Chapter 9 Human Geo

Primate city

A country's largest city—ranking atop the urban hierarchy—most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well

Redlining

A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal

Galactic cities

A modern city in which the old downtown plays the role of a festival or recreational area, and widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industrial spaces, edge-city downtowns, and industrial suburbs are the new centers of economic activity

Agricultural village

A relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend their crops.

Concentric zone model

A structural model of the American central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center

Multiple nuclei model

A structural model of the American city that suggests a decline in significance of the central business district and the concomitant rise in significance of regions within metropolitan areas with their own nuclei

Sector model

A structural model of the American city that suggests that low-rent and other types of areas can extend from the central business districtto the city's outer edge, creating zones that are shaped like a piece of pie

Suburb

A subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city. Many are exclusively residential; others have their own commercial centers or shopping malls

Edge cities

A term introduced by American journalist Joel Garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the Central Business District (CBD) toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These cities are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern buildings (less than 30 years old)

Secondary hearth

An area to which an innovation diffuses and from which the innovation diffuses more broadly

Zone

Area of a city with a relatively uniform land use (e.g. an industrial zone or a residential zone)

Spaces of consumption

Areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services; driven primarily by the global media industry.

The process of settlement formation, expansion, and change is called A) suburbanization. B) urbanization. C) post modern expansion. D) city growth. E) all of the above.

B) urbanization.

Mesoamerica

Chronologically the fifth urban hearth, dating to 200 BCE

Nile river valley

Chronologically the second urban hearth, dating to 3200 BCE.

Indus river valley

Chronologically, the third urban hearth, dating to 2200 BCE.

Megacities

Cities with 10 million or more residents

City

Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.

MeGee model

Developed by geographer T.G. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia

Griffin-Ford model

Developed by geographers Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford, a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene.

World cities

Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.

Informal economy

Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP); as opposed to a formal economy.

Leadership class

Group of decision-makers and organizers in early cities who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others.

Teardowns

Homes bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes, often referred to as McMansions

McMansions

Homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs.

Rank-size rule

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

Agora

In ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged one another, planned military campaigns, socialized, and traded

Zoning laws

Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas. In the United States, areas are most commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use

Acropolis

Literally "high point of the city." The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes

Suburbanization

Movement of upper- and middle-class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceived and actual). In North America, the process began in the early nineteenth century and became a mass phenomenon by the second half of the twentieth century.

Social stratification

One of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige.

Agricultural surplus

One of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess of what the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her family and that is then sold for consumption by others.

New Urbanism

Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

Blockbusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties

Trade Areas

Region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant

Mesopotamia

Region of great cities (e.g. Ur and Babylon) located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; chronologically the first urban hearth, dating to 3500 BCE, and founded in the Fertile Crescent.

Gated communities

Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon

Huang He

Rivers in present-day China; it was at the confluence of the Huang He and Wei Rivers where chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE.

Functional zonation

The division of a city into different regions or zones (e.g. residential or industrial) for certain purposes or functions (e.g. housing or manufacturing)

Central business district (CBD):

The downtown heart of a central city, the CBD is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings.

Urban

The entire built-up, nonrural area and its population, including the most recently constructed suburban appendages. Provides a better picture of the dimensions and population of such an area than the delimited municipality (central city) that forms its heart.

Situation

The external locational attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal places.

Forum

The focal point of ancient Roman life combining the functions of the ancient Greek acropolis and agora

First urban revolution

The innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five separate hearth

Site

The internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting

Synekism

The possibility of change that results from people living together in cities.

Gentrification

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents

Urban Morphology

The study of the physical form and structure of urban places

Commercialization

The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity

Central city

The urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs

Disamenity sector

The very poorest parts of citiesthat in extreme cases are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.

