Chapter 9 study set
104. The leading preventable cause of death is which of the following? a. smoking b. alcoholism c. poisoning d. accidents
A
16. Which of these is the first stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS)? a. alarm b. resistance c. exhaustion d. remediation
A
18. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the Unites States and lowers the overall national life expectancy most directly because of which of the following? a. premature death b. lowered fertility c. its link with poor eating habits d. its link with alcoholic consumption
A
24. Which of the following factors is most closely related to how well you think you can cope with a threat or challenge? a. sense of control b. sense of effort c. cortisol secretion d. practice effects
A
29. Which of the following is associated with a stronger immune system? a. optimism b. pessimism c. realism d. depression
A
34. The foreign materials that are identified and eliminated by the immune system are called which of the following? a. antigens b. mitogens c. lymphokines d. antibodies
A
5. What is the name of the new field of study that reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioral factors as causes of illness and death? a. behavioral medicine b. abnormal psychology c. medical psychology d. physical medicine
A
88. In the 1970s, Herbert Benson developed a brief relaxation procedure that involved focusing on which of the following? a. a mantra b. a photo c. a person d. a musical note
A
97. For coping with chronic pain, chronic fatigue syndrome, and hypertension, which of the following is considered to be the most effective? a. a stress management program b. biofeedback c. relaxation techniques d. meditation
A
36. T cells are associated with which type of immunity? a. humoral b. cellular c. suppressor d. vascular
B
89. Ebbers is sitting cross-legged on a rug with arms outstretched and eyes closed while making an "ommmmm" sound. What technique is Ebbers using? a. biofeedback b. meditation c. counterconditioning d. hypnosis
B
91. Clinical studies indicate that combining which of the following with biofeedback can be particularly effective in reducing pain? a. medication b. relaxation procedures c. a placebo d. psychotherapy
B
21. Research has shown that excessive secretion of the stress hormone cortisol can result in hippocampal cell death in which disorder? a. substance use disorder b. mania c. posttraumatic stress disorder d. AIDS
C
6. Health psychology is which of the following? a. a subfield of behavioral medicine b. focused on basic research, not applied work c. the oldest subfield of psychology d. largely atheoretical in nature
C
85. Which of the following has been shown as the MOST effective to reduce the number of headaches someone has? a. taking ibuprofen daily b. avoiding loud noises c. general stress reduction techniques d. taking antidepressants
C
10. "AIDS, a disease of the immune system, is directly affected by stress, which may promote the deadly progression of the disease." What does this illustrate? a. psychological factors influencing biological processes b. biological factors influencing psychological processes c. sociocultural factors influencing genetic processes d. genetic factors influencing sociocultural processes
A
102. Laken was just diagnosed with cancer but is in denial about the seriousness of the situation. What does research suggest about the use of denial as a coping mechanism in this situation? a. Initial denial may give Laken time to develop a more effective coping mechanisms later. b. Denial is never psychologically helpful. c. Denial won't help Laken endure the initial shock any more easily. d. Denial results in higher levels of corticosteroids (stress hormones).
A
109. The most typical route of contracting HIV in Africa is which of the following? a. heterosexual sex with an infected partner b. same-sex sex with an infected partner c. sharing needles with an infected person d. close non-sexual contact with an infected person
A
114. Which of the following accurately represents the circumstances regarding women and HIV/AIDS? a. Women frequently do not consider themselves at risk. b. Much research on HIV/AIDS focuses on women. c. Women accounted for 20% of new AIDS cases in 2003. d. The highest age of risk for women is after age 25.
A
115. Regarding the age ranges for the highest risk of HIV/AIDS, which of the following statements is accurate? a. For women, the highest risk is between 15 and 25. b. For women, the highest risk is during their late 20s and early 30s. c. The age range for highest risk is younger for men than for women. d. The age ranges for highest risk are the same for both men and women.
A
118. Your text reports on a behavioral change program to address the high rate of smoking in China. Which of the following is a reason that program was so important? a. The number of people who smoke in China equals the entire population of the United States. b. Almost 100% of the women in China smoke. c. Men and women in China have equally high rates of smoking. d. The types of cigarettes smoked in China are more potent than in the U.S.
