chapter 9 brain & behavior study questions

The stimuli associated with food, such as its smell, provoke the release of insulin during the _______ phase. a. cephalic b. digestive c. absorptive d. glucodetecting

cephalic

The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve. a. orexin b. POMC c. cholecystokinin (CCK) d. neuropeptide Y

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary. a. constriction; vasopressin b. dilation; ANP c. constriction; angiotensin II d. dilation; insulin

constriction; vasopressin

The body fluid compartments change with_______ upon severe water loss. a. increased blood pressure and increased plasma volume b. decreased blood pressure and no change in plasma volume c. decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume d. increased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

decreased blood pressure and decreased plasma volume

Sweet urine is symptomatic of a. dehydration. b. diabetes mellitus. c. the ingestion of too much sugar. d. the ingestion of too much salt.

diabetes mellitus

Injecting PYY3-36 into rats causes them to a. eat more. b. eat less. c. store fat over the long term. d. become thirsty.

eat less

Animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes are called a. homeotherms. b. poikilotherms. c. ectotherms. d. endotherms.

endotherms

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as a. obligatory. b. inorganic. c. dietary. d. essential.

essential

In mammals, the saltiness of the _______ environment _______. a. intracellular; is similar to that of seawater b. intracellular; is saltier than that of seawater c. extracellular; is similar across species d. extracellular; varies widely among species

extracellular; is similar across species

Endotherms may show a significant departure from their average body temperatures as a consequence of a. negative feedback. b. fever. c. allostasis. d. thermoregulation.

fever

People suffering from bulimia nervosa a. have very little appetite. b. get caught in binge-purge eating cycles. c. usually become very obese. d. typically prefer to vomit rather than use laxatives.

get caught in binge-purge eating cycles

_______ and ______ have opposing effects on "hunger" neurons. a. PYY3-36; orexin b. ghrelin; PYY3-36 c. NPY; leptin d. leptin; orexin

ghrelin; PYY3-36

The body stores glucose for later use after first converting it to a more complex form called a. insulin. b. vasopressin. c. glucagon. d. glycogen.

glycogen

One of the reasons we know that insulin is not the only cue for satiety is that a. insulin does not rise after a meal. b. low doses of insulin do not stop a person from eating. c. high doses of insulin initiate eating. d. untreated diabetic patients are not hungry.

high doses of insulin initiate eating

Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the a. basal forebrain. b. hypothalamus. c. amygdala. d. brainstem.

hypothalamus

One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be a. greater tolerance for high external temperatures. b. increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity. c. a reduction energy requirements. d. a greater differential between the animal's metabolism during rest and during activity.

increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen? a. Aldosterone b. CCK c. Glucagon d. Insulin

insulin

A(n) _______ solution is a solution with the same concentration as physiological saline. a. isotonic b. hypertonic c. hypotonic d. neotonic

isotonic

Physiological saline is also sometimes described as a. hypotonic. b. hypertonic. c. isotonic. d. infratonic.

isotonic

Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called a. ketones. b. glycogen. c. fatty acids. d. glucagon.

ketones

Which structure produces angiotensin II? a. adrenal glands. b. pancreas. c. pituitary gland. d. kidneys.

kidneys

Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the a. lateral hypothalamus. b. preoptic area. c. ventromedial hypothalamus. d. amygdala.

lateral hypothalamus

Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat? a. Ghrelin b. PYY3-36 c. Leptin d. Anandamide

leptin

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst. a. hypovolemic b. hypotonic c. osmoreceptive d. osmotic

osmotic

The two main kinds of thirst are _______ thirst and _______ thirst. a. osmotic; hypervolemic b. isotonic; isovolemic c. osmotic; hypovolemic d. hypotonic; hypervolemic

osmotic; hypovolemic

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight Level of a. underweight. b. ideal weight. c. overweight. d. obese.

overweight

1. A general feature of homeostatic mechanisms is a. simplicity. b. redundancy. c. invariability. d. universality.

redundancy

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because a. it requires such a great deal of energy. b. larger temperature changes trigger smaller responses. c. restoring the desired temperature turns off the response. d. Hot and cold temperatures are the opposite of each other

restoring the desired temperature turns off the response

The brain responds to hypovolemia by triggering both thirst and hunger for a. protein. b. carbohydrates. c. sugar. d. salt.

salt

In rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except a. initial weight gain. b. a voracious appetite. c. self-maintenance of normal weight. d. defense of a new target weight.

self-maintenance of normal weight

About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes. a. basal b. behavioral c. rest d. storage

storage

Research on the effects of leptin indicates that activation of POMC neurons in the hypothalamus a. suppresses hunger. b. induces hunger. c. promotes leptin biosynthesis. d. promotes orexin release.

suppresses hunger

When a cell comes into contact with pure water it a. shrinks. b. swells. c. does not change. d. immediately dies.

swells

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal a. grooming. b. fatigue. c. temperature increase. d. thirst.

thirst

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life. a. diabetes insipidus b. type I diabetes c. type II diabetes d. congenital diabetes

type I diabetes

One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that a. some meals have no glucose. b. untreated diabetics are hungry. c. drinking glucose does not affect hunger. d. glucose is used only by the brain.

untreated diabetics are hungry

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the a. hypothalamus. b. kidneys. c. ventricular system. d. vascular system.

vascular system

What percent of food energy is spent on basal metabolism? a. 10‒20% b. 20‒30% c. 60‒70% d. 80‒90%

