Chapter 9
Achievement goals
(e.g., "My goal is to develop greater skill.") are concerned with why the person is trying to achieve something.
prevention
A ____ focus involves sensitivity to negative outcomes.
promotion
A _____ focus involves sensitivity to positive outcomes.
Promotion
A focus on advancing the self toward ideals by adopting an eager locomotion behavioral strategy.
Implemental
A postdecisional close-minded way of thinking that considers only information related to goal attainment and shields against non-goal related considerations.
mindset
A(n) ________ is a cognitive framework to guide one's attention, information processing, decision making, and thinking about the meaning of effort, success, failure, and one's own personal qualities.
ideal self-guide
An ____ is a goal (or standard or aspiration) of what one would like to become.
ought-self-guide
An ____is a goal (or standard or aspiration) of what one would like to become.
promotion mindset
An individual that is sensitive to positive outcomes, approaches possibilities of gain, and adopts an enthusiastic behavioral strategy of locomotion that might be characterized as "just do it" is demonstrating a(n) ________ mindset.
prevention
An individual who is sensitive to negative outcomes, avoids possibilities of loss, and adopts a vigilant behavioral strategy of caution that might be characterized as "do the right thing" is demonstrating a ____________ mindset.
promotion
An individual who is trying to attain what one does not yet have and strives to approach ideal end-states is said to be exhibiting a ________ mindset.
promotion mindset
An individual who is trying to attain what one does not yet have and strives to approach ideal end-states is said to be exhibiting a ________ mindset.
Deliberative
An open-minded way of thinking to consider the desirability and feasibility of a range of possible goals that one might or might not purse.
Yes, if they receive a training session that provides convincing evidence to support the idea that learning makes you smarter
Can people develop a greater growth mindset?
clear, salient, and strong
Cognitive Dissonance Theory is more applicable to situations in which people's attitudes are initially _____.
post-decision regret
Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that once a difficult choice between equally attractive alternatives is made, people experience:
effort justification
Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that when people exert great effort and perform extreme behavior that must later be justified, they experience:
insufficient justification
Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that when people explain actions for which they have little or no external prompting, people experience:
First, fixed and growth mindsets are malleable and can be changed (as per the booklets). Second, fixed and growth mindsets cause people to pursue either performance or mastery goals . Growth mindsets lead to mastery goals, whereas fixed mindsets lead to performance goals. In addition, these findings point to the need to understand what achievement goals are and why they are important.
Effect of Mindset (Growth, Fixed) on Achievement Goal Choice conclusions:
prevention focus
For a person with a _____, success means the absence of a loss.
promotion focus
For a person with a _____, success means the presence of a gain.
"The harder you try, the dumber you must be."
For a person with a fixed mindset, the meaning of effort tends to be:
"It is a tool, the means by which I can turn on and capitalize on my skills."
For a person with a growth mindset, the meaning of effort tends to be:
choice, insufficient justification, effort justification, and new information.
Four dissonance-arousing circumstances that bring on this hard-to-reconcile "I did one thing, yet believe the opposite" experience include:
Deliberative Mindset(Goal Setting)
Goal deliberation and formulation of what to do
the growth mindset was greater for experimental participants than it was for control participants.
In the Increasing a Growth Mindset intervention, researchers developed an intervention program to help adolescents endorse a growth mindset. Results of the intervention showed that after 3 weeks:
growth
In the ________ mindset, personal qualities are changeable.
fixed
In the ________ mindset, personal qualities are static or stable attributes.
performance-approach and performance-avoidance.
In the integrated model, two different types of achievement performance goals exist:
strategic execution and willpower
In the study of the deliberative versus implemental mindset, the key distinction is between the initial selection of goals, which involves a great deal of deliberation, and the regulation of the action necessary to bring that chosen goal to fruition, which involves
Consistency
Information and behavioral actions that confirm that, yes, one is a competent, moral, and reasonable person.