Central place theory

Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another

Shantytown

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard

Urban sprawl

Unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

Choose the proper hierarchy of cities in the United States. A) World city, specialized producer service center, command and control center, dependent center. B) Command and control center, specialized producer service center, dependent center, world city. C) World city, command and control center, specialized producer service center, dependent center. D) World city, dependent center, specialized producer service center, command and control center. E) Specialized producer service center, world city, command and control center, dependent center.

a

Choose the proper hierarchy of cities on the West Coast of the United States. A) Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, San Jose, Sacramento, Santa Barbara. B) Los Angeles, Seattle, San Francisco, Sacramento, San Diego, Santa Barbara. C) Los Angeles, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Sacramento, Santa Barbara. D) Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, Sacramento, Santa Barbara. E) Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, San Diego, Santa Barbara, Sacramento.

a

During the Industrial Revolution, what factor contributed the most to rapid urbanization? A) The city was an economic pull. B) The city was a political pull. C) The city was an environmental pull. D) The city was a cultural pull. E) All of the above.

a

Edge cites typically develop in major metropolitan areas A) at the intersection of interstate highways. B) where land is most readily available. C) where land is least expensive. D) in the zone of independent workers. E) in the high income sector

a

How has the composition of the world's top ten most populated cities changed since 1950? A) Least Developed Countries (LDC) cities make up a larger percentage of the top ten. B) The percentage of LDC cities has declined since 1950. C) More Developed Countries (MDC) cities in the top ten have grown substantially in size since 1950. D) Since 1950 more MDC cities have moved into the top ten. E. None of the above.

a

In the United States overlapping Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) eventually lead to conurbanaization or A) a megalopolis. B) a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. C) many Micropolitan Statistical Areas. D) cooperative regional council of governments. E) none of the above.

a

Inner city challenges fall into three basic categories, which are A) economic, social, and physical. B) economic, social, and environmental. C) economic, physical, and environmental. D) social, environmental, hierachical. E) environmental, physical, and racial.

a

Inside the wall of Medieval European cities street patterns are best described as A) chaotic with few streets meeting at right angles. B) on an extensive grid system. C) carefully planned with diagonal boulevards. D) circular in nature. E) none of the above.

a

Large cities are economic hubs with radiating connections for commerce according to A) Central Place Theory. B) Rostow's Model of Development. C) the Burgess Model. D) the Peripheral Model. E) von Thunen's Model.

a

Potentially, how could gentrification of city neighborhoods alter the density gradient of an urban area? A) The density gradient might return to a pattern similar to the 1950s. B) The density gradient would not be impacted by gentrification. C) The density gradient would become less severe. D) Gentrification could continue to contribute to the decline of inner core neighborhoods. E) None of the above.

a

Rank the following services from low to high order. A) Soft drink, bakery, shoe store, auto dealership. B) Bakery, shoe store, soft drink, auto dealership. C) Shoe store, soft drink, bakery, auto dealership. D) Auto dealership, shoe store, bakery, soft drink. E) Auto dealership, soft drink, shoe store, bakery.

a

The United States Census Bureau establishes Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) A) to determine the geographical extent of influence for an urban area. B) to legally define the boundaries of an urban area. C) to help marketing firms gather demographic data. D) to help establish urban growth boundaries. E) all of the above.

a

The basic tenants of new urbanism include all of the following except A) wide streets with cul-de-sacs. B) mixed use of residential and commercial venues. C) creating a center for shopping and social events. D) mixed housing types and densities. E) the return of front porches and alleyways.

a

The major advantage of the peripheral model over other urban models is the fact that it A) highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation. B) explains why inner city neighborhoods decline. C) explains why low-income housing is adjacent to industrial sectors. D) explains the importance of multiple centers of activity in an urban area. E) explains why the high income district extends from the CBD to the periphery

a

The maximum distance a person is willing to travel to frequent a service is called the A) range. B) economic distance. C) threshold. D) spatial shopping behavior. E) geographic marketing area.

a

The most practical definition for an urban area is A) the central city and its surrounding suburbs. B) the economic influence of the central city. C) the central city and the continuously developed areas. D) the central city and the land area inside the adjacent counties. E) the central city and its neighboring municipalities.

a

The three largest metropolitan areas in Canada in descending order are A) Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. B) Toronto, Montreal, and Calgary. C) Toronto, Vancouver, and Calgary. D) Toronto, Vancouver, and Edmonton. E) Toronto, Calgary, and Winnipeg.

a

Three categories sociologist Louis Wirth used to differentiate between urban and rural areas include A) high density, social heterogeneity, and large size. B) high density, crime rate, and large size. C) large size, social heterogeneity, and crime rate. D) social networks, large size, and high density. E) diversity, large size, and poverty rate.

