Chapter 9-12 exam

A peace model is based on A. cooperation B. retribution C. just deserts. D. All of the above

A. cooperation

Martha Stewart was implicated in the insider trading scandal involving A. Enron. B. WorldCom, Inc. C. ImClone. D. Arthur Anderson.

C. ImClone.

The majority of robbers are A. specialists B. pedophiles. C. generalists D. regressed

C. generalists

According to Neil Shover, ___________ criminals commit crime with some degree of skill and earn reasonably well from their crimes. A. professional B. persistent C. avocational D. occasional

A. professional

According to Karl Marx, the __________ are the exploited working class who are without power. A. proletariat B. bourgeoisie C. petit bourgeoisie D. materialists

A. proletariat

The most likely felony to result in a homicide is A. robbery B. aggravated assault. C. grand theft. D. arson.

A. robbery

The majority of street robbers target A. elderly victims. B. taxi drivers. C. individuals involved in lawbreaking . D. major drug dealers.

C. individuals involved in lawbreaking .

A demand for the elimination of the traditional divisions of power and labor between the sexes would probably come from a __________ feminist. A. socialist B. radical C. liberal D. Marxist

C. liberal

Currently, the concept of white-collar crime focuses on the A. persons involved. B. occupational involved. C. nature of the crime. D. work environment.

C. nature of the crime.

A physician who bills Medicare for blood tests that are never actually performed is involved in __________ occupational crime. A. organizational B. state authority C. professional D. individual

C. professional

Property crimes are often investigated from the perspective of __________ theories. A. biosocial B. classical C. rational choice D. integrated

C. rational choice

Hate crimes are most commonly committed by A. black males. B. black females. C. white males. D. white females.

C. white males.

Children between the ages of 8 and 12 mainly start fires A. accidentally. B. due to underlying psychosocial conflicts. C. for revenge. D. for money.

B. due to underlying psychosocial conflicts.

The primary method used by convict criminologist is based in A. social time B. ethnography. C. archeology D. medical research.

B. ethnography.

According to Gary Green's typology of occupational crime, __________ occupational crimes benefit the employing agency. A. organizational B. state authority C. professional D. individual

A. organizational

The transit workers with the greatest risk of robbery are A. taxi drivers. B. bus drivers. C. subway train operators. D. railway train conductors.

A. taxi drivers.

Among adults, acquaintance rape usually occurs A. among married couples. B. among individuals who are cohabitating but who are not married. C. in the context of a dating relationship. D. between individuals who do not know each other.

C. in the context of a dating relationship.

The female serial killers who killed on the orders of Charles Manson were examples of __________ killers. A. thrill motivated B. mission oriented C. expedience D. disciple

D. disciple

Dispute resolution centers are based on A. deconstructionism B. just deserts. C. semiotics D. participatory justice.

D. participatory justice.

The _______ perspective on rape assumes that rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease. A. feminist B. evolutionary C. biological D. psychopathological

D. psychopathological

During the __________ period of a property offender's criminal career, rehabilitation efforts are most likely to fail. A. break-in B. acceleration C. burnout D. stable

D. stable

Which of the following is most likely to be a low-level burglary? A. A juvenile who commits crimes impulsively, usually works with others, and is easily deterred by security devices such as alarms B. An adult who works in an organized crew and earns a good living from burglary C. A young adult who uses alcohol and drugs, lacks connections to permit dealing in stolen goods on a large scale, but is not easily deterred by security devices.

A. A juvenile who commits crimes impulsively, usually works with others, and is easily deterred by security devices such as alarms

In which way are male and female robbers similar? A. Economic incentives are the primary motivation for both male and female robbers. B. Both male and female robbers almost always use guns during the commission of a robbery. C. The use of physical violence is common among both male and female robbers. D. Both male and female robbers are equally likely to target female victims.

