Chapter 9

Men tend to report a desire for a more _______ body shape than their own perceived level. thinner muscular larger defined

muscular

The theory that cognitive development is like a computer model where the environment provides the input and the human mind is a "computer processor" that encodes, stores, and transforms information to produce some output is called ___________. information processing accommodation assimilation scaffolding

information processing

Black women in the United States reportedly have a ______ ideal body shape and report being more ______ with their bodies than their White female counterparts. larger; critical thinner; critical larger; satisfied thinner; satisfied

larger, satisfied

One criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that there is no distinction between ____________. moral reasoning and moral action conventional and postconventional reasoning thoughts and feelings preconventional and postconventional reasoning

moral reasoning and moral action

Ellie is a healthy 12-month-old baby. She has been crawling for several months but her mother recently looked up to see Ellie walking over toward her in a wobbly fashion. When her mother described the day to Ellie's pediatrician, she stated, "it was like she took a giant step over night in her development." This is an example of which type of developmental model? Discontinuous model Nurture model Continuous model Stability model

Discontinuous model

During which stage of pregnancy is the developing baby most susceptible to damage from harmful agents like drugs or alcohol? Fetal period Embryonic period Conception Germinal period

Embryonic period

Which of the following abilities is most affected by functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain? The ability to identify right from wrong Visual perception Problem-solving Expression of anger

Problem-solving

What are the physical changes in an adolescent's body that lead to sexual maturation called? Adrenal androgens Puberty Hormonal shifts Menopause

Puberty

Luke is an 18-year-old who argues with his parents about politics. He feels very strongly that the United States should have a comprehensive socialized medicine program. This demonstrates his ability to ___________, or organize information and his beliefs into coherent arguments. think concretely judge reason have conceptual thoughts

reason

The conflicts that parents and adolescents engage in while the adolescent is in the process of forming their own identity are usually about __________. attending church friends curfew control

control

The question of whether a person's development is more influenced by genetics or by life experience is considered ____________. nature vs. stability nature vs. nurture stability vs. change continuity vs. discontinuity

nature vs. nurture

Rea was asked to view a series of silhouettes ranging from very thin to very overweight and identify her current body size and ideal body size. She was completing a(n) ____________ measure of body image. affective perceptual attitudinal cognitive

perceptual

As a child, Liam was an outgoing boy who made friends easily. Today, he is the top salesman in his company and he is still outgoing and engaging. Liam's case would be interesting to developmental psychologists studying the consistency of traits and characteristics over time to answer the question of ____________. continuity versus discontinuity stability versus change developmental age versus chronological age nature versus nurture

stability versus change

The developmental period of emerging adulthood typically occurs between the ages of ____________. 25 and 30 30 and 40 18 and 25 15 and 18

18-25

During the second trimester, a fetus creates ________neurons a minute. 2,500 1,500 15,000 250,000

250k

Which hormone increases in production during puberty and plays an important role in the development of sexual interest? Testosterone Adrenaline Adrenal androgen Estrogen

Adrenal androgen

Keesha grew up in a home where there were guidelines and rules. She was expected to complete chores, do her best in school, and be respectful. Her parents also gave her praise when she did well, hugged her before she left for school, and told her they loved her. She was able to talk to them about her ideas and offer her own opinions, even if they differed from her parents. This is an example of what type of parenting? Neglectful/Uninvolved Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative

Authoritative

Chen is a 2-year-old who likes to dress himself and insists on helping with the dishes, even though he makes a mess cleaning them up. He likes to feed the family dog, even though he spills the food all over the place. He insists that he can do things by himself. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages would Chen be in? Initiative vs. guilt Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt Industry vs. inferiority

Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt

Keneesha, Tory, and Bev have been best friends since the seventh grade. They do everything together and share all their secrets. They gossip about boys, and when one of them has a problem they call each other rather than their moms. This is considered which type of peer group? Besties Crowd Cohorts Clique

Clique

You forget to pay for the big bag of dog food on the bottom of your cart at Wal-Mart, and your neighbor in the next checkout lane notices. If you go back to pay for the dog food because you want to be seen as a good person to your neighbor, this is an example of which stage of Kohlberg's morality? Postconventional morality Preconventional morality Conventional morality Right versus wrong

Conventional morality

What type of research study examines individuals of different ages at one point in time to track the differences related to age? Cross-sectional study Cross-sequential study Cohort study Longitudinal

Cross-sectional study

Dr. Samuelson wants to study the impact of social media on the friendships of 20-, 40-, 60-, and 80-year-olds. He plans to follow each age group for 10 years and study their use of social media and their relationships. What type of study is Dr. Samuelson conducting? Normative study Cross-sectional study Cross-sequential study Longitudinal study