a

Unrestricted low-density development of residential and commercial activities over a large expanse of land is A) sprawl. B) new urbanism. C) transit oriented development. D) characteristic of European countries. E) smart growth.

a

Urban growth boundaries are most commonly associated with the movement known as A) smart growth. B) new urbanism. C) transit oriented development. D) urban renewal. E) low density development.

a

What geographic advantages do mass transit systems such as subways and light rail have over automobiles? A) They use less land area in congested urban areas. B) They provide transportation for those who do not drive. C) They reduce air pollution in urban areas. D) They concentrate development along fixed routes and stops. E) All of the above.

a

What type of land use dominates on the periphery of the Latin American Model? A) Squatter settlements. B) Industrial activity. C) Elite residential. D) Commercial. E) Middle class residential.

a

When inner city neighborhood property values decline, owners of large older homes often subdivide the home into multiple units. This process is known as A) filtering. B) gentrification. C) redlining. D) blockbusting. E) urban renewal.

a

A primate city is A) the most important city in a country. B) when the largest city in a country is twice the size of the next largest city. C) when the largest city in an LDC has a primitive infrastructure. D) the largest city in a region of a country. E) when the largest city is located on the periphery.

b

All of the following are negative environmental consequences of suburban sprawl except A) increased air pollution. B) increased green belts. C) increased traffic congestion. D) loss of biodiversity. E) loss of prime agricultural land.

b

All of the following are typical site and/or situational characteristics for the establishment of a settlement except A) the high point overlooking a river or plain. B) the middle of a plain. C) at the confluence of two rivers. D) the mouth of a river. E) on the shores of a natural harbor.

b

Bayside in Miami, Faneuil Hall in Boston, Riverwalk in San Antonio, and Pike Street Market in Seattle, all serve as A) urban parks. B) festival market places. C) service orientated centers. D) lifestyle shopping malls. E) urban interface zones

b

Chicago incorporated land beyond its city limits to build O'Hare International Airport in the 1960s. This is an excellent example of A) urban renewal. B) flagpole annexation. C) antecedent boundary changes. D) subsequent boundaries changes. E) regional council of government intervention

b

Favelas is to Brazil as ________ is to Mexico. A) squatter settlements B) barrios C) bidonvilles D) barung-barong E) slums

b

How have industrially-based cities in the Northeastern United States attempted to combat the loss of jobs from the relocation of industries to suburbs and to Least Developed Countries (LDCs)? A) Invest heavily in community outreach programs. B) Develop health, research, and personal service sectors. C) Develop tourism. D) Invest in vocational training. E) Rely on immigrant labor for business growth

b

Industries during the 1800s located close to Central Business Districts (CBDs) because A) it was closest to the expanding urban population. B) they needed to locate close to transportation lines. C) it had the highest range and threshold. D) of the availability of low-cost warehousing. E) that land was more affordable.

b

Inner city neighborhoods face all of the following challenges except A) a deteriorating housing stock. B) a lack of social and economic diversity. C) increased homelessness and crime. D) a growing underclass that is unable to function in society. E) a culture of poverty.

b

Large cities develop many nodes around which different types of people and activities cluster. This describes the A) Peripheral Model. B) Multiple Nuclei Model. C) Latin American Model. D) Sector Model. E) Concentric Zone Model.

b

Many cities in North America have designed and set aside areas where outdoor concerts, street performers, ethnic events, farmers markets, and cart vendors come together and act as a positive focal point economically and socially for urban life. This recent trend is often referred to as A) an urban park. B) a festival market place. C) a service oriented center. D) a lifestyle mall. E) an urban interface zone.

b

New urbanism is based upon land use trends from A) 1950s auto suburbs. B) street-car suburbs of the 1920s. C) 1990s gated communities. D) 1880s urban industrial era. E) 19th century tenement neighborhoods.

b

Since London, England is a primate city, planners attempted to slow down the growth of greater London by creating A) an urban growth boundary commission. B) a greenbelt around the city. C) increasing taxes and fees to discourage new suburban development. D) edge cities. E) providing incentives for people to live in inner city neighborhoods

b

Street patterns of Medieval European cities resembled A) a grid system. B) a chaotic haphazard layout. C) curving streets inside a major grid network. D) a grid system with diagonal boulevards. E) none of the above.

