Chapter 9 - Nutrition

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vitamin A and the oral cavity:

-assists in the formation of ameloblasts and odontoblasts -keeps oral tissues healthy, especially the sulcus

Ways to preserve the vitamin content of food:

-consume highly perishable produce like berries and leafy veggies soon after harvest or purchase -store fresh produce at temperatures near freezing -avoid exposure to excessive heat, alkaline substances, light, and air -cook veggies in small amounts of water, using quick cook methods

Natural forms of vitamins can be found in:

-plants -animals -fungi -bacteria

Roles of vitamins:

-some act as hormones -regulate body process -NOT sources of energy

Under certain conditions, the body can synthesize which vitamins?

-vitamin D -niacin -choline

UL for vitamin D

100

UL for vitamin E

1000 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol

AI for vitamin K

120 - men 90 - women

vitamin D RDA for adults under 70

15

RDA for vitamin E

15 mg/day of alpha-tocopherol

When were vitamins first defined? vita = necessary for life amine = a type of nitrogen-containing substance

1912

UL for vitamin A

3000

Breastfed infants should consume a supplement containing ____ of vitamin D PER DAY to reduce their risk of Rickets.

400 IU

RDA for vitamin A

700-900

Fat-soluble vitamins

A, D, E, and K

Vitamin E may decrease risk for _________.

Alzheimer's

disease/conditions that affect __________ can decrease absorption and result in deficiencies

GI tract

What is a vitamin?

a complex organic compound that regulates certain metabolic processes

tocopherols (vitamin E)

a group of four structurally similar forms of vitamin E

retinol

alcohol form of vitamin A and the most active form of vitamin A in the body

What populations are more at risk for vitamin deficiency/toxicity

alcoholics, elderly, anorexics

What are good sources of preformed vitamin A

animal foods (liver, butter, fish, liver oils, eggs)

vitamin E is an ________.

antioxidant

Vitamin D is necessary for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, and the production and maintenance of healthy ________.

bones

beta-carotene

carotenoid that the body can concert to vitamin A

macula of the eye contains _________, ___________, and _________.

carotenoids, lutein, and zeaxanthin

vitamin toxicity

cells saturated with vitamins cannot accept more, continuous excess consumption can cause liver damage

osteomalacia

condition characterized by softening of the bones as a result of inadequate vitamin D status in adults

Lack of vitamin A causes what?

decrease in mucus, fertility, bone growth/development, and increased risk of infection and xerostomia

biological activity

describes a vitamin's degree of potency or effects in the body

What enhances digestion/absorption of vitamin K?

dietary fat

xerophthalmia

dry eyes, can damage cornea and could lead to blindness

Vitamin A is necessary for production and maturation of what?

epithelial cells

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

eye disease resulting in changes in the macula or the eye, causing distorted vision

T/F Vitamins CAN be synthesized by the body.

false

retinoids (preformed vitamin A)

family of compounds commonly called vitamin A (retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid)

What are fat-soluble vitamins digested and absorbed with?

fats

naturally occurring food sources of vitamin D

fish liver oils and fatty fish (especially salmon, herring, and catfish)

Other important dietary sources of vitamin E

fish, whole grains, nuts and seeds, and certain veggies

gamma-tocopherol (vitamin E)

form of vitamin E found in foods; has a significantly lower biological activity than alpha-tocopherol

menaquinone (vitamin K)

form of vitamin K found in egg yolks, butter, and beef as well as synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine

Phylloquinone (vitamin K)

form of vitamin K found in plants

food sources of vitamin D

fortified milk, cereal, orange juice, and margarine

Vitamin-A sources

fortified milk, yogurt, margarine, cereals, carrots, spinach, leafy greens, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, broccoli, mangoes, and cantaloupe

cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

found in animal food sources

calciferol (form of vitamin D)

found in both plant and animal foods

ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)

found in plant food sources

major food sources of vitamin K:

green leafy veggies, kale, turnip greens, salad greens, cabbage, spinach, broccoli, green beans, soybean and canola oils

Full activation of Vitamin D requires what two things?

healthy liver and healthy kidneys

What can free radicals lead to?