A. Economic incentives are the primary motivation for both male and female robbers.

Criminal enterprises originating from the former Soviet Union are part of __________ criminal enterprises. A. Eurasian B. Balkan C. Middle Eastern D. Asian

A. Eurasian

The first federal legislation aimed specifically at curtailing organized crime activities was the __________ Act. A. Hobbs B. RICO C. BCCI D. Organized Crime Control

A. Hobbs

Which of the following is an example of corporate fraud? A. Insider trading B. Ponzi schemes C. Advance-fee fraud D. Equity skimming

A. Insider trading

The prototype convict criminologist is A. John Irwin. B. Richard Quinney. C. John Braithwaite. D. Harold Pepinsky.

A. John Irwin.

____________ fraud is any fraud connected with communications media. A. Mass-marketing B. Environmental C. Mortgage D. Corporate

A. Mass-marketing

__________ criminologists argue that the only effective way to reduce conflict in society is to replace the existing capitalist system in the U.S. with a socialist economic structure. A. Radical-Marxist B. Peacemaking C. Left-realist D. Postmodern

A. Radical-Marxist

The 2001 _________ Act gives the SEC the authority to bar dishonest corporate directors and officers from ever again serving in positions of corporate responsibility. A. Sarbanes-Oxley B. Securities Exchange C. Sherman D. Clayton

A. Sarbanes-Oxley

According to Ralf Dahrendorf, constructive change increases __________within society. A. cohesiveness B. tension C. conflict D. stasis

A. cohesiveness

Stuart Henry and Dragan Milovanovic are known for their development of __________ criminology. A. constitutive B. anarchic C. peacemaking D. semiotic

A. constitutive

The obstruction of justice conviction of the accounting firm of Arthur Anderson is an example of __________ crime. A. corporate B. state authority C. professional D. blue collar

A. corporate

Edwin Sutherland applied elements of ________ theory to white-collar crime. A. differential association B. strain C. corporate culture D. control

A. differential association

Premeditated murder is A. first degree murder. B. second degree murder. C. third degree murder. D. negligent homicide.

A. first degree murder.

According to UCR and NIBRS data, most burglaries involve ________ entry. A. forcible B. lawful C. unlawful D. attempted forcible

A. forcible

The majority of individuals involved in arson are A. juveniles. B. young adults. C. middle-aged individuals. D. senior citizens.

A. juveniles.

The major goal of _________ is to achieve a just and orderly society through a practical emphasis on social justice. A. left realism B. convict criminology C. postmodernism D. feminist criminology

A. left realism

A(n) ___________ receiver is most likely to be used by high-level burglars. A. professional B. avocational C. amateur D. episodic

A. professional

Most employee theft of cash or merchandise is committed by _________ employees. A. short-term B. long-term C. high-level D. permanent

A. short-term

Donald Black's argues that conflict increases with the speed and intensity of A. social time B.social interaction. C. static conditions. D. moral time.

A. social time

__________ refers to how robbers who target drug dealers devote a significant amount of resources to minimize the likelihood of coming into contact with their victims after the crime. A. Anonymity B. Intimidation C. Hypervigilance D. Selective disinhibition

C. Hypervigilance

Which of the following is not one of the types of behaviors encompassed in child sexual abuse? A. An adult engages in sexual activity with a minor B. An adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor C. An adult exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit D. An adult exploits a minor for purposes of sexual gratification

B. An adult engages in nonsexual activity with a minor

Which of the following is a mission-oriented serial killer? A. An offender who kills for profit B. An offender who kills victims he believes to be evil C. An offender who kills during the commission of other crimes D. An offender who gain sexual pleasure from killing

B. An offender who kills victims he believes to be evil

Which is not a component of the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model? A. Community protection B. Deconstructionism C. Competency development D. Accountability

B. Deconstructionism

__________ criminology is the study of environmental harm, crime, law, regulation, victimization, and justice. A. White-collar B. Green C. Classical D. Environmental

B. Green

__________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. A. Constitutive B. Peacemaking C. Semiotic D. Anarchic

B. Peacemaking

Which conflict theory is mainly deconstructionist? A. Feminist criminology B. Postmodern criminology C. Left realism D. Convict criminology