b

The economic base of many cities in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois is A) tertiary. B) industry and manufacturing. C) financial services. D) tourism. E) wholesale trade.

b

The economic expansion or contraction due to the introduction or loss of a major employer in a particular location is called the A) basic industrial sector. B) the multiplier effect. C) non-basic segment of the economy. D) the tertiary sector. E) globalization of the economy.

b

The elite residential section in the Latin American Model is located A) along the outside where there is less crime. B) on either side of the main boulevard that leads to the CBD. C) in a ring around the CBD. D) in the western suburbs. E) in gated communities on either side of the CBD.

b

The recent trend of metropolitan residents moving to rural areas and small towns is referred to as A) out-migration. B) counterurbanization. C) push factors. D) interregional migration. E) none of the above.

b

The strongest pull factor for the creative class is A) economic. B) environmental. C) cultural. D) political. E) social.

b

The three most important cities in the world are A) New York, Paris, and Shanghai. B) New York, London, and Tokyo. C) New York, London, and Beijing. D) New York, Paris, and Tokyo. E) New York, Rome, and Shanghai.

b

What did Hoyt's research uncover regarding the highest social class district in a city? A) High-class neighborhoods were susceptible to ghettoization. B) High-class residential areas don't change much over time. C) High-class residential areas went through a process of decline and deterioration. D) Gentrification improved the property values of the high-class residential sector. E) High-class residential sector migrated towards the west.

b

Which urban model best explains the spatial impact of automobiles and the construction of interstate highways on metropolitan areas in the United States? A) Concentric Zone Model. B) Peripheral Model. C) Hoyt's Sector Model. D) Multi Nuclei Model. E) Lifestyle Model.

b

According to the Burgess model, the housing stock is most deteriorated and a sizable percent of residents are immigrants in the A) zone of better residents. B) Central Business District (CBD). C) zone of transition. D) zone of independent workers. E) zone of urban renewal.

c

According to the bid-rent curve, land decreases in value as one gets farther from the CBD. What accounts for major spikes in land values along the bid-rent curve? A) Areas with less crime are more valuable. B) Industry relocating to suburbia has altered land values. C) Intersections of major roads far from the Central Business District (CBD) can dramatically increase land values. D) Green space in the suburbs increases land values. E) Brown fields in the inner city depress land value.

c

All of the following are major world megalopolises except A) Boston to Wahington D.C. B) Tokyo to Yokahama. C) New Delehi to Mumbai. D) Los Angeles to Tijuana. E) Chicago to Pittsburgh.

c

An urban settlement that has incorporated into an independent self-governing unit is a A) metropolitan area. B) micropolitan statistical area. C) city. D) metropolitan statistical area. E) consolidated metropolitan statistical area

c

From 1400-1700 many European powers established ___________ , which served as an entrance to or exit from a conquered area. A) a colonial city B) an administrative center C) a gateway city D) an outpost E) provisional government

c

Geographically, cities expanded outwards prior to the automobile by growing A) more densely. B) uniformly in all directions. C) along transportation lines. D) only to their legal boundaries. E) in the wealthy sector from the CBD to the periphery.

c

Geographically, cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Europe both have A) industry located near the Central Business District (CBD). B) large areas with substandard housing exist in both areas. C) the poor living along the outskirts of the city. D) job training programs for unskilled workers that are under-funded. E) all of the above.

c

Historically, urbanization reached its zenith during A) the Bronze Age. B) the Egyptian Empire. C) the Greco-Roman era. D) the Persian Empire. E) none of the above.

c

In Hoyt's Sector Model lower income neighborhoods are usually located A) in a wedge that extends from the CBD to the suburbs. B) on the east side of the city. C) adjacent to the industrial and transportation corridor. D) north of the Central Business District (CBD). E) in the first ring around the CBD.

c

In ancient Southwest Asia cities politically acted as A) empires. B) city governments. C) states. D) unincorporated entities. E. centers of culture.

