Chapter 9

How genetically similar are humans to each other? What 3 reasons explain why groups of people appear different from each other ("races").

3 reasons are environment adaptation, random genetic drift, and population mixing.

Compare Robert Park's model of straight-line assimilation and Milton Gordon's 7 stage model of assimiation

Gordon's stages are cultural, structural: secondary and primary, and martial

Define race and ethnicity.

Race is a group of people who share a set of characteristics typically, but not always, physical ones and are said to have the same bloodlines. Ethnicity is one's ethnic quality of affiliation. It is self defined, non hierarchical, fluid and multiple and based on cultural differences not physical ones.

Define racism. Give an example of both traditional and modern racism.

Racism is the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal human traits. Traditional racism is beliefs in biological inferiority like the whites are superior to the Latinos. Modern racism is seeing that racism is wrong but not recognizing the institutional inequality.

Define and give examples of institutional discrimination (see text section "Institutional Racism" pages 361 - 362).

Institutional racism are institutions and social dynamics that may seem race- neutral but actually disadvantaged minority groups. For example, increasing the rent on a house for minority groups, since it's q white neighbourhood.

Asian Americans

These Asian Americans are known to be from China, Korea, Japan and southeast Asia. Asians arrived in the US around the mid nineteenth century and were predominantly laborers of Chinese, Japanese, and then Korean and some Filipino origin. The Chinese Exclusion of Act in 1882, led to a ban of the Chinese in 1902. There were 4.8% of the population and grew 43.3% over a decade, they were the fastest growing ethnic group. Positive stereotypes of high achievements are not always beneficial to put enormous pressure on Asian youths.

How, per text discussion, was the "black ghetto" created? (see text pages 350 - 354 ["Segregation and Discrimination"])

I think the black ghetto was created because from the beginning weve always had this thought of the African Americans being at the bottom of the racial hierarchy and so when all this crime began and it was primarily associated with that area, any black neighborhood began 'ghetto' for white people to live in.

Explain why "race" is considered a social construction. What does it mean to say that "race" is not real scientifically? What makes "race" real as a social construction? Explain this answer carefully and with support from assigned material.

It is a social construction because it is a set of stories we tell ourselves in order to make sense of the world. Race is not a scientific concept because "Race" is not real scientifically because it is a social construct by changing over time and across different concepts. It is a social construction because it is a set of stories we tell ourselves in order to make sense of the world and eventually we believe in it and act upon it. However, when we were younger we were not exposed to what race exactly was until, someone had pointed out some sort of biological factor and these factors were built through social construction by what what others have told us. It brings it all back to how we were all under the assumption that another person is inferior to us and our history shows by having slaves. If the white people didn't hire African Americans to be servants, it could have been anyone. Therefore, we already have a mindset on "race" from what we were told. Race is a social construct that changes over time and across different contexts. To be white in America, for example, changed from being a somewhat inclusive category in the late eighteenth century to being much more narrowly defined in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then shifted back to a broader definition in the mid-twentieth century. All these changes were in response to social realities.

Latinos

Latino is like the term Hispanic, There are 1.4% of Spanish, 5.2% of South American, 8.3% of Central American, 2.9% of Dominican, 3.6% of Cubans, and 9.5% of Puerto ricans. In 2012, they made up of 17% of the population. Puerto ricans have been able to travel to the states since 1917. In 1995, the US federal denied in taking 35 year old Cuban refugees. Since then, they've arrived in small boats, having the highest rates of unemployment, low wage work, and dependence on the low fair.

Review the relative size (percentage of U.S. total population) and brief histories of the following groups: Native Americans, African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans.

Native Americans: They arrived 12,000 to 50,000 years ago from Northeast Asia by foot on glaciers. The indigenous population ranges from 10 and 100 million. American Indians are a part of 280 distinct cultural groups. Columbus called all the people indians because he thought he was in India. There land was taken from them by European settlements and they had imported diseases such as smallpox and cholera. 39% of Native Americans have grown.

Discuss the relationship between disadvantage and privilege. Describe white privilege using McIntosh (text) and/or Wise (class discussion) in your discussion.

SKIP

Discuss the significance of the following: Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education, Civil Rights Act 1964

Plessy v. Ferguson: "separate but equal," Although, the Plessy decision ruled that separate facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were equal, in real life the doctrine legalized unequal facilities for blacks. Brown v. Board of Education: opinion that legally segregated public schools were 'inherently unequal" Civil Rights Act: maintains an urban under class in perpetual poverty by limiting its ties to upwardly mobile social networks, which connect people to jobs and other opportunities.

Describe the four broad forms that majority-minority group relations can take -- assimilation, pluralism, segregation, racial conflict.

Pluralism is the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society, lesser degree of assimilation Segregation is the legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity. Assimilation is a process by which ethnic and/or racial distinctions between groups disappear because one group is absorbed into another groups culture or because two or more cultures blend Racial conflict: war and genocide: killing of a particular population based on racial, ethnic or religious traits.

African Americans

The first black people in North America arrived as servants not as slaves by the white colonialist; slavery has evolved by the need of colonial labor There were more than 20% of slaves and now there are only 14% of African Americans. Since then, they have been on the bottom of the racial hierarchy and to known to have the highest rate of poverty, health problems, unemployment, and crime. New African Americans, such as Afro-Caribbeans, Cubans, Haitians, and Jamaicans don't want to be known as black because they enjoy they're unique culture, history and language.

Which is the largest racial/ethnic minority in the U.S. today? Which have been colonized? Which have immigrated? Which is considered the "model minority"?

The largest racial/ethnic group are Latinos. Asian Americans are considered to be 'model minority' by the implication of assimilating so well. African Americans were colonized and Latinos and Asians were immigrated.

What was the "one drop rule" and how did it relate to miscegenation. When were U.S. laws against miscegenation finally repealed?

The one drop rule is the belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved or U.S laws forbidding miscegenation in 1967.

Arguably, even if personal prejudice was eliminated, racial inequality would still exist. Explain why this is the case.

Unfortunately, if personal prejudice were eliminated, it'd still exist due to structural causes such as the involvement in court decisions, laws, official polices, and accepted business practices. For example the Ferguson vs. Brown case where the white police officer shot the African American teenager from being prejudice because he thought he saw a gun in his hand and Brown ended up dying. Unfortunately, some people will always have a prejudice thought in there head just like being a fair-weather liberal because it happens unknowingly and we think we have an instinct when it can be absolutely true.

Describe, including examples, four ways that groups respond to oppression -- withdrawal, passing, acceptance, resistance.

When you are being followed: