Chapter 9 - Cardiovascular system

Select all that apply Which statements are correct regarding both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways? Multiple select question. [] Both pathways require the addition of calcium. [] Both pathways lead to a common which results in the formation of fibrin. [] Both pathways require clotting factors. [] Both pathways are started by platelets. [] Both pathways are started by damaged tissues.

-Both pathways require the addition of calcium. -Both pathways lead to a common which results in the formation of fibrin. -Both pathways require clotting factors. The intrinsic pathway is started by platelets. The extrinsic pathway is started by damaged tissues.

What steps are involved in the formation of a platelet plug? Select all that apply: [] Formation of a blood clot [] Collagen fibers are exposed in the wall of the broken blood vessel [] Constriction of the broken blood vessel [] Platelets stick to exposed collage fibers

-Collagen fibers are exposed in the wall of the broken blood vessel -Platelets stick to exposed collage fibers

Select all that apply Where does the vitamin K needed for the synthesis of blood clotting factors come from? Multiple select question. [] Vitamin K is synthesized by liver cells [] Consumption of foods such as liver, cabbage and spinach [] Bacteria in the blood [] Bacteria in the intestines [] The extrinsic clotting pathway

-Consumption of foods such as liver, cabbage and spinach -Bacteria in the intestines

What promotes increased red blood cell production? Multiple select question. [] Decreased oxygen levels in blood [] Increased erythropoietin levels [] Increased oxygen levels in blood [] Decreased erythropoietin levels [] Decreased carbon dioxide levels in blood

-Decreased oxygen levels in blood -Increased erythropoietin levels

What causes hypoxemia? Multiple select question. [] Exercise [] Exposure to carbon dioxide [] Blood loss [] Exposure to carbon monoxide [] Low altitudes

-Exercise -Blood loss -Exposure to carbon monoxide

What happens to a hemocytoblast during erythropoiesis? Multiple select question. [] Multiple nuclei are formed within the red blood cell. [] Res staining granules are formed within the red blood cell. [] One large hemocytoblast becomes many smaller red blood cells. [] Hemoglobin is formed in the red blood cell.

-One large hemocytoblast becomes many smaller red blood cells. -Hemoglobin is formed in the red blood cell.

Select all of these that are characteristics of sickle cell disease. Multiple select question. [] Sickle cells block circulation in small vessels. [] Red blood cells appear with a large elongated nucleus. [] Red blood cells elongate into a sickle shape. [] It is caused by a mutation in the DNA that codes for hemoglobin.

-Sickle cells block circulation in small vessels. -Red blood cells elongate into a sickle shape. -It is caused by a mutation in the DNA that codes for hemoglobin.

Select all of these that are features of thrombopoiesis. Multiple select question. [] Erythropoietin stimulates the hemocytoblast to grow and divide [] The liver and kidneys secrete thrombopoietin when there is a need for more platelets [] It occurs in the yellow bone marrow [] The megakaryocyte breaks apart to form platelets

-The liver and kidneys secrete thrombopoietin when there is a need for more platelets -The megakaryocyte breaks apart to form platelets

Select all that apply Select all of the statements that are true of leukocyte development. Multiple select question. [] Leukopoiesis is promoted by colony-stimulating factors. [] There is generally 10 to 20 times more granulocytes and monocytes in the red bone marrow than in circulation. [] All leukocytes lose their nucleus and organelles upon maturity. [] Development of leukocytes begins in the red bone marrow. [] Leukocytes develop from the hemocytoblast.

-There is generally 10 to 20 times more granulocytes and monocytes in the red bone marrow than in circulation. -Development of leukocytes begins in the red bone marrow. -Leukocytes develop from the hemocytoblast. -Leukopoiesis is promoted by colony-stimulating factors.

The average lifespan of an erythrocyte or red blood cell is approximately ______ days.

110-120 days

How long does it take for erythropoiesis to occur?

3 to 5 days

The clumping of red blood cells that occurs when incompatible blood types are mixed is called

Blank 1: agglutination or hemagglutination

The factor that kidneys produce to stimulate red blood cell production is________.

Blank 1: erythropoietin or EPO

The factor that kidneys produce to stimulate red blood cell production is__________.

Blank 1: erythropoietin or EPO

Red blood cells are formed from stem cells called__________.

Blank 1: hemocytoblasts

The term for low levels of oxygen in the blood is .

Blank 1: hypoxia or hypoxemia

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, develop from stem cells in the ____________bone marrow.

Blank 1: red

When there is a need for more platelets, the liver and kidney produce a chemical called ____________ which causes hemocytoblast to grow and divide to become a ___________.

Blank 1: thrombopoietin Blank 2: megakaryocyte

When there is a need for more platelets, the liver and kidney produce a chemical called _________which causes hemocytoblast to grow and divide to become a ________.

Blank 1: thrombopoietin Blank 2: megakaryocyte

Which step of hemostasis is indicated by the label "C" in the figure?

Blood clot/ coagulation

What has the most lasting effects of hemostasis?

Blood clotting

Which of the three hemostatic processes has the most lasting effects at stopping blood loss? [] Platelet plug formation [] Vascular spasm [] Coagulation

Coagulation

Which donor/recipient pair will lead to agglutination, and is therefore incompatible?

Donor Type B: Recipient Type O Donor Type A: Recipient Type O Donor Type AB: Recipient Type A

What factor is responsible for the stimulation of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells? Multiple choice question. [] Erythropoietin [] Growth hormone [] Follicle stimulating hormone [] Colony-stimulating factor

Erythropoietin

Match each example with the correct blood function. Transportation; Protection; Regulation

Transportation = The ability of the blood to move nutrients through the body The ability of the blood to move nutrients through the body. Protection = The ability of white blood cells to fight off pathogens The ability of white blood cells to fight off pathogens. Regulation = The ability of hemoglobin in the blood to act as a buffer and resist pH changes The ability of hemoglobin in the blood to act as a buffer and resist pH changes

True or false: The terms platelet plug and blood clot have the same meaning.

True Reason: A platelet plug is different than a blood clot. Once in the plug, platelets secrete clotting factors that induce the last stage of hemostasis, coagulation.

True or false: With age, red blood cells are damaged as they move through the capillaries.

True Red blood cells lack mechanisms to repair themselves and therefore they become very fragile with age.

True or false: Anemia can occur because of either a deficiency in hemoglobin or a deficiency of red blood cells.

True Reason: This statement is true. Anemia can result from too little hemoglobin in each cell, as in the case of iron deficiency. It can also result from too few red blood cells, as in the case of hemorrhagic anemia.

Blood type ______ is depicted in the figure.

Type A

Match the ABO blood type with the antigen present on its red blood cell membrane.

Type A --matches-- A antigens Type B --matches-- B antigens Type AB --matches-- A and B antigens are present Type O --matches-- Neither A nor B antigens are present

Select all that apply Because type AB blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, a person with AB blood can receive a transfusion from which of the following blood types? (List all possible donors)

Type A Type O Type AB Type B

Match the ABO blood type with the antibody present in its plasma.

Type A blood --matches-- Anti-B antibodies in plasma Type B blood --matches-- Anti-A antibodies in plasma Type AB blood --matches-- Neither Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies are present Type O blood --matches-- Both Anti-A or Anti-B antibodies are present

Persons with ______ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells.

Type O

Persons with ______ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells.

Type O Reason: Type AB individuals are classified as such because their RBCs DO have antigens A and B.

What blood type is depicted in the figure based on the ABO classification system?

Type O blood

Which process involves the immediate constriction of a broken blood vessel to reduce blood flow?

Vascular Spasm

What three general processes are involved in hemostasis? Multiple select question. [] Vascular spasm [] Production of bilirubin [] Platelet plug formation [] Blood clotting [] Vasodilation

Vascular spasm Platelet plug formation Blood clotting

Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors?

Vitamin K

As shown, blood type can be determined by mixing a drop of blood with drops of different sera and looking to see if ______ occurs.

agglutination

What is the clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction called?

agglutination

A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is

anemia

Considering the ABO blood group, an individual with type O blood is sometimes called the universal donor [] because their RBCs lack antigens A and B. [] because their blood lacks antibodies against A and B antigen. [] because their RBCs lack antigen O. [] because their RBCs lack antigen A.

because their RBCs lack antigens A and B.

After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, heme decomposes into iron and ______, a waste that must be removed from the body.

billirubin

As shown here, the process of coagulation results in the formation of a _______________.

blood clot

Once a clot forms, platelets shrink to draw the edges of the broken vessels together in a process called ______ ______.

clot retraction

When there is a challenge to the immune system, lymphocytes and macrophages produce chemicals called ______, which induces leukopoiesis.

colony-stimulating factors

An unwanted blood clot that is not stationary is called a(n)

embolus.

Of the two pathways of blood clotting, the pathway that is started by damaged tissues is the ______ pathway, while the pathway started by platelets is the ______ pathway.

extrinsic; intrinsic

Coagulation involves the dissolved protein fibrinogen coming out of solution to form a solid fiber called _____________.

fibrin

The process that involves plasmin dissolving a blood clot when it is no longer needed is called

fibrinolysis

Iron is critical for the synthesis of the red blood cell protein called ________________ .

hemoglobin

A group of inherited disorders caused by the inability to make one or more clotting factors is ______.

hemophilia

Prolonged low blood oxygen in adults causes the ______ to release erythropoietin, which in turn stimulates the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.

kidneys

Erythropoiesis is regulated by a ______ in response to oxygen levels in the blood.

negative feedback mechanism

The image depicts the body's response to hypoxemia. This is an example of a ______________.

negative feedback mechanism.

What enzyme dissolves a clot during fibrinolysis?

plasmin

Individuals with type AB blood are sometimes called universal _____ because their blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

recipients

For a transfusion recipient with type B blood, the preferred blood type of donor is ______ and the permissible blood type of donor (in an emergency) is ______.

type B; type O

Match each of the following to the correct blood type.

A = Type A blood B = Type B blood C = Type AB blood D = Type O blood

During blood clotting, what do the fibrin threads form? Multiple choice question. [] A cascade of blood clotting factors [] A fibrous net that entraps blood cells and platelets [] Collagen fibers that bind to platelets [] A platelet plug

A fibrous net that entraps blood cells and platelets. Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers during platelet plug formation.

How can leukemia be described? Multiple choice question. [] An inherited genetic defect that causes leukocytes to accumulate in the capillaries [] A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of immature leukocytes in the blood [] A form of cancer that results in very few leukocytes [] A form of cancer that results in problems in iron transport

A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of immature leukocytes in the blood

True or false: Hemophilia results from a decrease in the number of platelets.

False Hemophilia is a group of inherited disorders caused by the inability to make one or more clotting factors.

Identify the protein shown here, that is located within red blood cells carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions?

Hemoglobin

The most abundant protein found in red blood cells is ______..

Hemoglobin. There are about 280 million hemoglobin molecules in the cytoplasm of each erythrocyte.

The three-step process shown here, that includes vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and blood clotting (coagulation) is called

Hemostasis

Identify the element that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis.

Iron

If the liver is malfunctioning, the spleen alone must process hemoglobin by secreting bilirubin into the blood. This can result in a yellow appearance of the skin and eyes called _____________.

Jaundice

The yellowing of the eyes and skin, which may result when the liver is malfunctioning is called

Jaundice

A disease in which large numbers of immature leukocytes are released into the blood is

Leukemia

Which term describes an abnormally high white blood cell count?

Leukocytosis

Which term describes an abnormally low white blood cell count?

Leukopenia

Which term describes an abnormally low white blood cell count? Multiple choice question. [] Leukopenia [] Neutrophilia [] Thrombocytopenia [] Leukocytosis

Leukopenia

What occurs during clot retraction?

Platelets shrink to draw the edges of the broken vessels together

What are the functions of the blood?

Protection Regulation Transportation

A person who does not have Rh antigens present on the surface of their red blood cells would be classified as

Rh negative. Reason: Rh positive means that there are Rh antigens on the surface of the RBCs.

If the Rh antigen is present on the red blood cell membrane, the blood is said to be

Rh positive Reason: Negative means the Rh antigen is not present.

Select all that apply Select all of these that are true of people with type O blood. Multiple select question. [] They can donate blood to any other ABO blood type [] They have antibodies against A and B [] They have no A or B antigens on their red blood cells [] They can receive blood from any other ABO blood type [] They have neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

They can donate blood to any other ABO blood type They have antibodies against A and B They have no A or B antigens on their red blood cells

Which of these statements best describes vascular spasm? Multiple choice question. [] Blood vessel dilation, which increases blood flow and the amount of clotting agents at the site of the injury. [] Long-term mechanism that triggers fibrin production. [] The immediate stoppage of bleeding. [] The immediate constriction of a broken blood vessel that reduces blood flow.

The immediate constriction of a broken blood vessel that reduces blood flow. Reason: A vascular spasm does not dilate the damaged blood vessel. That would result in increased blood loss. The damaged vessel constricts.