c

Since the United States has become a suburban country, what part of suburbia is now experiencing many of the challenges faced by poor urban neighborhoods? A) New boomburbs. B) Edge cities. C) Inner ring suburbs of the 1950s. D) Middle era suburbs of the 70s and 80s. E) None of the above.

c

Social Area Analysis analyzes demographic characteristics at the A) metropolitan area scale. B) within a municipality. C) census tract or block level. D) zipcode scale. E) in different concentric zones.

c

The continent with the least number of world cities is A) Africa. B) South America. C) Australia. D) Europe. E) Asia.

c

The identification of blighted urban neighborhoods and the subsequent removal of residents and demolition of deteriorated buildings with the construction of new buildings, highways, and other large construction projects is commonly known as A) gentrification. B) urban rezoning. C) urban renewal. D) urban transitional planning. E) smart growth.

c

The land use pattern of auto-dominated cities is best characterized by A) the hub and spoke pattern. B) the grid system. C) sprawl. D) transit-oriented development. E.) new urbanism.

c

The physical qualities of the original location for a city is referred to as the A) relative location. B) locational determinants. C) site characteristics. D) situational characteristics. E) none of the above.

c

The two continents that have the most linkages between their world cities are A) Asia and Australia. B) Asia and North America. C) North America and Europe. D) Europe and Asia. E) North America and South America.

c

What geometric pattern is associated with Christaller's Central Place Theory? A) Square. B) Circle. C) Hexagon. D) Octagon. E) Pentagon.

c

Young single recent college graduates who move into distressed inner city neighborhoods and refurbish their new residences would be an example of A) blockbusting. B) filtering. C) gentrification. D) white flight. E) none of the above.

c

A bank would be engaging in ___________ if they would not grant mortgages to customers in certain neighborhoods or zip-codes. A) blockbusting B) down zoning C) ghettoization D) redlining E) filtering

d

Grid street patterns are most typical for cities in A) Europe. B) South Asia. C) Latin America. D) North America. E) Southeast Asia

d

Housing developers primarily purchase land for new projects that is not adjacent to the continuously built up urban area, because A) the land is more accessible to interstate highways. B) the land provides better scenic views for potential residents. C) the developer has more control over how to design the community. D) the land is less expensive. E) all of the above.

d

In the last twenty years the most successful strategy to revitalize central business districts and inner city neighborhoods has been to A) create festival market places. B) build life style malls. C) constructathleticcomplexes. D) construct more residences downtown. E) encourage more businesses to locate in the area.

d

In which region of the United States have many cities been able to move up the urban hierarchy by increasing higher order goods and services due to explosive population growth? A) Rust Belt. B) New England. C) Pacific Northwest. D) Sun Belt. E) Upper Midwest.

d

Mixed land use with high-density housing options located near light rail and subway stops is referred to as A) down zoning. B) covenant communities. C) urban renewal. D) transit-orientated development. E) multi-modal development.

d

Political geography can make it more difficult for metropolitan governments to solve regionally based problems because A) competing municipalities often have conflicting interests. B) political boundaries make it difficult for regional governments to exercise authority. C) each city has its own unique government. D) all of the above. E) none of the above.

d

Squatter settlements in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) cities are usually located A) in the zone in transition. B) adjacent to industrial areas. C) in warehouse districts. D) on the outskirts of the urban area. E) along major highways.

d

The largest French speaking metropolitan area in Canada is A) Ottawa. B) Quebec City. C) Halifax. D) Montreal. E) Vancouver.

d

The minimum number of people needed to support a business is called the A) range. B) peak land value intersection. C) economic base of settlements. D) threshold. E) minimum population requirement.

d

Urban and/or suburban gated-communities A) reduce crime. B) increase property values. C) create a space of safety. D) all of the above. E) A and B only.

d

Urban models attempt to explain A) why particular patterns exist in urban areas. B) why people are not randomly distributed throughout an urban area. C) where people with particular characteristics live. D) all of the above. E) A and B only.

d

Various cities in North America have used all of the following strategies to revitalize their central business districts except A) by creating pedestrian malls downtown, such as Denver, Colorado, and Eugene, Oregon. B) by building major urban renewal projects. C) by building major sports facilities, such as Camden Yards in Baltimore and Coors Field in Denver. D) by building business parks. E) by turning vacant industrial buildings and warehouses into residential lofts.