80‒90%

Which example demonstrates ectothermic behavior? a. A dog panting on a hot day b. A group of birds roosting together at night c. A turtle basking on a sunny log d. A person shivering in a cold house

A turtle basking on a sunny log

In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur? a. An initial increase in food intake b. An initial decrease in food intake c. An eventual stabilization of body weight and food intake d. A lower weight set-point

An initial increase in food intake

Which hormone causes blood vessels to constrict? a. Angiotensin II b. Vasopressin c. Oxytocin d. Neuropeptide Y

Angiotensin II

_______ procedures bypass part of the intestinal tract or stomach in order to reduce the absorptive capacity of the digestive system. a. Metabolism b. Bariatric c. Orlistat d. Epigenetic

Bariatric

Which items are incorrectly paired? a. Bariatric surgery; gastric bypass b. Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss c. Binge eating; obesity d. Anorexia nervosa; extreme dieting

Bulimia nervosa; significant weight loss

_______ involves periodic binge eating followed by _______ or taking laxatives to avoid weight gain. a. Anorexia; extreme dieting b. Binge eating; drinking alcohol c. Bulimia; vomiting d. Bariatrics; drinking water

Bulimia; vomiting

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release? a. Cephalic b. Digestive c. Absorptive d. Somatic

Cephalic

Which intervention or research findings has not been an effective weight loss strategy? a. PYY3-36 mouth spray b. Drugs that block the visual appeal of food c. Endocannabinoid antagonists d. Drugs that mimic some of the thyroid hormones

Drugs that block the visual appeal of food

Which method is not a current strategy for treating obesity? a. Bariatric surgery b. Drugs that interfere with fat digestion c. Drugs that mimic specific peptide hormones d. Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

Drugs that increase digestive acid levels in the stomach

Which pair of hormones have opposing effects on NPY neurons? a. Ghrelin and PYY3-36 b. Insulin and ghrelin c. Orexin and leptin d. Anandamide and orexin

Ghrelin and PYY3-36

Which pancreatic hormone promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose? a. Aldosterone b. Insulin c. Glucagon d. CCK

Glucagon

2. _______ refers to the active process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment. a. Motivation b. Endothermic c. Homeostasis d. Negative feedback

Homeostasis

Which statement about leptin is false? a. It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite. b. It decreases feeding behavior. c. It inhibits NPY neurons. d. It stimulates POMC neurons.

It is believed to exert short-term control over appetite

What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus? a. It suppresses eating. b. It induces vomiting. c. It stimulates eating. d. It increases long-term fat stores.

It stimulates eating

Suppose that your car battery dies, and you find yourself stranded in a winter storm. Which response would not be considered a behavioral mechanism for regulating body temperature while you are waiting for help to arrive? a. Lowering your breathing rate b. Building a snow cave c. Ripping some of the upholstery out of the car and using it as extra insulation under your clothing d. Huddling in the fetal position

Lowering your breathing rate

Which response is not a physiological response of the mammalian thermoregulatory system? a. Increased thyroid activity b. Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels c. Sweating d. Lying in the shade

Lying in the shade

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons. a. orexin b. ghrelin c. PYY3-36 d. NPY

NPY

Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons? a. Subfornical organ b. Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) c. Periventricular organ d. Area postrema

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

High circulating levels of leptin activate the _______ satiety neurons and simultaneously inhibit the _______ hunger neurons. a. orexin; ghrelin b. ghrelin; orexin c. NPY; POMC d. POMC; NPY

POMC; NPY

Which statement about anorexia nervosa is true? a. It is characterized by bouts of binging and purging. b. It commonly affects both young men and women. c. People with anorexia think about food a great deal. d. The word "anorexia" is derived from a Greek word meaning "great hunger."

People with anorexia think about food a great deal

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms? a. Preoptic area b. Brainstem c. Medial hypothalamus d. Dorsomedial thalamus

Preoptic area

Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure? a. The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane b. The spontaneous spread of solute molecules through a solvent c. The force of solute against a cell membrane d. The tendency of a solvent to sink due to higher density.

The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone? a. Aldosterone b. Vasopressin c. Angiotensin II d. Rennin

Vasopressin

One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be a. a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive. b. the presence of epigenetic genes. c. a remarkable increase in fast food restaurants over the last 50 years. d. the high rates of sedentary occupations compared to 50 years ago.

a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive

Which event will trigger osmotic thirst? a. Blood loss b. Diarrhea c. Drinking distilled water d. A salty meal

a salty meal

Long-term energy storage is accomplished by storage of fat in _______ tissue. a. adrenal b. adipose c. liver d. glucagon

adipose

Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______. a. hypothalamus; aldosterone b. kidneys; renin c. adrenals; vasopressin d. adrenals; aldosterone

adrenals; aldosterone

The hormone _______ acts to conserve sodium by acting on the _______. a. angiotensin II; area postrema b. ANP; circumventricular organs c. aldosterone; kidneys d. vasopressin; posterior pituitary

aldosterone; kidneys

The hormone _______ is generated in the kidney via a cascade of enzymatic actions in response to hypovolemia. a. ANP b. angiotensin II c. vasopressin d. insulin

angiotensin II

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______. a. appetite; metabolism b. appetite; thirst c. thirst; sleep d. thermoregulation; metabolism

appetite; metabolism

A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized a. osmoreceptors. b. baroreceptors. c. volume receptors. d. hydroceptors.

baroreceptors