chapter 9
What was the practical question that eventually led to the development of the first workable intelligence test?
"How can developmentally disabled children be taught more effectively?"
Because of the strict provisions of her religion, a child learns to listen respectfully to authority figures rather than expressing her own opinions. If this child goes to school in which students are expected to speak assertively, she is likely to
be viewed somewhat negatively by the teacher.
Since its publication in 1916, the Stanford-Binet has
been revised several times and is widely used today.
The Stanford-Binet scales and the Wechsler scales have in common the fact that
both are individually administered tests of intelligence.
When you ask your teacher how the class did on the test, all you are told is that the results can be described by a bell-shaped curve, or normal distribution. From this, you should be able to deduce that most student scores
clustered in the middle and fewer were at the extremes.
A man receives a score of 50 on "The Anger Potential Scale." To understand what this score means, it is necessary to
have access to statistical norms for the test.
In constructing his intelligence test for adults, David Wechsler focused on
. including nonverbal, or performance, subtests.
Several decades ago, the gap between the IQ scores of African Americans and White Americans was estimated to be about 15 IQ points. Research from 2002 suggests that in 30 years that gap closed by about ________ points.
4 to 7
You are sitting in your time machine, trying to decide what date and location to set. You want to go back to the earliest time and place that assessment was widely used. You should set the dial to send you back about ________ years to the country of ________.
4,000; China
A boy who is 6 years old has just tested at a mental age of 5. What would his IQ be, using Terman's formula for deriving this number?
83
Henry Goddard's argument on the genetic inferiority of certain groups was further reinforced when
African Americans and other racial minorities scored lower than Whites in large-scale Army intelligence testing.
"My studies have shown that in fact there is only one factor, let us call it "g," underlying all intelligence." The psychologist who would have most likely uttered this statement is
Charles Spearman.
Which of the following most likely constitutes a violation of standardization when administering a test?
Due to excessive noise, some students are allowed to take more time to finish the test.
A person taking the WAIS-IV would receive a
Full Scale IQ and four additional scale scores.
Your friend has an IQ that is well above average, is highly original and innovative, and will complete whatever assignment is given to him with a strong sense of commitment. Which of the following describes your friend most aptly?
He is gifted.
A child is tested by Alfred Binet. Her test results indicate that she has a mental age of 5. What does this mean?
Her score is the same as the average score of a group of 5-year-olds.
In terms of the relationship between heredity and race, all of the following have been found EXCEPT for which one?
IQ is strongly related to genetics and is responsible for IQ gaps between races.
Your author proposes several explanations for why people with higher IQs live longer than people with lower IQs. They include all but which of the following?
People with lower IQs tend to come from racial and ethnic minority groups, and those groups are known for having a shorter life expectancy. This creates a relationship between IQ and duration of one's life.
A child is playing a game called "Who Am I?" His clues read, "I am a half-cousin to Charles Darwin, in 1869 I wrote the highly influential book Hereditary Genius, and I attempted to apply evolutionary theory to the study of human abilities." The answer is clearly
Sir Francis Galton.
With respect to the Wechsler Intelligence Scales, all of the following statements are accurate EXCEPT for which one?
The WAIS-IV is for use with children and adults.
Which of the following statements best captures the basic assumption of Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence?
The society in which a person lives evaluates how intelligent that person is thought to be.
Child is to adult as
WISC-IV is to WAIS-IV.
If you are using the test-retest measurement of reliability, a perfectly reliable test will yield
a correlation coefficient of +1.00.
On IQ tests today, decisions concerning which scores would be labeled "gifted" are most likely made on the basis of
a specific cutoff point for IQ scores.
A friend has just returned from taking the full WAIS-IV test and is eager to discuss her experience. She might mention all of the following EXCEPT that
after the test she was told she would have a verbal and a performance IQ score.
If you had assisted Alfred Binet in the development of his intelligence test, you would have taken care to develop test questions that
allowed for comparison of children's responses.