d

A city grows outward from a central location in a series of rings in the A) Sector Model. B) Multiple Nuclei Model. C) Hoyt Model. D) von Thunen Model. E) Concentric Zone Model.

e

According to Brian Berry, people who are a part of a "daily urban system", supported by functional regions connected to urban hubs by commuter links, have access to a plethora of services in A) more developed countries. B) the United States. C) lesser developed countries. D) newly industrialized countries. E) A and B only.

e

According to the Burgess Model of Urban Development, the outer most ring is the A) extensive agriculture. B) extensive commercial agriculture. C) the zone of better residences. D) the zone of transition. E) the commuter zone

e

According to the classic bid-rent curve, what happens to the value of land as one gets closer to the Central Business District (CBD)? A) Land gets more affordable along busy streets. B) Land gets more affordable in distressed neighborhoods. C) Land gets used more extensively. D) Land gets used less intensively. ' E) Land gets more expensive.

e

All of the following describe edge cites except A) they are more convenient places of employment for newer suburban communities. B) they physically resemble a city, because of the prevalence of tall office buildings. C) they typically are located at the intersections of highways. D) other uses such as shopping malls and apartment complexes are also present. E) they make it easier for traffic planners to design mass transit systems.

e

Annexation is A) the process of removing underclass residents from inner city neighborhoods. B) the process of wealthy individuals settling into neighborhoods near the CBD. C) the process of an unincorporated area legally defining its boundaries. D) the process of establishing business parks in suburban communities. E) the process of a city legally adding more land.

e

Auto-centered cities emerged during the post World War II era in A) Eastern North America. B) Northwestern Europe. C) Central Japan. D) Upper Midwest. E) Southwestern United States.

e

Blockbusting in the 1950s often contributed to A) stabilization. B) gentrification. C) in-fill development. D) urban renewal. E) "white flight."

e

Challenges for mega cities in More Developed Countries (MDCs) include A) overcrowding. B) infrastructure maintenance. C) crime. D) pollution. E) all of the above.

e

Cites significantly increased their population size in Europe and North America during the A) later Medieval Ages. B) height of the Roman Empire. C) post World War II. D) the roaring 20s. E) Industrial Revolution.

e

Due to the changing nature of a city's economic base in North America, what activities and land uses have declined in and around the Central Business District (CBD)? A) Manufacturing. B) Residential. C) Major department stores. D) Warehousing. E) All of the above

e

Even though land use in North American Central Business Districts (CBDs) is characterized by skyscrapers and high-density uses, a sizable percentage of land is still devoted to A) recreation. B) arts and entertainment. C) museums. D) industry. E) automobiles.

e

Government solutions that help solve regional metropolitan issues include A) establishing cooperative agencies , such as a council of governments. B) forming a federation of municipalities like Toronto. C) consolidations where governments share services. D) altering political boundaries so city and county boundaries coincide. E) all of the above

e

In Chauncy Harris and Edward Ulman's Multiple Nuclei Model which of the following are nodes of activities? A) University centers. B) Hospital centers. C) Airport and transportation centers. D) Central business district. E) All of the above.

e

One would expect to find a population pyramid with few senior citizens and people in the 25-29 age cohort in A) exurbs. B) commuter's zone. C) bedroom communities. This age cohort is well represented in upscale wealthy suburban communities.

e

Rapid growth of cities in the Sunbelt of the United States took place after World War II because of A) home air-conditioning. B) widespread automobile ownership. C) environmental pull of warm winters. D) non-unionized labor was an economic pull for businesses. E) all of the above.

e

Since the 1950s, most North American metropolitan areas have A) lost population in the central core. B) continued to expand farther out from the Central Business District (CBD). C) experienced increased population density in the inner ring of suburbs. D) experienced a significant change in the density gradient. E) all of the above.

e

Suburban developments suffer from A) a lack of diversity. B) social isolation. C) a lack of green space. D) deteriorating schools. E) A and B only.

e

The "city beautiful movement" of the late 19th century was a response to A) over-crowded inner-city tenements. B) excessive pollution during the industrial era. C) citizens' need for urban green spaces. D) communities' need to have clean air. E) all of the above.