heart attach, Alzheimer's disease, stroke

free radicals are _______

highly reactive; damage or destroy cells

Structure of a fat-soluble vitamin

hydrocarbon chain

Where does a healthy body store vitamin E

in body fat, skeletal muscle, and liver

Where are fat-soluble vitamins found?

in lipid portions of foods

Where do water-soluble vitamins dissolve?

in watery components of food and body

25-hydroxyvitamin D

inactive form of vitamin D, made in the liver from cholecalciferol

Intake of vitamin K tends to ______ with age.

increase

cystic fibrosis

inherited respiratory disease caused by a defective gene that leads to overproduction or thick and sticky mucus

vitamin-A deficient epithelial cells produce too much what?

keratin

What filters excess water-soluble vitamins and eliminates them in urine?

kidneys

Water-soluble vitamins are more or less likely to be toxic compared to fat-soluble?

less

Where is 90% of vitamin-A stored?

liver

_________ needs vitamin K to synthesize clotting factors such as prothrombin

liver

Where are fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) store?

liver and fatty tissues

What does cystic fibrosis affect?

lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses, and reproductive organs

Other roles of vitamin E:

maintaining nervous tissue and immune system function

Vitamins are required in ________.

milligram and microgram

calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)

most biologically active form of vitamin D

Are ALL vitamins amines?

no

Are vitamins metabolized for energy?

no

Is vitamin D essential?

no

Retinal binds to ________ to form ________.

opsin, rhodopsin

Vitamin E is highly susceptible to destruction by what?

oxygen, metals, light, and high temperatures

vitamin D works with what hormone?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

carotenoids

plants contain hundreds, yellow-orange pigments in fruits and green veggies; vitamin precursors

Vitamin E protects what?

polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from being damaged by free radicals (antioxidant)

7-dehydrocholesterol (form of vitamin D)

precursor for vitamin D found in skin-UV radiation converts it into D3

bioavailability

refers to the extent to which the digestive tract absorbs a nutrient and how well the body uses it

Vitamin A precursors in plant foods are not as well absorbed as what?

retinol in animal foods

Rods convert _________ to _________.

retinol, retinal

What is the primary site for vitamin absorption?

small intestine

Vitamin D stimulates what?

small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphours

retinyl esters

storage form of vitamin A

antioxidant

substance that gives up electrons to free radicals to protect cells

oxidizing agent

substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules such as proteins, FAs, and DNA

free radical

substance with an unpaired electron

food sources of vitamin E

sunflower seeds, almonds, plant oils (sunflower, safflower, canola, and olive oils) and products made from them (margarine and salad dressing)

vitamin D is AKA:

sunshine vitamin (considered a hormone)

multivitamin-multimineral supplement

supplement that contains two or more vitamins and minerals

menadione (vitamin K)

synthetic form of vitamin K

Vitamin A should NOT be taken in excess during pregnancy because it is a ________.

teratogen

alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E)

the form of vitamin E found in plasma and used by the body; found in most foods and vitamin E supplements

What contains rods and cones and needs retinol to function properly?

the retina

UL for vitamin K

there is no UL

Water-soluble vitamins

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid, folate, biotin, vitamin B12, vitamin C, choline, carnitine, and lipoic acid

retinol-binding protein (RBP)

transports vitamin A in the blood

T/F Fat-soluble vitamins CAN cause toxicity not readily excreted.

true

T/F It is unlikely that any vitamins still need to be discovered.

true

T/F Vitamins occur naturally in foods.

true

T/F Limited amounts of water-soluble vitamins are stored.

true (exception is vitamin B12)

rhodopsin

vitamin A-containing protein that is needed for vision in dim light

Rickets

vitamin D deficiency disorder in children resulting in improper bone growth

Excessive amounts of vitamin E taken as supplements may interfere with what?

vitamin K's role in blood clotting

When can vitamin toxicity occur?

when megadoses are taken - not through food

How is vitamin-A transported?

with lipids in chylomicrons to tissues for storage

carotenemia

yellowing of the skin that results from excess beta-carotene in the body (harmless)

Is severe vitamin deficiency UNCOMMON in the US?

yes


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