A
120. In 1989, health professionals in China began a massive antismoking effort in several cities that involved children whose fathers smoked. Which of these is accurate regarding the program? a. Children were given antismoking literature and questionnaires to take home to their fathers. b. Children reported smoking fathers to their bosses, who punished them. c. Children were allowed to fine their fathers for smoking. d. Photos of the fathers who continued smoking were published in the school newspapers.
A
123. When pain is induced after people are given a placebo, why do they feel less pain? a. The endogenous opioid system is activated. b. They simply report less pain. c. They think they feel less pain. d. They pretended to have pain.
A
126. Which of the following occurs when a fatty substance or plaque builds up inside the arteries and causes an obstruction? a. atherosclerosis b. transient ischemic attack c. congestive heart failure d. myocardial stunning
A
15. In 1936 Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to develop ulcers. His finding led to a new area of study called which of the following? a. stress physiology b. stress psychology c. animal psychology d. psychosomatic pathology
A
26. Colds and other respiratory illnesses often increase during the winter, when people are spending more time indoors, in close proximity. Considering what you know about factors related to immune functioning, who among the following is most likely to remain healthy this winter? a. Karen, a very sociable woman who has many good friends b. Mike, a very intelligent student who understands complex information and concepts c. Judy, a very assertive individual who frequently says exactly what's on her mind d. Marilyn, a very compulsive person who likes to point out other people's mistakes
A
3. Why is using the word psychosomatic to describe a disorder with an obvious physical component considered misleading? a. It gives the impression that psychological disorders do not have a biological component. b. It assumes that the physical aspects of a disorder are less important than the psychological aspects. c. It emphasizes the psychological symptoms of a disorder instead of the physical symptoms. d. It gives the impression that biological disorders are not influenced by psychological factors.
A
30. The work of Cohen and his associates suggests which of the following? a. Intensity of stress impacts the severity of cold symptoms. b. Social support has no effect on cold symptoms. c. Exposure to friends increases the chance of illness. d. Cold symptoms are mostly psychological.
A
35. What are the cells of the humoral immune system that produce immunoglobulins called? a. B cells b. T cells c. NK cells d. macrophages
A
38. Too many T4 (helper) cells can result in which of the following? a. an autoimmune disease b. diminished antibody responses c. long-term immune activity d. diminished immune functions
A
43. As of 2018, about how many people aged 13 and older in the U.S. had HIV? a. 1.2 million b. 2.4 million c. 3.6 million d. 4.8 million
A
44. Estimates regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS in southern Africa indicate which of the following? a. Between 15% and 28% of the adult population is infected. b. The rates of infection are declining sharply. c. Five million children have been orphaned by the disease. d. Transmission occurs primarily via same-sex sexual activity.
A
46. AIDS is now treated with new combinations of drugs called "highly active antiretroviral therapy" (HAART), which does which of the following? a. suppresses the virus in people who are HIV positive b. cures AIDS by eliminating the virus from the body c. reduces herpes virus but not HIV cells d. affects the symptoms but not the actual virus
A
50. Quincy was recently diagnosed with a particularly aggressive and rare type of cancer and, while Quincy is certainly worried, they have also found a sense of purpose in raising funds for research on treatment for that type of cancer. What term is used to describe Quincy's approach? a. benefit finding b. external locus of control c. reaction formation d. denial
A
56. Which of the following is a psychological factor that may explain individual variations in blood pressure? a. coping skills b. memory skills c. abstract reasoning skills d. cognitive skills
A
68. Which theory of pain accounts for both physical and psychological factors? a. gate control b. specificity c. intensity d. pattern
A
70. According to the gate control theory of pain, what area of the spinal column acts as a gate, determining whether pain sensations are transmitted to the brain? a. dorsal horns b. lateral horns c. lateral roots d. dorsal roots
A
72. According to the text, endogenous opioids have been implicated in which of the following disorders? a. eating disorders b. phobias c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. personality disorders
A
75. In the mid-19th century, symptoms of fatigue, vague aches and pains, low-grade fever, and lack of energy were attributed to a disorder called which of the following? a. neurasthenia b. neurosis c. hysteria d. somatic syndrome
A
77. In the past, chronic fatigue was believed to result from which of the following? a. infection with XMRV b. infection with HIV c. mitochondrial disease d. brain atrophy
A
78. The development of chronic fatigue syndrome is associated with which of the following? a. an extremely stressful environment b. excessive exercise c. poor diets d. a tendency to minimize pain
A
79. According to Sharpe, which of these is the core belief underlying chronic fatigue syndrome? a. I am inadequate. b. I must be physically ill. c. I can beat this. d. I should try harder.
