Chapter 9

The POA/AH monitors body temperature partly by monitoring ____. a. its own temperature b. brain temperature c. heart temperature d. the temperature of the thalamus

a. its own temperature

Tryptophan enters the brain by an active-transport protein that it shares with ____ and other large amino acids. a. phenylalanine b. melatonin c. lactose d. glucose

a. phenylalanine

The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ____. a. receptors around the third ventricle b. the blood-brain barrier c. the subfornical organ d. thalamus

a. receptors around the third ventricle

The ____ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion. a. occipital cortex b. lateral hypothalamus c. medial part of the hypothalamus d. pineal gland

b. lateral hypothalamus

Vasopressin

constricts the blood vessels to decrease urine output and raise blood pressure

lateral preoptic area

controls drinking

What evidence do we have that the preoptic area controls body temperature? a. After damage to the preoptic area, an animal will simultaneously sweat and shiver. b. Each cell in the preoptic area has a temperature at which it is most active. c. Removed cells maintain a constant temperature even in a cell culture. d. Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.

d. Heating or cooling the preoptic area leads to sweating or shivering.

What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure? a. substantia nigra b. red nucleus c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. OVLT and subfornical organ

d. OVLT and subfornical organ

Hypovolemia induces thirst by the production of which hormone? a. CCK b. insulin c. prolactin d. angiotensin II

d. angiotensin II

Many kinds of information impinge onto two kinds of cells in one nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is regarded as the "master area" for control of appetite. That area is the ____. a. suprachiasmatic nucleus b. sexually dimorphic nucleus c. solitary nucleus d. arcuate nucleus

d. arcuate nucleus

Output from the paraventricular nucleus acts on the ____. a. preoptic area b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. lateral hypothalamus d. baroreceptors

c. lateral hypothalamus

After damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus, an animal will most likely ____. a. increase its activity level b. eat much more at any given meal c. overeat when presented with a sweetened diet d. only undereat when presented with a very sweet food

c. overeat when presented with a sweetened diet

What is the main site for absorption of digested food into the bloodstream? a. esophagus b. stomach c. small intestine d. large intestine

c. small intestine

Ghrelin is associated with ____ in the periphery and ____ in the brain. a. CCK release; inhibition of the arcuate nucleus b. leptin release; inhibition of the arcuate nucleus c. stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus d. stomach distension; excitation of the arcuate nucleus

c. stomach contractions; excitation of the arcuate nucleus

Aldosterone

"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure

Raphe nucleus

A group of serotonin-containing neurons extending from the raphe nuclei, located in the pons and medulla throughout the limbic system and forebrain

NPY (neuropeptide Y)

A hormone that increases appetite and lowers metabolism when the body is in negative energy balance.

OVLT

Detects osmotic thirst releases Vasopressin and increases activity in the LPO

Angiotensin II acts on the kidney to retain more sodium. a. True b. False

Flase

LPO Stomach

Initiates drinking (preferably of pure water)

small intestines absorb

Proteins, fats and Carbs

When food distends the duodenum, the duodenum releases which hormone? a. CCK b. aldosterone c. angiotensin II d. prolactin

a. CCK

In the control of appetite, CCK, leptin, and insulin converge their effects onto hypothalamic cells that release transmitters in the ____ family. a. melanocortin b. endorphin c. acetylcholine d. purine

a. melanocortin

Processes that reduce any discrepancies from the set point are known as ____. a. negative feedback b. positive feedback c. homeothermic d. thermostasis

a. negative feedback

Sodium-specific hunger is closely associated with ____. a. osmotic thirst b. hypovolemic thirst c. the OVLT d. decreased renin release

b. hypovolemic thirst

An animal has trouble digesting its food after damage to the ____. a. occipital cortex b. lateral hypothalamus c. medial part of the hypothalamus d. pineal gland

b. lateral hypothalamus

Taste and other mouth sensations contribute to ____. a. hunger b. satiety c. thirst d. overeating

b. satiety

The ability to digest lactose varies in a patchy way from place to place on which continent? a. Asia b. Europe c. Africa d. Antarctica

c. Africa

Why do both high levels and very low levels of insulin lead to increased eating? a. Glucose leaves the blood to be stored as fat. b. Fat supplies are being rapidly converted to glucose. c. Little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel. d. Activity of the taste buds is directly enhanced.

c. Little glucose is reaching the cells to be used as fuel.