e

The economic base of many cities changed in the post-industrial era from A) industrial to business services. B) industrial to consumer services. C) industrial to public services. D) industrial to health services. E) all of the above.

e

The economic base of many cities in the Rocky Mountain West includes A) mining. B) recreation and tourism. C) manufacturing. D) business services. E) A and B only.

e

The following are major challenges confronting mega cities in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) except A) high crime rates. B. increasing poverty rates. C) lack of adequate sanitation facilities. D) lack of adequate housing. E) lack of recreation facilities for inner city youth.

e

The major distinction between the multi nuclei and the peripheral model is that A) the peripheral model was designed by Chauncey Harris. B) the peripheral model highlights the problems of sprawl and segregation. C) the peripheral model adds a beltway that circumnavigates the urban area. D) the peripheral model incorporates edge cites. E) all of the above.

e

The most urbanized region in the developing world is A) South Asia. B) China. C) North Africa. D) Southeast Asia. E) South America.

e

This age cohort is well represented in upscale wealthy suburban communities. A) 10-14. B) 15-19. C) 40-44. D) 49-50. E) All of the above.

e

This city was built purely as an administrative and/or commercial center by European powers. A) New Delhi. B) Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City). C) Hong Kong. D) Nairobi. E) all of the above.

e

Visually, the main difference between cities in North America and Europe is that there A) is a prevalence of skyscrapers in North American cities. B) are more lower income neighborhoods in European cities. C) are fewer skyscrapers in European cities. D) all of the above. E) A and C only.

e

What advantage does a city gain by legally incorporating? A) Authority to tax. B) Responsibility to provide essential services. C) Ability to hold elections. D) Establish legally defined boundaries. E) All of the above.

e

What assumption(s) are in Christaller's Central Place Theory? A) A flat isototropic plane with no physical barriers. B) Uniform soil fertility. C) Population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed. D) Uniform transportation system in all directions. E) All of the above.

e

What concerns are there for a developing country if the rank-size rule does not apply? A) Services will be clustered in the primate city. B) Services will not be evenly distributed through out the country. C) Smaller cities find it difficult to compete for services with the primate city. D) People in rural areas and small cities feel compelled to migrate to the primate city for jobs. E) All of the above.

e

What factor is responsible for explosive urban growth in the developing periphery? A) Rapid population growth. B) Lack of opportunity in rural areas. C) Difficulty of providing for one's family. D) Real and/or perceived economic opportunity in cities. E) All of the above.

e

What factor(s) contributed to the proliferation of suburbs in America during the post World War II era? A) Brown v. Board of Education. B) Federal government programs. C) Low-interest GI mortgage loans. D) Demographic shifts. E) All of the above.

e

What factor(s) have contributed to the rapid urbanization in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) since 1950? A) Cities provide opportunity for displaced rural residents. B) Explosive population growth has made it difficult for subsistence farmers to support their families. C) Cultural amenities attract large number of young urban professionals. D) All of the above. E) A and B only.

e

What happened to inner city neighborhoods when many industries shifted geographic location to the suburbs after World War II? A) Neighborhoods declined in population. B) The housing stock deteriorated. C) Unemployment rates increased for inner city residents. D) Business services declined for inner city residents. E) All of the above.

e

What is the population of the fourth largest city in a country where the rank-size rule applies if the largest city is one million in population? A) 1,000,000. B) 750,000. C) 500,000. D) 300,000. E) 250,000.

e

What problems do metro area municipalities find it difficult to solve without regional governmental agencies? A) Air pollution. B) Traffic congestion. C) Solid waste disposal. D) Affordable housing. E) All of the above.

e

When comparing urban models for North American and European cities, what is the difference between where high-class residential neighborhoods area located? A) In European cities they are located near the Central Business District (CBD). B) Both have high-class residential areas adjacent to the main boulevard leading into the CBD. C) In North American cities they are typically located on the outskirts of the metro area. D) Both have wealthy neighborhoods scattered through out the city. E) A and C only

e

Who is most likely to move into revitalized urban downtown area neighborhoods? A) White collar empty nesters. B) Young urban professionals (yuppies). C) Recent college graduates. D) Double income no kids households (dinks). E) All of the above.

e