According to Robert Sternberg, a person's capacity for learning new facts, using problem-solving strategies, and monitoring progress toward desired goals is relevant to ________ intelligence.
analytical
Being a very creative person, you have decided to develop a test of creativity. When developing the norms for the test, you should make sure that the members of the comparison group
are similar to the individuals who will be tested.
A teacher presents a video showing a psychologist administering one of David Wechsler's tests, the WPPSI-III. The individual who is being tested is most likely to be about ________ year(s) old.
b. 5
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale was the end product of standardization efforts and the revision of Binet's test questions carried out by
b. Lewis Terman.
Suppose a researcher wants to determine whether a test is reliable in terms of its internal consistency. The best way to do this would be by
comparing performance on odd- and even-numbered items.
In the context of reliability measures, which term does NOT belong with the others?
construct
First the students groaned and then they let out a sigh of relief when the teacher realized her mistake. The test was supposed to be on the topic of the modern romance novel, but she inadvertently passed out exam questions that were intended for another course she was teaching on medieval poetry. It is obvious that the initial test questions did not have
construct validity
A group of friends has been to a concert, but finds that their car will not start when it is time to leave. One member of the group quickly helps the group find another way to get home. Based on Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence, she would be credited with having high ________ intelligence.
creative
After an employer hires fifty widget wirers for the new plant, she gives them all the Widget Wiring Skills Test. If she later correlates scores on the test with the average daily production of widgets by the wirers, she would be assessing the ________ of the test.
criterion-related validity
Raymond Cattell distinguished between ________ intelligence, which involves the knowledge a person has already acquired, and ________ intelligence, which is the ability to see complex relationships and to solve problems.
crystallized; fluid
You are asked to derive the IQ score for one of your friends. If you were using Terman's notion of an IQ, you would
divide mental age by chronological age and multiply the result by 100.
Howard Gardner's view of intelligence includes ________ different types, and does not specifically mention ________ intelligence as one of the types.
eight; conceptual
Formal assessment procedures should meet three requirements. The requirements include all of the following EXCEPT
eugenics
A woman is great at dealing with situations that she has encountered before, but she has difficulty when thrown into a new situation that requires her to see complex relationships. According to Cattell, the woman would probably receive a low score on a test of ________ intelligence.
fluid
According to research conducted in 2011, people with average ________ intelligence showed increased activity in the frontal lobes of their brains when problems they were solving grew harder. People with higher levels of the same type of intelligence did not show the same increases in frontal lobe activity.
fluid
The WAIS-IV, WISC-IV, and the WPPSI-III
form a family of intelligence tests that yield Full Scale IQ scores at all age levels.
On the topic of genius, Sir Francis Galton took the stand that
genius is inherited.
Using the latest version of the Stanford-Binet test, if someone were to receive an IQ score of 109 today, it would mean that the person
had a "normal" IQ.
In a classroom debate, a student says that, because research has determined that IQ is highly heritable, the IQ differences found between different racial groups must be genetic. A proper response to this student's conclusion would be that
heritability that is based on an estimate within one group cannot be used to interpret differences between groups.
Terman explored the popular myth that gifted children have problems with social and emotional adjustment. He found
his sample to be better adjusted than their less gifted peers.
A 5-year-old child has taken Alfred Binet's test of intelligence, and his parents have just been told that his mental age is 9. This means that
his score equals the score of the average 9-year-old.
Studies exploring the correlations between IQ scores of individuals on the basis of their degree of genetic relationship have found that
identical twins reared apart show higher correlations than fraternal twins reared together.
Sir Francis Galton would have agreed with all of the following statements EXCEPT that
intelligence is not quantifiable.
Using Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence as a guide, one would expect that an expert salesperson would be high in ________ intelligence, and an expert dancer would be high in ________ intelligence.
interpersonal; bodily-kinesthetic
In a study described in the textbook, researchers assessed the emotional intelligence of handball players by attempting to elicit an emotional reaction in their participants. This was attempted by having them
listen to audio tapes with negative statements on them.