B. Postmodern criminology

The expansion of organized crime and their focus on official corruption was due to which event? A. World War I B. Prohibition C. The Great Depression D. World War II

B. Prohibition

The single most important piece of federal legislation that specifically targets organized crime activities is A. the Hobbs Act. B. RICO. C. the Sherman Act. D. the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

B. RICO.

__________ criminology consists of a proactive call for change in the social conditions leading to crime, whereas __________ criminology is a way of critiquing social relationships leading to crime. A. Critical; radical B. Radical; critical C. Radical; pluralistic D. Critical; pluralistic

B. Radical; critical

Malcolm Kline used the term __________ to refer to the heterogeneous and unplanned nature of offending found among gang members. A. professional criminal activity B. offense specialization C. cafeteria-style offending D. persistent offending

C. cafeteria-style offending

Which of the following is not one of the main ways residential burglars generally select their targets? A. They have some knowledge of the occupants. B. They make a spur of the moment selection. C. They receive information from a tipster. D. They observe a potential target.

B. They make a spur of the moment selection.

Health care workers are at particular risk of which type of workplace violence? A. Violent acts by criminals otherwise unconnected to the workplace B. Violence directed at employees by customers or clients C. Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee D. Violence committed by someone who is not connected to the workplace but who has a personal relationship with an employee

B. Violence directed at employees by customers or clients

According to Alfred Blumstein, the __________ period is not one of the three distinct phases of a criminal career in property offending. A. break-in B. acceleration C. burnout D. stable

B. acceleration

The most common workplace violent incident is a(n) A. robbery. B. assault. C. homicide. D. rape.

B. assault.

According to Groth's typology of pedophiles, __________ are adult pedophiles who engaged in planned sexual acts with children and whose behavior is not necessarily influenced by drugs or alcohol. A. regressed offenders B. fixated offenders C. deniers D. narcissistic offenders

B. fixated offenders

A fence specializes in stolen video games, which he integrates into the legitimate inventory in the video game store he operates. This makes him a _________ fence. A. generalist B. fully covered C. partly covered D. noncovered

B. fully covered

The primary motivation for the crime of joyriding is A. profit. B. fun. C. to meet a long-term need for transportation. D. to meet an immediate need for transportation.

B. fun.

According to John Braithwaite, the central explanatory variable in all criminal activity, including white-collar crime, is A. self-control. B. inequality. C. social class. D. learning.

B. inequality.

A stalker who sees the victim as a soul mate is probably a(n) __________ stalker. A. rejected B. intimacy seeking C. predatory D. resentful vendetta-motivated

B. intimacy seeking

The 1998 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act A. criminalized identity theft. B. made identity theft a federal crime. C. increased prison sentences for criminals convicted of various types of identity theft. D. mandated the imposition of restitution when sentencing offenders convicted of identity theft.

B. made identity theft a federal crime.

A fence commits the crime of A. burglary. B. receiving stolen property. C. robbery. D. larceny-theft.

B. receiving stolen property.

The primary theoretical perspective used to explain the fact that victims and offenders who are intimately known to each other are disproportionately represented in homicide statistics is the A. general theory of crime. B. subculture of violence thesis. C. selective disinhibition. D. critical criminological perspective.

B. subculture of violence thesis.

One of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft is through A. security personnel. B. technology. C. increasingly severe penalties. D. warning notices.

B. technology.

According to the conflict perspective, the fundamental nature of group conflict centers A. on the accumulation of wealth. B. the exercise of political power. C. socially significant differences. D. individual personal characteristics.