A
81. The experience of pain may be associated with which of the following? a. decreased natural killer (NK) cells b. increased natural killer (NK) cells c. increased B cells d. decreased T cells
A
82. After several years of headaches that had become increasingly debilitating and frequent, Coby sought treatment at a pain clinic. Coby's treatment involves learning to tense and relax certain muscles and alter blood flow, a process that is aided by physiological monitoring. What kind of treatment is Coby receiving? a. biofeedback b. meditation c. mindfulness d. acupuncture
A
83. Biofeedback involves helping the client become aware of which of the following? a. physiological functions b. psychological state of mind c. negative thoughts d. level of pain
A
90. According to Holroyd et al., (1984) biofeedback may decrease pain because it does which of the following? a. instills a sense of control over the pain b. decreases tension c. increases awareness of the body d. decreases sensitivity to pain
A
96. Cognitive therapy is used in stress management programs to help clients learn to do which of the following? a. develop more realistic appraisals and attitudes b. engage in catharsis to "let it all out" c. tell off people they don't like as a way of reducing stress d. use alcohol to help reduce their stress levels
A
1. At the beginning of the 20th century, what was the leading cause of death in the U.S.? a. automobile accidents b. infectious diseases c. heart attacks d. suicides
B
100. In a comprehensive headache treatment program, what percentage of people who were low users of analgesic medications achieved at least a 50% reduction in measure of frequency and severity of headaches? a. 25% b. 55% c. 75% d. 99%
B
105. According to the text, the leading cause of death for people between the ages of 1 and 45 years in the U.S. is which of the following? a. cancer b. injury c. infectious disease d. genetic defect
B
11. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Smoking rates have recently increased sharply in the U.S. b. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. c. Smoking has been estimated to cause 5% of all deaths. d. Smoking affects the respiratory system but no other bodily systems.
B
112. When high-risk individuals are given educational pamphlets about ways to reduce their chances of becoming HIV positive, they typically do which of the following? a. change their high-risk behaviors b. do not change their high-risk behaviors c. abstain from unprotected sex d. notify previous sex partners of their HIV status
B
116. In regard to setting up behavioral change programs that address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, which of the following is an accurate statement? a. The same kinds of programs can be set up for both women and men. b. Women and men need different types of programs because their risk factors are different. c. Women are typically at negligible risk of HIV/AIDS. d. Media attention and even research have focused on women with AIDS and largely ignored men.
B
121. In the massive antismoking campaign in China in 1989, what percentage of fathers in the "treatment" group quit smoking? a. 2% b. 12% c. 22% d. 32%
B
13. Which of the following is true of people with genital herpes? a. most seek treatment very quicky due to pain b. most do not even know they are infected c. most become infertile as a result of infection d. most will spread the infection to at least ten others
B
19. Robert Sapolsky and his colleagues found that stress killed cells in which brain structure, leading to a decreased ability to turn off the stress response? a. third ventricle b. hippocampus c. thalamus d. pineal gland
B
2. According to the text, some of the major contributing factors to illness and death in the United States are currently which of the following? a. fungal and bacterial b. behavioral and psychological c. neurological and endocrinological d. functional and hormonal
B
22. Continuous secretion of the stress hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands can lead to which of the following? a. increased inhibitory feedback b. hippocampal degeneration c. increased neurogenesis d. low blood pressure
B
28. Josh goes to the doctor to talk about risks for heart disease. If the doctor focuses on modifiable risk factors, what is likely to be discussed? a. the risks associated with genetics b. the risks associated with tobacco use c. the risk associated with being male d. the risks associated with race
B
33. Stress affects immune function in which way? a. only if the stressful event is life-threatening b. even if the stressful event lasts as little as 2 hours c. in real life but not in the lab d. only in the chronically ill
B
37. Which of the following immune cells enhances immune system responses by signaling B cells to produce antibodies and signaling other T cells to destroy antigens? a. B cells b. Helper T cells c. T suppressor cells d. NK cells
B
