chapter 9

_____ acts like a coiled spring and holds the vertebral bodies together

annulus fibrosus

____ is a movement of the spine that is characterized as anteriorly directed movement of the anterior superior iliac spine with respect to the pubis symphysis

anterior pelvic tilt

the first cervical vertebra that provides a reciprocally shaped receptacle for the condyles of the occiput of the skull is known as the ____

atlas

which activity wil cause deformation in the intervertebral discs of the spine and predispose an individual to low back pain a. sitting erect for 10 mins b. picking up heavy boxes for 30 mins c. standing straight for 20 mins d. lying down on back for 1 hour

b

identify characteristics of severe scoliosis (pick 2) a. extreme lumbar curvature b. localized rotation of spine c. extreme thoracic curvature d. extreme lateral deviation

b and d

_____ is a kind of tension development in the prominent sternocleidomastoid muscle in the lateral aspect of the neck that results in either flexion of the neck or extension of the head

bilateral tension development

in the context of spinal injuries, identify a true statement about a disc herniation a. causes significant decrease intervertebral space height b. can be effectively detected through X-ray c. treatment includes medications, PT, and lumbar injection d. cause is always stress related

c

in whiplash injuries, the _____ spine assumes an S-shape with the upper segments in flexion and the lower segments in extension

cervical

spinal rotation in the transverse plane is freest in the ___ region of the human spine with up to 12 degrees of motion allows at C1-C2

cervical

spinal rotation in the transverse plane is freest in the _____ region of the human spine with up to 12 degrees motion at C1-C2`

cervical

the largest ROM for lateral flexion occurs in the _______ region of the human spine with approx 9-10 degrees of motion allowed at C4-C5

cervical

the major anterior muscle groups of the _____ region are the prevertebral muscles, including the rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, longus capitis, and longus colli, and the eight pairs of hyoid muscles

cervical

a result of continued loading of an intervertebral disc in the human spine a. elimination of Na from disc b. height increase of spine c. elimination of K from disc d. slight decrease in disc hydration

d

identify a true statement about lumber vertebrae a. weight-bearing SA of the intervertebral disc is reduced by the increased SA of lumbar vertebrae b. lumbar vertebrae are smaller and thinner than the vertebrae in the superior regions of the spine c. lumbar vertebrae mainly consist of a facet that articulates with rib tubercle and a facet that articulates with a rib head d. increased SA of lumbar vertebrae reduces the amount of stress to which these vertebrae would otherwise be subjected

d

_____is a main abdominal muscle that causes rotation of the spine toward the opposite side when tension develops

external obliques

T/F according to studies, nonathletes have a much higher incidence of low back pain then do athletes

false

T/F in human spine, the weaker anterior longitudinal ligament and the powerful posterior longitudinal ligament separate the vertebral bodies in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions

false

T/F resistance training exercises should always be performed in a quick, jerking fashion

false

the condition in which the spine is in full flexion, the spinal extensor muscles relax and the flexion torque is supported by the spinal ligaments is known as the ____ ______ phenomenon

flexion relaxation

____ is a movement of the spine that is characterized as anteriorly directed sagittal plane rotation of the femur with respect to the pelvis girdle

hip flexion

_____ is a main abdominal muscle that causes rotation of the spine toward the same side when tension develops

internal obliques

researchers hypothesized that _______ _______ works like a balloon inside the abdominal cavity to support the adjacent lumbar spine by creating a tensile force that partially offsets the compressive load

intraabdominal pressure

____ is an abnormality in the curvature of the spine which results from a congenital abnormality in which one or more wedge-shaped vertebrae develop because of abnormal epiphyseal plate behavior

kyphosis

mike is 13, he has represented his school in many swimming tournaments since he started swimming at age 4. he is well-trained in performing the butterfly stroke. because of cumulative training time in swimming, mike has developed a condition called Scheunemann's disease that could lead to__________

kyphosis

frontal plane movement of the spine away from anatomical position is termed________