Dissonance
Information and behavioral actions that suggest that, no, one is actually not a competent, moral, and reasonable person.
promotion regulatory focus
The _______centers on the possibility of advancement. With a promotion focus, the individual is sensitive to positive outcomes, approaches possibilities of gain, and adopts an eager behavioral strategy of locomotion that might be characterized as "just do it."
Mastery goal:
My aim is to completely master the material presented in this class.
Performance-avoidance goal:
My goal is to avoid performing poorly compared to others.
Performance-approach goal:
My goal is to perform better than the other students.
goal
Once a _____ has been set and committed to, the personal generally benefits from making a mindset transition from goal setting to goal striving-from motivation to volition.
"postdecision regret"
Once such a difficult choice is made, people experience dissonance or _______________.
deliberative mindset
People in a ______ think about what they would like to do-which desire is to be acted on, which goal is to be chosen, which need is to be prioritized, which preference is to be pursued, and which environmental incentive is to be acquired.
Remove the dissonant belief. Reduce the importance of the dissonant belief. Add a new consonant belief. Increase the importance of the consonant belief.
People seek to reduce it, and they do so in one of four ways
fixed mindset
People who hold a ______are sometimes referred to as "entity theorists," because they believe that there is a physical entity that dwells inside the person (e.g., a good brain, a creative gene) to determine how much of the personality quality a person has.
prevention mindset
People with a ________ mindset cope by striving to perform a task with vigilance (rather than with eagerness).
Implemental mindset(Goal Striving)
Planning and action to attain the goal
promotion and prevention
Regulatory focus theory proposes that people strive for their goals by using two separate and independent motivational orientations (i.e., mindsets):
performance goal
Students who read the passage supporting an entity view of intelligence were significantly more likely to pursue a _______ (81.8%) rather than a mastery goal (18.2%).
mastery goal
Students who read the passage supporting an incremental view were significantly more likely to pursue the ________ (60.9%) rather than a performance goal (39.1%).
prevention regulatory focus
The ___ centers on the responsibility and duty.
implemental mindset
The ____ is more conducive to goal striving than is the deliberative mindset.
growth-fixed mindset
The ____concerns the question of how people think about their personal qualities, such as their intelligence and personality traits. You may be dumb or introverted, but you can become smarter or more extraverted with experience, training, effort, practice, and strategic thinking (i.e., the personal quality is malleable and can be changed).
greater prosocial behavior
The adolescents in the experimental group from the Increasing a Growth Mindset intervention showed the following post-intervention benefit:
mastery goals
The adoption of _______in an achievement context (e.g., in school, at work, in sports) is associated with positive and productive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, whereas the adoption of performance goals in an achievement context is associated with relatively negative and unproductive ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
dissonance mindset
The belief that "I am a competent, moral, and reasonable person" is central toa ________ mindset.
Fixed
The belief that one's personal qualities are malleable, changeable, and can be developed through effort.
Growth
The belief that one's personal qualities are malleable, changeable, and can be developed through effort.
add a new consonant belief.
The experience of cognitive dissonance is psychologically aversive. To reduce dissonance, people often:
implemental
The following quotation describes which type of mindset?: I already know that my goal is to "get into shape". So, what do I now need to do to get myself into shape? What steps do I need to take to accomplish my goal?
performance approach
The following statement expresses a _______ goal orientation: "My goal in this class is to get a better grade than most of the other students."
COGNITIVE-DISSONANCE
The near-universal self-view that one is a competent, moral, and reasonable person.
mastery goal
The type of achievement goal associated with growth mindset is the:
mastery goal.
The type of achievement goal associated with growth mindset is the:
(1) withholding effort, (2) engaging in self-handicapping to protect the self, and (3) never really understanding or appreciating what effort expenditures can do for them in life
Thus, on difficult endeavors, people with a fixed mindset tend to adopt maladaptive motivational patterns by:
GROWTH-FIXED
Two contrasting ways of thinking about the nature of one's personal qualities.