39. The immune system is weakened in people with AIDS because the human immunodeficiency virus directly attacks which lymphocytes? a. killer T cells b. T4 (helper cells) c. suppressor T cells d. B cells
B
4. What field uses knowledge derived from the behavioral sciences in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems? a. health psychology b. behavioral medicine c. psychophysiology d. psychosomatic medicine
B
40. Gustin is the director of an international health promotion organization that is focused on addressing HIV/AIDS. If the organization is directing their resources toward the region that accounts for about two-thirds of the world's cases, where are they working? a. Central Europe b. Southern Africa c. United States d. Latin America
B
42. Psychoneuroimmunology focuses on the study of which of the following? a. physiology, neurons, and immune function b. psychology, neurological responses, and immune function c. psychology, nature, and illness d. physiological numbers and images
B
48. Group psychotherapy for people with cancer tends to do which of the following? a. reduce recovery times b. increase survival times c. affect mental but not physical health d. cure cancer
B
49. Platt was recently diagnosed with advanced cancer and is very depressed as a result. Platt is considering joining a psychotherapy group for people with cancer. What outcomes might Platt except from participating in therapy? a. Group psychotherapy will prolong Platt's life. b. Group psychotherapy may decrease Platt's depression. c. Group psychotherapy is often stressful and may be harmful. d. Group psychotherapy will have little effect, but individual therapy might help.
B
54. During laboratory stress tests, which of the following individuals has been shown to have greater reactivity in their blood pressure? a. those with normal blood pressure whose parents had normal blood pressure b. those with normal blood pressure whose parents had high blood pressure c. those with very low blood pressure whose parents had low blood pressure d. those with very low blood pressure whose parents had normal blood pressure
B
55. Since heart disease is the number one cause of death in the United States, it would be very important, in terms of prevention, to determine which of the following? a. if better medications can be found to treat heart disease b. if changes in behavior, lifestyle, and attitude can prevent heart attacks c. if psychotherapy can help people adjust to having an artificial heart d. if heart transplants can be made available to more patients
B
60. A large study of Japanese men conducted in Hawai'i found that, in comparison to men on the mainland, Japanese men exhibit which of the following? a. increased Type A behavior and decreased coronary heart disease (CHD) b. decreased Type A behavior and decreased CHD c. increased Type A behavior and increased CHD d. decreased Type A behavior and increased CHD
B
61. Mr. Velasquez is participating in a clinical research study that is investigating psychological factors that may influence the development of heart disease. When he is instructed to imagine a situation in which he was very angry, the sensors monitoring his heart are most likely to reveal which of the following? a. his heartbeat has slowed significantly b. his heart is pumping less efficiently c. the area around his heart has become swollen and inflamed d. he is having a "painless" heart attack
B
65. Which of the following characterizes people who experience phantom limb pain? a. They are seeking some form of compensation. b. They can describe the exact location and type of pain. c. They have a history of psychological disturbance. d. They deeply regret the loss of limb.
B
69. In the phenomenon known as "operant" control of pain, the pain behaviors manifested by an individual are determined by which of the following? a. the type of injury b. social consequences of the behavior c. the side effects of medications d. the patient's reaction to treatment
B
71. The "natural" opioids called endorphins or enkephalins act like neurotransmitters to do which of the following? a. increase awareness of pain b. shut down the sensation of pain c. cause a "natural" addiction d. relieve the pain caused by a heroin overdose
B
76. The symptoms of fatigue and muscle and joint pain that might have been diagnosed as neurasthenia in the 19th Century might today be diagnosed as which of the following? a. somatization disorder b. chronic fatigue syndrome c. wasting disease d. psychogenic pain disorder
B
84. It has been suggested that biofeedback relieves the pain of tension headaches because it "teaches people to relax," but it is more likely that which of the following is involved? a. The people whose pain is seemingly relieved by biofeedback are probably also taking aspirin or another pain reliever. b. Biofeedback training gives people a sense of control over their headache pain. c. Biofeedback has a "numbing effect" because it affects the nerve endings in the somatic nervous system. d. People experience a placebo effect because the headache pain returns once the biofeedback sessions are completed.