lateral flexion

unilateral tension development by the main abdominal muscles produces _____

lateral flexion of the spine toward the tensed muscles

____ is an abnormality in the curvature of the spine associated with weakened abdominal muscles and anterior pelvic tilt

lordosis

jenna regularly lifts weights and runs more than an hour a day. she also practices figure skating and swims butterfly stroke. due to the exhaustion from overexerting herself in the gym and other exercises, she tends to have bad posture and while sitting in front of her laptop in her office. she also developed low pack pain. in this scenario, she is suffering from a spinal abnormality known as______

lordosis

common injuries of back and neck

low back pain, soft-tissue injuries, acute fractures, stress fractures, disc herniations, whiplash injuries

individuals whose sports or positions require repeated hyperextension of the ____ spine are prime candidates for stress-related spondylosis

lumbar

______enables the active lumbar extensor muscles to partially offset the anterior shear produced by body weight and uniformly loads the lumbar discs rather than placing a tensile load on the posterior annulus of the discs

maintaining a normal lumbar curve

the old adage to lift with the legs and not back refers to the advisability to_______

minimizing the torque generated on the spine by body weight

Andrew, 40 yr old, stood in a queue for 1 hour in the morning to book bus ticket, caught bus and sat for 1 hour to reach home, in evening drove 20 mins, at night met friends for dinner. At what time of day would most disc shrinkage occur for andrew

morning

the ___ is composed of 2 adjacent vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar portions of the spine and the associated soft tissues

motion segment

the ____ is considered the functional unit of the human spine

motion segment

a typical vertebra consists of a body, a hollow ring known as the ____ and several bony processes

neural arch

____ scoliosis is a type of scoliosis that is flexible and can be corrected with lateral bending of the spine

nonstructural

____ acts like a ball bearing composed of an incompressible gel

nucleus pulposus

the colloidal gel with a high fluid content, located inside the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc is known as _____

nucleus pulposus

in the thoracic spine, the ROM increases from only approximately 4 degrees at T1-T2 to approx 10 degrees at T11-T12 due to the _______

orientation of the facets

_____ are posterior muscles in the spine which laterally flex or rotate the head toward the side of the contracting muscles when they develop tension on one side only

posterior cervical muscles

_____ are posterior muscles in the spine which contribute to extension and hyperextension when contracting bilaterally and to lateral flexion when contracting unilaterally

posterior trunk muscles

tension experienced by the ligamentum flavum in the human spine creates a slight, constant compression in the intervertebral discs. this compression is known as_____

prestress

___ spinal cures are present at birth

primary

____ can improve disc nutrition of the intervertebral discs in the human spine

regular exercise

____ is an abnormality in the curvature of the spine coupled with rotational deformity of the involved vertebrae with the condition ranging from mild to severe

scoliosis

____ spinal curves develop from supporting the body in an upright position after young children begin to sit up and stand

secondary

identify a posture in which compression on the lumbar spine is maximum

slouched sitting position

primarily, coactivation of ____serves to increase the stiffness of the motion segments in the spine and enhance spinal stability

spinal agonists and antagonists muscles

identify primary cervical extensors in the muscles of the spine

splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

a fracture to the pars interarticularis is called _______ with bilateral separation called _______

spondylosis spondylolisthesis

____ scoliosis is a type of scoliosis where inflexible curvature persists even whith lateral bending of the spine

structural

movements in the human spine always involve a number of motion segments because ______

the motion allowed between any two adjacent vertebrae is small

when compared to other regions in the spine, the least ROM for flexion/extension of the motion segments is seen in the ___spine

thoracic

in the context of the common injuries of the back and neck, McGill advocates ____ as a prophylactic for low back injury

training the trunk muscles for endurance

_____ frequently result from extremely forceful contraction of the attached muscles or from the sustenance of a hard blow to the back of the spine, which may occur during participation in contact sports such as football, rugby, soccer, basketball, hockey, and lacrosse

transverse or spinous process fractures

_____ is a kind of tension development in the prominent sternocleidomastoid muscle in the lateral aspect of the neck that produces lateral flexion to the same side of rotation to the opposite side

unilateral contraction

the neural arches and posterior sides of the bodies and intervertebral discs form a protective passageway for the spinal cord and associated blood vessels known as the ______

vertebral canal

as tension in the major spinal extensors of the spine increases, both compression and shear on the vertebral joints and facet joints increase because ________

very few of the fibers of the major spinal extensors lie parallel to the spine