PROMOTION-PREVENTION
Two different orientations people adopt during goal striving to distinguish an eager improvement-based regulatory style from a vigilant security-based regulatory style.
DELIBERATIVE-IMPLEMENTAL
Two sequential ways of thinking to differentiate the patterns of thought that occur during goal-setting verus goal striving.
"cognitive dissonance"
When beliefs about who the self is and what the self does are inconsistent (i.e., believing one thing, yet actually behaving in the opposite way), people experience a psychologically uncomfortable state referred to as ________.
realized
When ideals are ____, the emotional experience is one of being cheerful, including feeling happy and satisfied.
(1) prefer challenging tasks that they can learn from rather than easy tasks on which they can demonstrate high ability, (2) use conceptually based learning strategies such as relating information to existing knowledge rather than superficial learning strategies such as memorizing, (3) be intrinsically rather than extrinsically motivated, and (4) ask for help and information from others that will allow them to continue working on their own. These adaptive strategies allow those with mastery goals to work harder (increase effort in the face of difficulty rather than turn passive or quit;), persist longer.
When people adopt mastery goals, compared to when they adopt performance goals, they tend to:
avoidance goals
When people pursue_________, they generally perceive that they make little progress in the effort, and it is this perception of a lack of progress that leads to dissatisfaction, negative affectivity, diminished interest, and impaired psychological well-being.
unrealized
When these sought-after ideals are left ____, the emotional experience is one of being dejected, including feeling disappointed, dissatisfied, and sad.
performance goals
With ____, the person facing the standard of excellence seeks to demonstrate or prove competence, display high ability, outperform others, and succeed with little apparent effort.
cognitive consistency
With _______, two beliefs are consonant when one follows from the other (a mindset that I am a moral person is consistent with the behavior of telling the truth).
cognitive dissonance
With _____________, two beliefs are dissonant when one is opposite to the other (a mindset that I am a moral person is dissonant with the behavior of lying).
ability praise
With ___parental and teacher feedback essentially judges the child's personal qualities (e.g., you are smart, you are selfish), and this judgment tends to grow in children a fixed mindset and an entity-oriented meaning system.
Deliberative mindset and motivation; implemental mindset and volition.
_______ goal setting benefits from open-minded deliberative thinking, while _______ goal striving benefits from closed mindedness implemental thinking.
dissonance
________ can be understood through the analogy of pain—the person adjust his or her way of behaving to alleviate an aversive, uncomfortable psychological experience.
Insufficient justification
_____________ addresses how people explain actions for which they have little or no external prompting
regulatory fit
also contributes positively to psychological well-being because it leads people to feelings of interest, enjoyment, and satisfaction with what they are doing, whereas regulatory misfit interferes with and blocks feelings of interest, enjoyment, and satisfaction with what they are doing.
fixed-growth mindsets
are learned
Motivation
concerns the energization and initial direction of behavior, and it involves all the predecisional processes that energize and direct action (ex. What should I do tonight?)
Volition
concerns the ongoing maintenance and persistence of motivated action, because it involves all the post-decisional processes that sustain ongoing action (ex. If a am going to read the textbook, then I might ignore all potential distractions)
Choosing and setting a goal
involves and requires one mindset, while pursuing that goal involves and requires a different mindset.
Achievement goal
researchers, however, are more interested in why a person shows achievement behavior rather than whether achievement behavior occurs.
Sellf-perception
theory argues that people develop and change their beliefs for a reason that does not involve a mindset. Argues that we simply come to believe whatever we do and say.
Cognitive dissonance
theory argues that people develop and change their beliefs in response to a negative motivational-emotional state born in cognitive contradiction (i.e., a core "I am a good person" mindset that is contradicted by behavior that suggests "I am not a good person."). Argues that beliefs change because of negative affect from cognitive inconsistency