B
9. Dr. King is a health psychologist who works at a major university's medical center. Dr. King's research activities are most likely to focus on which of the following? a. the diagnostic criteria for mental disorders b. interventions intended to promote healthier lifestyles c. the development of learning skills in children d. age-associated differences in functioning
B
94. In keeping daily records of the stressful events in their lives, people in stress management programs are taught to be very specific about which of the following? a. what they thought the stress meant b. what seems to trigger the stress c. how they attempted to control the stress d. whether anyone helped them lessen the stress
B
98. Kaede has been taking pain medication for many years, but recent changes in Kaede's medical insurance mean Kaede has been referred to a pain management program. Research suggests that Kaede will be which of the following? a. more likely to benefit from the program than people who have not used pain medications for a long period b. less likely to benefit from the program than people who have not used pain medications for a long period c. equally likely to benefit from the program as people who have not used pain medications for a long period d. unable to benefit from the program
B
99. Searle has been having headaches and is using over-the-counter pain relievers to treat them. Searle should be aware of which of the following? a. Pain medications are the only effective treatment for headaches. b. Pain medications may be associated with rebound headaches. c. Pain medications will result in long-term pain relief. d. Pain medications are associated with short- and long-term increases in pain.
B
101. Studies of adolescents with abdominal pain suggest that which of these is associated with lower levels of anxiety? a. use of denial to cope b. use of wishful thinking to manage pain c. dealing with pain directly d. avoiding treatment
C
103. If a health promotion director wants to address the number one cause of preventable disease in the United States, which of the following will they address? a. unhealthy eating habits b. lack of exercise c. smoking d. watching too much TV
C
107. Which is an accurate statement regarding injury prevention programs for children? a. Most communities have injury prevention programs. b. Repeated warnings have been effective in preventing or reducing the number of injuries. c. Children who participated in safety skills programs remember what they learn for a long time. d. Injury prevention programs have been ineffective in changing children's behavior.
C
108. The only effective prevention strategy currently available for reducing the spread of AIDS appears to which of the following? a. a vaccine b. medications c. changing high-risk behavior d. educating people about the risk of the disease
C
110. Steven and Diane, two young adults who live in different cities and do not know each other, have learned recently that they are HIV positive following sexual intercourse with infected partners. What changes in their behavior are most likely to occur in the future? a. Both Steven and Diane will now abstain from sex completely. b. Steven will abstain from sex, but Diane will continue to have sex. c. Both Steven and Diane will continue to have unprotected sex. d. Both Steven and Diane will be sure to tell future sexual partners that they are HIV positive.
C
117. Some of the HIV/AIDS risk factors are the same for men and women while others are different. Which of these is a risk factor that occurs more often in women than in men? a. having unprotected sex with partners whose sexual history is unknown b. using contaminated needles when injecting illegal drugs c. becoming prostitutes in response to economic deprivation d. having sex with multiple partners
C
119. A massive antismoking campaign in China in 1989 involved which of the following? a. bonuses to employees who quit smoking b. wives threatening divorce if their husbands didn't stop smoking c. school children intervening in their fathers' smoking habits d. married couples' written agreements to stop smoking
C
12. Which of the following issues would a health psychologist have been most likely to focus on during the COVID-19 pandemic? a. the development of a vaccine b. which medications are effective in preventing respiratory failure c. how to persuade people to take preventative steps d. the prevalence of infection
C
122. One of the most successful efforts to reduce risk factors for a medical condition involved three entire communities in California in which residents received different types of interventions or no intervention at all (for the community that served as the control group). What was the targeted condition? a. diabetes b. cancer c. heart disease d. obesity
C
125. Firmin sometimes experiences severe chest pain that radiates out and can even occur when Firmin is at rest. This is most consistent with which of the following? a. hemorrhagic stroke b. transient ischemic attack c. angina pectoris d. myocardial stunning
C
17. According to Selye, what is the nonspecific physiological response of an individual to a significant environmental effect called? a. adaptation b. fight-or-flight reaction c. stress d. a syndrome
C
25. Sapolsky found that dominant males in the baboon social hierarchy had lower resting levels of cortisol than subordinate males, and attributed these differences to which of the following? a. fundamental, inherited differences in the HPA axis b. selective mortality, with sicker leaders more likely to die off c. differences in the predictability and controllability of their lives d. increased rates of infectious illnesses in subordinate males
C
27. How does early life stress contribute to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer? a. increases blood sugar levels b. increases platelets c. increases inflammation d. decreases serotonin
C
32. Research suggests that the crucial mechanism in the association of stress with impaired immune functioning is the level of which of the following? a. dissociation b. isolation c. depression d. anger
C
45. Which of the following statements about AIDS is TRUE? a. An infected person immediately develops AIDS-related complex (ARC). b. The median time for the development of full-blown AIDS is around 15 to 20 years. c. The death rates from AIDS from 2002 to 2010 declined by at least 50% in the United States. d. Highly active antiviral therapy (HAART) treats symptoms of AIDS but does not affect the virus.