With respect to the tendency to label people as a result of test outcomes, the authors of the textbook believe that labels often lead to
lowering people's sense of self-efficacy and encouraging an unwillingness to tackle challenges.
According to the textbook, the primary goal of psychological assessment is to
make accurate assessments of people as free from errors as possible.
Researchers studying emotional intelligence have defined it in terms of four major component abilities. All of the following abilities are on this list EXCEPT for which one?
making emotional growth the primary goal of one's life, because emotions can make thinking more intelligent
In the United States, the tradition has been to attribute group differences in IQ scores to
nature.
A program started in 1962 at the High/Scope Perry preschool in Ypsilanti, Michigan, focused on a group of 3- and 4-year-old low-income African American children who had been evaluated as being at risk for school failure. This program provided the children with a classroom environment that focused on
participatory education.
Applying Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, when people are solving anagram problems they are most likely using________ components to manipulate the letters in their heads and ________ components to devise strategies for finding solutions.
performance; metacognitive
Suppose that a man is a member of a social group that is stereotypically expected to lack a specific type of ability. When the man takes a test he knows is designed for that ability, he is likely to perform ________, demonstrating an effect known as ________.
poorly; stereotype threat
A boy does not do particularly well in his schoolwork, but those who know him say that he has "street smarts." He adapts well to new situations, gets along day to day with few problems, and seems to have a knack for getting his needs met. According to Sternberg's theory, he has ________ intelligence.
practical
Your textbook notes a research study that was conducted using participants who worked in the printing and graphics industry. It found that greater company growth over a four-year period was positive correlated with higher levels of __________ intelligence.
practical
To meet one of the criteria for classification as intellectually disabled, an individual must
show significant limitations in adaptive behaviors.
A youngster is taking a test in a large room. The person giving the test is very careful that everyone takes the test under the same conditions. Everyone hears exactly the same instructions, and is given the same amount of time. It appears as though the test that the youngster is taking is
standardized.
Due in part to the advocacy of psychologists such as Henry Goddard, it became national policy in 1924 to administer intelligence tests for the purpose of making decisions concerning the
suitability of immigrants.
When the test-retest reliability correlation is measured, it is found to be 0.02. This tells you that the
test is unreliable.
A woman is part of an investigation in which she is asked to take an intelligence test and then is informed that she will have to take the same test again in approximately two weeks. The method by which the investigators in this study are measuring reliability is called ________ reliability.
test-retest
All of the following are types of validity EXCEPT for
test-retest.
In general, it would be safest to say that a test
that is not reliable is also not valid.
If the correlation between IQ scores of identical twins raised together is found to be +.85 and the correlation between IQ scores of identical twins reared apart is found to be +.70, the .15 difference found between the two groups is most likely attributable to
the impact of the environment.
Charles Spearman's belief that there is a factor of general intelligence underlying all intelligent performance was based on his finding that
the performance of individuals on a variety of intelligence tests was highly correlated.
One consequence of the large-scale use of intelligence testing in the United States was that
the public came to accept that intelligence tests could differentiate people in terms of socially important characteristics.
A student has just about finished writing a term paper on the scientific study of intelligence and now must come up with a concluding statement. If he wants to draw a conclusion with which most psychologists would agree, he should say that
there is a difference of opinion about the nature of intelligence.
The Wechsler Intelligence Scales are uniquely valuable for
tracking specific intellectual abilities over time.
Beth repeatedly got on and off her bathroom scale one morning until she got the weight she wanted. In the language of assessment, her bathroom scale is best described as
unreliable.
In his or her research, a psychologist who adopts the psychometric approach to intelligence is most likely to
use factor analysis.
Which of the following is an example of an item from one of the WAIS-IV subtests that measures perceptual reasoning?
using patterned blocks to reproduce designs provided by the examiner
In the language of assessment, a test that measures what an assessor intends it to measure is
valid.