Chapter 9

Learning theory focuses on _______.

performance and outcomes in motivation

Which of the following are needs in Maslow's hierarchy? (Check all that apply.)

Physiological Esteem needs Self-actualization Safety Belongingness

Marie consistently tries to exert her control over coworkers. Marie has a high need for which of the three needs identified by McClelland?

Power

True or false: According to expectancy theory, high motivation results from high levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

True

Which of the following contributes to high motivation in an organization?

When as many as people as possible feel they are being equitably treated

Which of the following are other needs that motivate workers? (Check all that apply.)

Work-life balance Exposure to nature

An employee stock option entitles employees to _______.

buy shares of an organization's stock at a certain price

Research suggests that nature has many salutary effects and a lack of such exposure _______.

can actually impair well-being and performance

The theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people's thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people's behavior is _______ theory.

social learning

The need for power refers to _______.

the extent to which an individual wants to control or influence others

The learning theories propose that managers can increase motivation and performance by how they link _______.

the outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals

Motivation refers to the psychological forces that determine the _______.

direction of a person's behavior, level of effort, and persistence in an organization

People's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs is the concentration of the _______ theory.

equity

The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled is _______.

equity

Motivating workers to contribute their inputs to their jobs and organizations is the focus of _______ theory.

goal-setting

According to expectancy theory, members of an organization are motivated to put forth a high level of effort only if they think that doing so will result in _______.

high performance

According to expectancy theory, _______ is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of outcomes.

instrumentality

When individuals are motivated by the task and the motivation comes from doing the work itself, they are _______ motivated.

intrinsically

The social learning theory suggests that _______.

learning and motivation are influenced by how people think about, believe and watch other's behavior

Janice, an accountant, is compensated based on her performance which is measured in terms of report timeliness and accuracy. This is an example of a(n) _______ pay plan.

merit

A compensation plan that bases pay on performance is a _______ plan.

merit pay

According to theories of merit pay, when individual performance can be accurately determined, if merit pay is based on individual performance, an individual's ______ is likely to be highest.

motivation

Need theories of motivation focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what _______ will satisfy those needs.

outcomes

According to the operant conditioning theory, _______.

people learn to perform behaviors that lead to the outcomes they want

A merit pay plan is based on _______.

performance

Jim works in a factory where he is paid for each unit he produces. Jim is paid on a(n) _______ pay plan.

piece-rate

Pay plans that are based on the number of units each employee produces are called _______ pay plans.

piece-rate

A general lack of fairness in the treatment of organizational members is _______.

Inequality

According to expectancy theory, a key reason why employees are motivated to perform at a high level is _______.

they believe that high performance will lead to desired outcomes

Jim works a day job but is also trying to launch a business in his free time. His current job offers outcomes such as a flexible schedule and health benefits. According to expectancy theory, because Jim is still working at his day job and has not quit to focus on his own business, it is likely that these outcomes have high _______.

valence

The expectancy theory suggests that _______.

workers will have high effort and performance to attain desired outcomes

Which of the following is at the lowest level in Maslow's hierarchy?

Physiological

Intrinsically motivated behavior is performed _______.

for its own sake

Feeling equitably treated and having one's outcomes and inputs in balance generally leads to _______.

high levels of motivation

Psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organization, a person's level of effort, and a person's level of persistence.

motivation

hich theory focuses on motivating workers to contribute their inputs to their jobs and organizations?

Goal-setting

Which theorist purports that people have two sets of needs or requirements: motivator needs and hygiene needs?

Herzberg

Herzberg's theory suggests that people have which two sets of needs or requirements? (Check all that apply.)

Hygiene Motivator

Frank works in an office where his performance is assessed solely on an individual basis. Which of the following pay structures is likely to be the most motivating for Frank?

Pay plan based on individual performance

The needs people are trying to satisfy at work and the outcomes that will satisfy those needs is the focus of the _______ theories of motivation.

need

According to expectancy theory, to motivate organizational members, managers need to determine which outcomes have _______ for them; and when members perform at a the desired level, make sure the specified outcomes are provided.

valence

_______ can be understood as a lack of fairness that exists when comparing one person's input-output ratio to another person's input-output ratio.

Inequity

Which theory concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs?

Equity

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following result in high motivation? (Check all that apply.)

High levels of expectancy High levels of instrumentality High levels of valence

A person's perception of the fairness of the distribution of outcomes in an organization is referred to as _______ justice.

disruptive

Kerry feels that her company fairly allocates promotions, job assignments and salaries. Kerry's perception exemplifies the notion of _______ justice. Multiple choice question. distributive

distributive

A financial instrument that allows a person to buy shares of an organization's stock at a certain price during a certain period is called a(n) _______.

employee stock option

Treating all organizational members fairly, justly, and without bias is known as treating them with _______.

equity

A person's perception about the extent that their inputs will result in a certain level of performance is referred to as _______.

expectancy

The belief that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome defines the _______ theory

expectancy

The psychological forces that determine (1) the direction of a person's behavior, (2) the person's level of effort, and (3) the person's level of persistence are known as _______.

motivation

The theory that people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences is _______ theory.

operant conditioning