C
52. Unhealthy and/or risky behaviors that impact directly on the cardiovascular system may contribute to which of the following? a. strokes and high blood pressure only b. coronary heart disease only c. strokes, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease d. high blood pressure only
C
57. Which of the following is a correct match of medical condition and its definition? a. angina: obstruction caused by build-up of plaque in the arteries b. atherosclerosis: deficiency of blood to a body part caused by narrowing of the arteries c. myocardial infarction: death of heart tissue due to a completely clogged artery d. ischemia: chest pain caused by partial obstruction of the arteries
C
58. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding factors that are implicated in heart disease in the Western Collaborative Group Study? a. Men who displayed a Type A behavior pattern were less likely to develop coronary heart disease than women in the Type A group. b. Younger males in the Type A group were much less likely to develop coronary heart disease than older males in the Type A group. c. Both men and women with the Type A behavioral pattern were twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease than were non-Type A individuals. d. In comparison to "white collar" workers, men in lower socioeconomic positions were more likely to develop coronary heart disease.
C
66. Based on findings from clinical research, effective treatment programs for chronic pain should focus primarily on which of the following? a. surgical procedures b. herbal remedies c. psychological factors d. experimental procedures for pain relief
C
67. Researchers who study the clinical experience of pain have determined that pain is which of the following? a. entirely due to physical causes b. entirely due to psychological causes c. neither entirely physical, nor entirely psychological d. always due to unknown and unpredictable factors
C
7. How is health psychology related to behavioral medicine? a. Health psychology is the research arm of behavioral medicine. b. Health psychology is the interdisciplinary part of behavioral medicine. c. Health psychology is a subfield of behavioral medicine. d. Health psychology is the treatment arm of behavioral medicine.
C
74. Women may have an "extra" pain-regulating pathway focused on relieving pain associated with the reproductive system. Which of the following is an implication of this biological difference? a. Men need more pain relief than women following surgical procedures. b. Women do not need pain relief during childbirth. c. Men and women may benefit from different kinds of interventions for pain. d. The psychological experience of pain is the same for men and women.
C
8. In which of the following ways do psychological and social factors influence health? a. They affect basic biological processes but not risk factors for disease. b. They affect risk factors for disease but not basic biological processes. c. They affect both basic biological processes and risk factors for disease. d. They affect neither basic biological processes nor risk factors for disease.
C
80. A controlled research study investigating the effects of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome resulted in improvement on which of the following? a. measures of fatigue but not measures of illness belief b. measures of illness belief but not measures of fatigue c. both measures of fatigue and measures of illness belief d. neither measures of fatigue nor measures of illness belief
C
86. In the 1960s, Neal Miller discovered the first experimental evidence that physiological functions were subject to voluntary control using which procedures? a. classical conditioning b. physical retraining c. operant conditioning d. obedience training
C
87. Why do clinicians use physiological monitoring equipment in biofeedback? a. to assess the effectiveness of medication b. so they can be sure the client is actually in pain c. so clients will be aware of their physiological processes d. to determine whether a person is suitable for biofeedback
C
92. According to the text, comprehensive pain management programs usually include which of the following? a. biofeedback and medication use b. medication use and medication c. meditation and relaxation d. meditation and biofeedback
C
95. In a stressful events record, clients in a stress management program are asked to record which of the following? a. somatic symptoms only b. thoughts that occur during stress but not somatic symptoms c. thoughts that occur during stress as well as somatic symptoms d. intensity of the stress, but not thoughts or somatic symptoms
C
106. Injury prevention programs for children focus on which of the following? a. showing the frightening effects of injuries b. warning children about dangers c. decreasing peer pressure d. changing behavior
D
111. Carla and Carlos have recently learned that they are HIV positive. According to research studies involving people who are HIV positive, what is most likely to occur? a. Carla will now have sex only if her partner uses a condom. b. Carlos will abstain from sex completely. c. Both Carla and Carlos will stop sharing needles with other drug users. d. Neither Carlos nor Carla is likely to change any of their previous behaviors.