36. In response to infection, leukocytes release proteins called ____. a. leptin b. cholecystokinin c. cytokines d. insulin

c. cytokines

A drug that stimulates melanocortin receptors would most likely ____. a. increase meal frequency b. increase leptin production c. decrease meal size d. increase meal size

c. decrease meal size

After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____. a. show normal osmotic thirst but not hypovolemic thirst b. show normal hypovolemic thirst but not osmotic thirst c. eat less d. eat more

c. eat less

Which event would lead to eating a larger than normal meal? a. increasing leptin levels b. decreasing NPY levels c. increasing NPY levels d. damaging the lateral hypothalamus

c. increasing NPY levels

An animal is most likely to eat more frequently and gain weight after damage to the ____. a. preoptic area b. areas surrounding the third ventricle c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. lateral hypothalamus

c. ventromedial hypothalamus

Poikilothermic

cold blooded

The brain finds out about the degree of stretch of the stomach from ____. a. visual feedback b. the hormone angiotensin c. sensory receptors on the skin of the abdomen d. activity of the vagus nerve

d. activity of the vagus nerve

Damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus leads to eating ____. a. the same, but drinking less than normal amounts b. the same large amount each meal, regardless of the taste c. less d. normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently

d. normal-sized meals, but eating them more frequently

Which group would most likely benefit from taking leptin? a. anorexic patients b. normal obese people c. obese people with faulty leptin receptors d. obese people who fail to produce leptin

d. obese people who fail to produce leptin

Which area of the hypothalamus seems to be critical for the ending of meals? a. lateral hypothalamus b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. preoptic area d. paraventricular nucleus

d. paraventricular nucleus

For most obese individuals, giving them leptin would ____. a. decrease appetite b. increase appetite c. increase sensitivity to leptin d. produce little effect

d. produce little effect

Anorexia is a problem stemming from a lack of appetite. a. True b. False

false

arcuate nucleus

hypothalamic area with sets of neurons for hunger and satiety

Allostasis

maintaining levels of biological conditions that vary according to an individual's needs and circumstances

vagus nerve

sends info about stomach fullness

large intestines absorb

water and minerals

how much % of body is water

70%

splanchnic nerves

convey information about the nutrient contents of the stomach

Set points can change over time. a. True b. False

true

The paraventricular nucleus normally inhibits meal size. a. True b. False

true

The physiological changes that defend body temperature depend on areas in and near the hypothalamus. a. True b. False ANSWER: True

true

osmotic thirst

A drop in intracellular fluid levels.

Why did mammals evolve a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius? a. They benefit from being as warm as possible and as fast as possible. b. Their protein bonds begin to break at this temperature. c. Their body proteins are stable only at 37 degrees Celsius or above. d. They can only detect changes in the environment at this environment.

a. They benefit from being as warm as possible and as fast as possible.

A Danish study correlating the weights of 540 adopted children with various adoptive and biological relatives found ____. a. a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives b. a higher correlation with adoptive siblings than with biological siblings c. the same correlation with biological relatives and adoptive relatives d. a higher correlation with biological relatives during childhood but a higher correlation with adoptive relatives in adulthood

a. a higher correlation with biological relatives than adoptive relatives

After a lesion to the lateral preoptic area, a rat would react to an increase in sodium levels by ____. a. drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine b. drinking more and excreting a great deal of dilute urine c. increasing its activity level without changing the amount it drinks d. sweating profusely, but not drinking much

a. drinking less and excreting highly concentrated urine

Eating salty potato chips increases the concentration of sodium in the ____. a. extracellular fluid b. intracellular fluid c. nuclear fluid d. osmotic fluid

a. extracellular fluid

Fructose, used in corn syrup as a sweetener, may lead to increased obesity by ____. a. failing to trigger satiety b. having more calories than other sugars c. slowing fat digestion d. enhancing PVN activity

a. failing to trigger satiety

In sham-feeding, animals are ____. a. allowed to chew but not swallow b. allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach c. only allowed to eat a mixture devoid of nutrients d. only allowed to eat an artificial substance

b. allowed to chew and swallow, but the food never enters the stomach

Like vasopressin, ____ constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure. a. angiotensin I b. angiotensin II c. renin d. sodium

b. angiotensin II

Poikilothermic organisms have body temperatures that ____. a. remain relatively constant no matter the change in the external environment b. are the same as the temperatures of their environments c. are nearly constant, although the brain temperature varies d. allow them to survive in very warm climates only