B. the exercise of political power.

Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as __________ organized crime. A. international B. transnational C. intercontinental D. overseas

B. transnational

According to Chambliss and Seidman, the __________ a group's political or economic position, the __________ the probability that its views will be reflected in laws. A. lower; greater B. lower; less C. higher; greater D. higher; less

C. higher; greater

__________ receivers generally buy stolen property on a small scale, primarily for personal use. A. Professional B. Avocational C. Amateur D. Episodic

C. Amateur

Which of the following is not a major contribution made by feminist scholarship and practice to criminological thinking? A. A focus on gender as a central organizing principle of contemporary life B. The recognition that social reality must be understood as a process C. An emphasis on the application of semiotics to the concept of crime D. A heightened sensitivity to the way social context helps shape human relationships

C. An emphasis on the application of semiotics to the concept of crime

Which of the following is an example of a nontraditional Asian criminal enterprise? A. Chinese triads B. Japanese Yaukza C. Chinese tongs D. Japanese Boryokudan

C. Chinese tongs

Which of the following activities to control organized crime would fall into Howard Abadinsky's category of reducing the economic lure of involvement? A. Legalizing gambling B. Enhanced forfeiture statutes and racketeering laws C. Educational programs and job-training initiatives D. Increase law enforcement resources

C. Educational programs and job-training initiatives

__________ are conditions, usually situational, which increase the likelihood of a violent outburst but are not necessary to produce that response. A. Predisposers B. Precipitants C. Facilitators D. Situationalists

C. Facilitators

Which of the following statements about professional auto theft is false? A. Professional auto thieves engage in more planning in target selection. B. Professional thefts have the lowest recovery rates. C. Professionals are a significant part of the vehicle theft problem. D. Professional thefts are less common than joyriding.

C. Professionals are a significant part of the vehicle theft problem.

Which of the following is not a motivation for motor vehicle theft? A. Stripping B. Use in a crime C. Revenge against the vehicle's owner D. Temporary transportation needs

C. Revenge against the vehicle's owner

_________ fraud includes stock market manipulation, Ponzi schemes, and hedge fund fraud. A. Mortgage B. Corporate C. Securities and commodities D. Mass-marketing

C. Securities and commodities

__________ assault occurs when a victim of intimate personal violence attempts to leave a violent relationship. A. Primary B. Sibling C. Separation D. Stranger

C. Separation

The _________ Act was passed to prevent the development of trusts and monopolies in restraint of trade. A. Sarbanes-Oxley B. Securities Exchange C. Sherman D. Clayton

C. Sherman

Which of the following is not one of the basic principles of the pluralistic perspective? A. Society consists of many and diverse social groups. B. The legal system is concerned with the best interests of society. C. The law serves all people equally. D. The legal system is value neutral.

C. The law serves all people equally.

Which of the following is not included in the BJS definition of identity theft? A. The unauthorized use or attempted use of existing credit cards B. The misuse of personal information to obtain new accounts or loans C. The misuse of cash obtained through fraudulent means D. The unauthorized use or attempted use of other existing accounts

C. The misuse of cash obtained through fraudulent means

Which of the following is a characteristic of female robbers? A. They almost always use guns. B. They frequently target victims who are involved in street life. C. They frequently rob females in a physical confrontational manner. D. They have one clear style of robbery.

C. They frequently rob females in a physical confrontational manner.

Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice? A. Crime is seen as an act against the state and a violation of a law. B. Crime is an individual act with individual responsibility. C. Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime. D. Offender accountability is defined as taking punishment.

C. Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime.

The rapid development of African criminal enterprises since the 1980s is due to A. the response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the U.S. B. the economic collapse in the early 21st century. C. advances in communications technology. D. the collapse of the former Soviet Union.

C. advances in communications technology.

Changes in the rates of robbery and burglary in the U.S. in the 1980s have been linked to A. changes in the unemployment rate. B. improvements in the national economy. C. an increased demand for crack cocaine. D. an increased willingness of offenders to use violence to commit crimes.

C. an increased demand for crack cocaine.

In general, the main policy implication of social conflict theory is A. social action programs to reduce social disorganization will lead to a decline in crime. B. programs to enhance self-control and build prosocial bonds will prevent crime. C. bring about social change and redistribute the wealth in society, and crime rates will fall. D. develop ways to influence personality characteristics and crime will decrease.