Cross-sequential study

Ross has decided that he is a Replicrat (just go with it!) just like his parents and embraces their values as well. He has never questioned his parents' beliefs or ideas. He has also decided to attend the university they chose for him and the course of study they believe he needs to pursue. According to Marcia's categories, Ross is in which stage? Foreclosure Moratorium Identity achievement Identity diffusion

Foreclosure

Henry is 16 years old and has had his driver's license for 2 months. He and his friend are drinking beer while driving around town one night. They decide to drive down country roads with the lights off as fast as they can. This is an example of lack of maturation in which part of the brain? Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Amygdala Parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

According to Erikson's theory, which crisis is to be resolved in adolescence? Identity vs. role confusion Identity foreclosure Intimacy vs. isolation Identity diffusion

Identity vs. role confusion

Harry Harlow's famous study in the 1950s about infant attachment could be summarized in these few words: Attachment is solely based on the child's temperament. Physical contact from a caregiver is more important than nourishment or food when attachments are being formed. Nourishment or food from the caregiver is the primary way that attachment is formed. There is no difference between physical contact or nourishment from the caregiver in regard to attachment

Physical contact from a caregiver is more important than nourishment or food when attachments are being formed.

During the civil rights movement in the 1960s, people broke state laws so that Black people could sit where they wanted to on the bus or drink from the same water fountain or use the same bathroom as white people. Kohlberg would say these people were operating at which stage of morality? Ethical social justice Conventional morality Postconventional morality Preconventional morality

Postconventional morality

Nunzio, an 8-year-old boy, stole a candy bar from the grocery store. His parents never found out about it, and Nunzio didn't feel it was wrong because he was never punished for it. This level of reasoning would fit into which of Kohlberg's stages? Conventional morality Preconventional morality Social justice Postconventional morality

Preconventional morality

DeShawn learned to call his father "Daddy" and then began calling other men "Daddy," including the police officer, mail carrier, and nurse. This is an example of Piaget's process of ____________. schemas accommodation assimilation preoperational

assimilation

Latetia, age 5, has learned to do simple addition problems through using small objects in her environment like toys. Her teacher has assisted her in this process and now is challenging Latetia to use subtraction in her work. As Latetia gains confidence in each stage, the teacher allows her to do the problems on her own. Latetia's teacher is using the process of scaffolding based on which theory of cognitive development? Information-processing theory of development Piaget's theory of cognitive development Vgotsky's theory of cognitive development Social emotional theory of development

Vgotsky's theory of cognitive development

Your mental image of your own body is called your ____________. shape impression body image body focus body assessment

body focus

Marcy was 3 years old when she went to the zoo for the first time. She saw her first leopard and called it a "kitty." Her mother responded, "that is a leopard, which looks like a kitty but is much bigger and has spots." The next time Marcy saw a leopard, she said "leopard!" This is an example of Piaget's notion of ____________. schemas accommodation assimilation concepts

accommodation

Tyrone is a 12-month-old who, like most other children, was able to hold his head up, roll over, and sit up before he could walk. This sequence of motor skill development follows the ________. proximodistal rule motor development rule synaptic pruning cephalocaudal rule

cephalocaudal rule

Darius is a 6-year-old boy who can throw and catch a ball like a 10-year-old. Researchers would say that his developmental age is more advanced than his_______________. cross-sectional age cohort age chronological age normative age

chronological age

A 5-year-old may struggle to complete a puzzle by himself, but when his mother helps him he is able to accomplish the task. This is an example of what Vygotsky called _____________. zone of proximal development adaptive learning assimilation conservation

zone of proximal development

Baby George is 4 months old. He typically has a hard time falling asleep and then only sleeps 2 hours at a time. George doesn't like it if the routine changes and usually responds with crying and frustration. He only wants to be held and fed by his mother and cries when passed off to another person. George would be considered what type of temperament? Difficult Anxious Slow-to-warm Easy

Difficult

Dr. Tomas is interested in studying how a person's biological makeup vs. environment affects criminal behavior. Who would be the ideal candidates for this study? Prison inmates with criminal parents Teenagers who have been in juvenile lockup Monozygotic twins raised together and dizygotic twins raised apart Monozygotic twins raised in different homes and dizygotic twins raised together

Monozygotic twins raised in different homes and dizygotic twins raised together

Brittany is 12 weeks pregnant and has been drinking a few beers followed by a glass or two of wine a night. She hasn't told her doctor, but she knows from looking online that alcohol is considered a(n) _________ that can have an extremely negative impact on the development of her baby. stimulant teratogen addiction-potential zygote

tereatogen

In measurements of perceptual body image, women tend to rate their ideal image as _______ than their current image and think men prefer a ______ female image than men actually report. larger; larger thinner; thinner thinner; larger larger; thinner

thinner; thinner