b. are the same as the temperatures of their environments

The brain can anticipate an osmotic need before the rest of the body actually experiences it ____. a. through the change in blood pressure b. because the stomach can detect high levels of sodium c. through detection of highly concentrated urine d. because of the rate of vasopressin release

b. because the stomach can detect high levels of sodium

Leptin is produced by ____. a. the paraventricular nucleus b. body fat c. neuropeptide Y d. orexin A

b. body fat

Hypovolemic thirst ____. a. depends mostly on the lateral preoptic area b. can be satisfied better by salt water than by pure water c. is stimulated by an increased concentration of solutes in the blood d. can only be satisfied by drinking a great deal of pure water

b. can be satisfied better by salt water than by pure water

The small intestine ____. a. absorbs water and minerals b. digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates c. is the secondary site for the absorption of digested foodstuffs into the bloodstream d. stores excess nutrients as glycogen, protein, or fat

b. digests proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome is linked to a problem with ____. a. melanocortin b. ghrelin c. NPY d. leptin

b. ghrelin

On average, people with bulimia show a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including increased production of ____. a. insulin b. ghrelin c. dopamine d. orlistat

b. ghrelin

When neuropeptide Y inhibits the paraventricular nucleus, it ____. a. leads to extreme undereating b. produces extreme overeating c. depletes fat stores d. interferes with digestion

b. produces extreme overeating

The blood's glucose level ordinarily remains relatively constant because of the activity of ____. a. CCK. b. the liver c. the thyroid gland d. the gall bladder

b. the liver

A common misconception is that eating turkey increases the body's supply of ____, which enables the brain to make chemicals that make you sleepy. a. lactase b. tryptophan c. lacrose d. sucrose

b. tryptophan

Diabetes insipidus literally means "passing without taste" because the urine is produced in such large quantities that it is tasteless. This disease is most likely caused by a problem with the production or release of ____. a. renin b. vasopressin c. angiotensinogen d. prostaglandins

b. vasopressin

organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT )

brain area that detects osmotic pressure and salt content of the blood

What is one reason why animals with a lesion in the lateral hypothalamus eat so little? a. They are constantly active and over-responsive to sensory stimuli. b. All the food they eat is immediately converted into fat storage. c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food. d. They have low levels of blood sugar.

c. They experience a decreased cortical response to the smell and sight of food.

By what means does the brain find out about the nutrient content of food in the stomach? a. hormones b. activity of the vagus nerve c. activity of the splanchnic nerves d. the duodenum

c. activity of the splanchnic nerves

Leptin directly activates receptors in the part of the hypothalamus known as the ____. a. paraventricular nucleus b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. arcuate nucleus d. lateral preoptic area

c. arcuate nucleus

How do adult mammals with damage to the preoptic area regulate their body temperature? a. physiologically b. pharmacologically c. behaviorally d. not at all

c. behaviorally

One interpretation of how the hormone CCK promotes satiety is that it ____. a. speeds up the digestive processes in the intestines b. increases the rate at which glucose enters the cells of the body c. causes the stomach to fill more quickly d. facilitates the emptying of the stomach

c. causes the stomach to fill more quickly

Chronically high insulin levels lead to increased appetite by ____. a. lowering body temperature, increasing the need for nutrition b. preventing glucose from entering the cells c. causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat d. directly altering the responses of the taste buds

c. causing a high percentage of available glucose to be stored as fat

The hormone aldosterone results in the ____. a. conservation of water b. excretion of sodium c. conservation of sodium d. decreased preference for salty tastes

c. conservation of sodium

Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____. a. convert glucose to glycogen b. store glucose c. convert glycogen to glucose d. decrease blood glucose levels

c. convert glycogen to glucose

High levels of leptin are associated with ____. a. decreased activity and eating b. increased activity and eating c. decreased activity and increased eating d. increased activity and decreased eating

d. increased activity and decreased eating

Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety. a. True b. False

false

Angiotensin II

increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more water and by releasing aldosterone

orexin and eating

persistence in seeking foods, responds to incentives

CCK (cholecystokinin)

released by small intestine- stimulates gallbladder, pancreatic juices

paraventricular nucleus

responsible for ending meals, produces oxytocin

subfornical organ (SFO)

thirst regulating

CCK limits meal size. a. True b. False

true