D
113. The San Francisco program to reduce new cases of HIV infection can be characterized as which of these? a. a behavior modification program b. psychoeducation c. sociocultural d. a multi-pronged effort
D
124. Research on physical pain and social pain suggest which of the following? a. They reflect similar behavioral mechanisms but different neural mechanisms. b. They reflect similar neural mechanisms but different behavioral mechanisms. c. They reflect different neural and different behavioral mechanisms. d. They reflect some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms.
D
14. How much of an impact does smoking have on life expectancy in the United States? a. Smoking has little impact, reducing life expectancy by a few months. b. Smoking reduces life expectancy by about a year. c. Smoking reduces life expectancy by almost five years. d. Smoking reduces life expectancy by more than a decade.
D
20. Which of the following statements accurately describes a process in the activation of the HPA (hormonal) axis? a. The hippocampus secretes corticotropin releasing factor (CRF). b. CRF stimulates the thyroid gland. c. The hippocampus (via the somatic nervous system) activates the adrenal glands. d. The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol.
D
23. Which of the following best represents the emotional continuum believed to be related to coping with threat and challenge in the GAS model? a. anxiety, stress, depression, excitement b. stress, anxiety, depression, excitement c. depression, stress, excitement, anxiety d. excitement, stress, anxiety, depression
D
31. The effects of stressful life events like job loss or relationship difficulty on immune functioning tend to be which of the following? a. insidious b. inconsistent c. gradual d. rapid
D
41. Ader and Cohen (1975) demonstrated that the immune system can be conditioned using which of the following paradigms? a. social learning b. instrumental learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning
D
47. LaDanian, who is HIV positive recently started losing weight, developed a fever, and is experiencing night sweats. This presentation is consistent with which of the following? a. infection with another virus b. full-blown AIDS c. infection with another strain of HIV d. AIDS-related complex
D
51. Juniper, aged 6, was recently diagnosed with cancer and is undergoing chemotherapy. The chemotherapy is painful as are various procedures used to monitor treatment progress and Juniper is often extremely agitated and actively resists treatment. Which method might be helpful? a. telling Juniper it's time to act like a big kid rather than a baby b. simply restraining Juniper so resistance is impossible c. explaining to Juniper she will die without treatment d. showing Juniper videos that show what will happen during procedures
D
53. Essential hypertension refers to which of the following? a. the need to hold blood pressure levels constant b. hypertension caused by a disease c. hypertension caused by pregnancy d. hypertension with no identifiable physical cause
D
59. After learning that their spouse of 28 years had died in an automobile accident, Gregor collapsed and was rushed to the hospital in apparent heart failure. This is most consistent with which of the following? a. myocardial infarction b. transient ischemic attack c. angina pectoris d. myocardial stunning
D
62. Khali freely admits having a Type A personality and, in fact seems rather proud of it. Research suggests that which aspect of the Type A personality is related to increased cardiovascular risk? a. tendency to somaticize b. anxiety c. depression d. time urgency or impatience
D
63. Gaige was in an automobile accident and had a number of soft-tissue injuries, but has since recovered and been medically cured. Gaige, however, continues to complain of substantial pain that interferes with functioning. Which of the following is mostly likely to be true about Gaige? a. They have adequate coping skills. b. They have strong family and social support. c. They have no history of anxiety and/or depression. d. They have low levels of positive affect.
D
64. Oakley has chronic pain and often complains to others about it, grimacing and shifting in an attempt to relieve the pain. What is this pattern of behavior called? a. medication-seeking behavior b. affective behavior c. attention-seeking behavior d. pain behavior
D
73. Although women typically report more painful conditions than men, men are more likely than women to report which of the following? a. migraine headaches b. arthritis c. carpal tunnel syndrome d. backache
D
93. Comprehensive stress management begins with which of the following? a. identification of pain sources b. teaching about muscle relaxation c. teaching about meditation d. identification of stressors
D
