "skeletons bending over sewing machines" -Fire=need of reform intensified -NY passed laws to make safer workplaces, other cities followed -Many states adopted workers' compensation laws--set up funds to pay workers who were hurt on the job -Workday was limited to 10 hrs in some states, but the Supreme Court later said those laws were unconstitutional (Lochner vs. New York)