C. bring about social change and redistribute the wealth in society, and crime rates will fall.

Which of the following is not one of the crucial defining characteristics of a professional fence identified by to Darrell Steffensmeier? A. A professional fence has direct contact with thieves. B. A professional fence buys and sells stolen goods regularly and persistently. C. A professional fence is recognized as a fence by thieves and by the police. D. A professional fence has access to large amounts of ready cash.

D. A professional fence has access to large amounts of ready cash.

Which of the following is a personal robbery? A. A bank robbery B. A robbery of a gas station C. A robbery of a convenience store D. A robbery on the street

D. A robbery on the street

Which of the following vehicles is not included in the UCR's definition of motor vehicle theft? A. Automobiles B. Motorcycles C. Snowmobiles D. Airplanes

D. Airplanes

To what exactly did the concept of white-collar crime originally refer? A. Crimes involving illegal business enterprises B. Any occupationally-related crime C. Crimes committed by those who had been entrusted with money, such as bank tellers D. Crimes committed by persons of high social status using their occupational positions for illegal gain

D. Crimes committed by persons of high social status using their occupational positions for illegal gain

Legalizing or decriminalizing illegal drugs falls into which of Howard Abadinsky's approaches to controlling organized crime? A. Increasing the risk of involvement in organized crime B. Increasing law enforcement authority C. Reducing the economic lure of involvement D. Decreasing opportunity for organized criminal activity

D. Decreasing opportunity for organized criminal activity

Which of the following is not part of Russell's typology of men who rape their wives? A. Husbands who prefer raping their wives to having consensual sex with them B. Husbands who prefer consensual sex with their wives but are willing to rape them if their sexual advances are refused C. Husbands who might like to rape their wives but do not act out these desires D. Husbands who do not desire nonconsensual sex with their wives

D. Husbands who do not desire nonconsensual sex with their wives

Which of the following crime control policies probably would not be supported by a left realist? A. Community policing B. Neighborhood justice centers C. Dispute resolution mechanisms D. Mandatory minimum sentences

D. Mandatory minimum sentences

Which of the following is an example of a nonprimary homicide? A. A man who regularly abuses his wife kills her during an abusive event. B. A woman is tired of the loud barking noises made by her next-door neighbor's dog and kills the dog. The dog's owner kills her in retaliation. C. Two men meet in a bar and get into an argument over the Super Bowl, during which one man stabs and kills the other. D. None of these are nonprimary homicides.

D. None of these are nonprimary homicides.

The __________ perspective holds that although different viewpoints exist, most individuals agree on the usefulness of the law as a formal means of dispute resolution. A. consensus B. Radical C. Conflict D. Pluralist

D. Pluralist

Which of the following is not one of the major property crimes, according to the FBI? A. Burglary B. Arson C. Motor vehicle theft D. Robbery

D. Robbery

__________ has been called the biggest white-collar crime in history. A. The collapse of the Enron Corporation B. The bankruptcy of WorldCom, Inc. C. Teapot Dome D. The 1980s savings and loan disaster

D. The 1980s savings and loan disaster

__________ acted as a quasi-police organization in the Italian ghetto areas of American cities during the industrial era. A. The Black Hand B. La Cosa Nostra C. La Mano Negro D. The Mafia

D. The Mafia

In 2009, President Obama added crimes motivated by ___________ to the list of federal hate crimes. A. a religious bias B. a bias against people with disabilities C. racial bias D. a bias against a person's sexual orientation

D. a bias against a person's sexual orientation

Austin Turk and many other conflict criminologists see crime as A. a consensus of opinion. B. an agreement among various factions within society. C. the interests of those who hold social and economic power in society. D. a natural consequence of intergroup struggles over control.

D. a natural consequence of intergroup struggles over control.

Richard Quinney suggests that the problem of crime will be solved only by the creation of A. a class structure. B. a capitalist society C. hedonistic values. D. a socialist society.

D. a socialist society.