Chapter 9 Aggression

Which theory states that individuals who are emotionally aroused in any way will have increased/enhanced aggressive responses? (e.g., students were more aggressive after riding an exercise bike)

excitation transfer theory

After breaking her friend's toy, Leslie volunteers to help her mom clean the house because she's feeling guilty.

Negative-state relief hypothesis

Billy fell in the grocery store. Most people walked right on past and did not offer him any assistance.

Bystander effect

Behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

Kin selection

During which season do we see the highest percentage of violent crime?

Summer

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called?

Competitive altruism

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game.

a prosocial

The theory that any unpleasant stimulation will lead to emotional aggression to the extent that it generates unpleasant feelings is:

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the

empathic joy hypothesis.

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress—even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to

his feelings of empathy.

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should

increase her likelihood of receiving help.

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people

often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do.

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates

the empathic joy hypothesis.

A man sees a person being attacked across the street. He runs across the street to help with no concern for his own self.

Altruism

In the situation of Billy in the grocery store, others responded that they did not help because they figured that others were going to help. They did not feel like it was their duty.

Diffusion of responsibility

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist. Why?

Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

Julie can put herself in the shoes of the homeless person she sees. She understands the person's feelings and wants to help the person with no expectation of gain.

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Spreading a rumor that your ex-romantic partner has a sexually transmitted disease is an example of:

Indirect aggression

According to social learning theory, who is more likely to behave aggressively?

Janey gets candy from her older brother every time she hurts their dog.

Janelle wants to begin hosting her own podcast focused on community events. She will need some money to purchase recording equipment and create a small studio in her house. She is thinking of reaching out to other community members to ask for their financial support. Which of the following websites should Janelle use?

Kickstarter

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness?

People would be less likely to help others.

When the people in the grocery store were asked later why they did not help Billy, several responded that they assumed nothing was wrong because no one else seemed concerned.

Pluralistic ignorance

Vervet monkeys help non-relative monkeys that live in close proximity expecting to be helped by those monkeys in the future

Reciprocal aid/altruism

Jane does her best to maximize her social rewards and minimize her social costs in her relationships.

Social exchange theory

Which of the following is NOT an example of aggression?

Susie teases her best friend playfully about the new boy her friend likes.

According to evolutionary psychology, the gender differences in aggression are that males use it to achieve and maintain status, and females use it to protect offspring.

True

Children, especially females, who watched violent television had lower grades.

True

Nonviolent pornography can increase men's aggression against women but only when restraints that ordinarily inhibit male-to-female aggression are reduced.

True

A man from New York city moved to Minnesota. He found he was much more willing to help neighbors and strangers in need.

Urban overload hypothesis

Which of the following is TRUE?

Women are more prone to experience feelings of jealousy in relationships.

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates the type of perspective-taking involved with

feeling empathy for—and identifying with—a fictional character.

On the street, a passerby notices Jeanette's bruised eye and asks if she is okay. Jeanette said that her boyfriend hit her, and the man said he was sorry to hear that but continued on his way. Later, Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's bruise. When Jeanette tells her what happened, Ellen offers to provide help. This example best illustrates that

people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger.

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will

stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings.

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

While walking through Central Park, Mark sees a man being attacked and mugged. There are many people around the scene, and many of these people are holding phones. Mark is concerned for the man but ultimately does nothing. Mark's actions can be explained by the concept of

the diffusion of responsibility.