Chapter 9 bio

Metaphase

Nuclear envelope gone and microtubules that were growing toward the chromosomes now attach to them, with lively back and forth movement microtubules align the chromosomes at the equator

Chromatid

One of the two identical strands of chromatin that make up a chromosome in its duplicated state

Prophase

Seeing chromosomes with a microscope and you can say that mitosis has begun with (pro.) ; packing job continues and nuclear envelope begins to break up

Fact 5 (bacteria)

Single called and have a singular chromosome

Binary fission

The form of reproduction carried or by prokaryotic cells in which the chromosome replicates and the cell pinches between the attachment points of two resulting chromosomes to form two new cells

Microtubules

The largest of the cytoskeletal filaments , take form of hollow tubes composed of protein tubulin , help give structure to the cell

Fact 4 (chromosomes)

XX are females and XY are males

Centrosome

A cellular structure that acts as an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules ; duplicates prior to mitosis and plays an important part in the development of the cells Mitotic spindle

Chromatin

A molecular complex of DNA and its associated proteins that makes up the chromosomes of eukaryotic organisms

Karyotype

A pictorial arrangement of a full set of an organisms chromosomes

Metaphase plate

A plate located midway between the poles of a dividing cell

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that are in the same in function and hence size ; species that's diploids have matching pairs of these, one from male and one from female

Anaphase

Genetic material divides , parting of the sisters. Sister chromatids are pulled apart and now becoming full fledged chromosome. All 46 chromatid pairs divide at the same time and moves towards it respective pole

Fact 1 (DNA)

Has a double helix; 4 substance/bases lay along the helix which are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C)

Telophase

Independent chromosomes at respective poles now unwind and lose their clearly defined shape. New nuclear membranes are forming. When complete , there will be 2 finished daughter nuclei lying in one elongating cell

Fact 2 (DNA structure)

Spiral staircase, handrails are repeating series of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules ; the 4 bases extend inward from both of the DNA rails

Chromosomes

Structural unit containing part of all of an organisms genome consisting of DNA and associated with chromatin ; 23 pairs or 46 all together

Interphase

That portion of the cell cycle in which the cell simultaneously carries out its work and duplicates its chromosomes ; G1 known as gap one then S as synthesis, G2 known as gap two

Mitotic phase (M phase)

That portion of the cell cycle that includes both mitosis and cytokinesis; takes 30 minutes

Genome

The complete collection of an organisms genetic information ; the complete haploid set of an organisms chromosomes

Fact 3 (DNA divided)

The duplication of DNA is replication

Mitotic spindle

The microtubules active in cell division including those that align and move the chromosomes

Cytokinesis

The physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells

Cell cycle

The repeating pattern of growth , genetic duplication and division seen in most cells

Mitosis

The separation of a somatic cells duplicated chromosomes prior to cytokinesis

Genetics (genes)

The study of physical inheritance among living things