Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion
sweet; salty
A preference for ______ and ______ foods is a genetically predisposed response to food.
safety
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, our most basic needs are physiological, including the need for food and water; just above these are the __________ needs.
homeostasis
According to the concept of set point, our body maintains itself at a particular weight level. This "weight thermostat" is an example of ________.
hunger; a "push" to find food
An example of a physiological need is _______. An example of a psychological drive is _______.
intensify; happiness
Assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill, you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved. The two-factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal will _________ your _______.
What evidence points to our human need to belong?
Evidence that points to our human need to belong can be seen in studies where college students were made to feel rejected and unwanted. Their basic need to belong was disrupted and they were more likely to engage in self-defeating behaviors, score lower on aptitude tests, and express more aggression and less empathy.
How do our facial expressions influence our feelings?
Facial expressions influence our feelings by manipulating or imitating expressions and movements that are associated with a particular feeling and thus feeling that feeling.
What factors predispose some people to become and remain obese?
Factors that predispose some people to become and remain obese include: a sluggish metabolism, genetic factors, amount of sleep, weight of friends, activity levels, and cultural expectations about food consumption.
incentive
Jan walks into a friend's kitchen, smells bread baking, and begins to feel very hungry. The smell of baking bread is a(n) _________.
hierarchy of human needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs; physiological needs are at the base, must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active
What is motivation?
Motivation is the interplay between nature (push) and nurture (pull). It is a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
How are nonverbal expressions of emotion understood within and across cultures?
Nonverbal expressions of emotion are easily understood within cultures and generally understood across cultures. Smiles are smiles everywhere.
genetic
Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight permanently. This is due to several factors, including the fact that there is a ______ influence on body weight.
How do our body states relate to specific emotions?
Our body states relate to specific emotions through bodily responses (though several emotions have similar responses) as well as finger temperatures, hormone secretions, and brain activity in a particular hemisphere.
What physiological factors cause us to feel hungry?
Physiological factors that cause us to feel hungry include: stomach contractions, changes in blood glucose level, levels of ghrelin hormone detected by the hypothalamus, as well as other hormones involved in hunger (insulin, leptin, orexin, and PYY), and our basal metabolic rate which describes the interaction between energy input and output.
How effective are polygraphs in using body states to detect lies?
Polygraphs are not that effective in using body states to detect lies because by the bodily responses it measures could accompany a variety of emotions like anxiety, guilt, or irritation, and many innocent people would find themselves experiencing anxiety when taking the test, causing them to fail.
How do psychological, biological, cultural, and situational factors affect our taste preferences and eating habits?
Psychological biological, cultural, and situational factors affect our taste preferences and eating habits in the following ways: we tend to eat based on our last memory of eating, sweet and salty tastes are universally preferred, carbohydrates support serotonin levels, some tastes are adaptive (toxins, spices, presence of illness), cultures dictate what is and is not okay to eat, we tend to eat more when socializing, we tend to eat more if portion sizes or serving containers are larger, and when offered a variety of food, we are likely to eat more.
How does social networking influence us?
Social networking influences us in the following ways: it tends to strengthen relationships with people we already know, it can be a huge distraction, it tends to increase self-disclosure which deepens friendships.
What are some basic emotions?
Some basic emotions are joy, anger, interest-excitement, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear, contempt, shame, and guilt.
James-Lange
The _________-________ theory of emotion maintains that a physiological response happens before we know what we are feeling.
glucose; low
The blood sugar _________ provides the body with energy. When it is ______, we feel hungry.
What is the link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system?
The link between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous system is that in times of crisis, stress hormones trigger many reactions within the body to help fight or flight. This automatic arousal is extremely adaptive. It also calms us down after a crisis, ridding excess stress hormones from the bloodstream.
basal metabolic
The rate at which your body expends energy while at rest is referred to as the ________ _________ rate.
What are the three parts of an emotion?
The three parts of an emotion are bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.
What theories help us to understand our emotions?
Theories that help us to understand our emotions include: James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter-Singer theory, and the Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus theories.
What are three key perspectives that help us understand motivated behaviors?
Three key perspectives that help us understand motivated behaviors are drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.
How do we communicate nonverbally?
We communicate nonverbally through body language, vocal tones, and facial expressions.
facial feedback
When people are induced to assume fearful expressions they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _________ _________ effect.
moderate
With a challenging task, such as taking a difficult exam, performance is likely to peak when arousal is __________.
How do women and men differ in their abilities to communicate nonverbally?
Women and men differ in their abilities to communicate nonverbally in that women are more skilled at decoding emotions in others, and tend to be more expressive in their emotions, experience them more deeply, and display more empathy than men. However, research shows that the body responses present during empathy, don't differ that much between the genders.
cognitive learning
Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus disagreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of __________ _________.
arousal
________ theory attempts to explain behaviors that do NOT reduce physiological needs.
physiological need
basic bodily requirement
basal metabolic rate
body's resting rate of energy output
glucose
form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues; low levels make us feel hunger
drive-reduction theory
idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need
polygraph
machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures some bodily responses (changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing) accompanying emotion
motivation
need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
set point
point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set; when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
incentive
positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
emotion
response of the whole organism involving bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience
autonomy
sense of personal control
ostracism
social exclusion
facial feedback effect
tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level
Cannon-Bard theory
theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
James-Lange theory
theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
two-factor theory
theory that to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
