Chapter 9 terms psychology **, Chapter 11 key terms **, Chapter 12 terms psychology *, Chapter 13 key terms psychology*, Chapter 14 terms psyc, Chapter 15 terms **
epigenetics
"above" or "in addition to" ( epi ) genetics; the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression (without a DNA change). ( pp. 75 , 497 )
outgroup
"them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. ( p. 438 )
ingroup
"us"—people with whom we share a common identity. ( p. 438 )
Macrophage cells
("big eaters") identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells
psychoanalysis
(1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the analyst's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. ( pp. 462, 537 )
fixation
(1) The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
Carl attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates?
A self serving bias
heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
confirmation bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind(perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
According to Hans and Sybil EYSENCK the individual variation that as a parent across people can be reduced to several dimensions including?
Extraversion and introversion
the first modern test of intelligence was developed in
France
psychosexual stages
Freuds childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, unresolved conflicts at any stage can leave a person's pleasure seeking impulses fixated (stalled) at that stage. the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. ( p. 465 )
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. ( p. 391 ) - likely for coronary heart disease - they secrete more stress hormones.
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. ( p. 391 )
cultures based on socially connected collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group. Tend to value group goals, social identity, and commitments. They define identity in terms of interdependence, tradition, and harmony.
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. ( p. 459 )
adaptation level phenomenon
Happiness is relative to our own experiences. Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience. ( p. 411 )
relative deprivation principal
Happiness is relavent to others success. The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself. ( p. 411 )
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Happy people tend to be healthy, energized, and satisfied with life, making them willing to help others. people's tendency to be helpful when in a good mood. ( p. 407 )
Observed the dramatic effects of early experiences and demonstrated the impact of early intervention in an Iranian orphanage
Hunt
representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
in his studies of chimps, he observed that animals have the ability to display insight
Kohler
What prenatal events are associated with increased risk of developing schizophrenia?
Possible contributing factors include maternal diabetes, older paternal age, viral infections or famine conditions during the mother's pregnancy, and low weight or oxygen deprivation at birth.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
Psychiatrist applies a weak current to the scalp.
Unconscious thought processes constitute an _____________ influence on personality
Psychological
When their self-esteem has been threatening people with large egos may
React violently
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion. ( p. 386 )
emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychotherapy is TRUE?
The gains that people make as a result of psychotherapy, including brief forms of psychotherapy, tend to be longer lasting.
According to fraud______ is the royal road to the unconscious
The interpretation of dreams
framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
If your dog barks at a stranger at the front door, does this qualify as language? What if the dog yips in a telltale way to let you know she needs to go out?
These are definitely communications. But if language consists of words and the grammatical rules we use to combine them to communicate meaning, few scientists would label a dog's barking and yipping as language.
schizophrenia
a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. Psychiatrist E. Fuller Torrey has collected the brains of hundreds of people who died as young adults and suffered disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
personality inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits. ( p. 477 )
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities. (Formerly called multiple personality disorder.) ( p. 529 )
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. viewing ourselves better than average, accepting credit for success but not blame for our failures.
mindfulness meditation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner. ( p. 404 )
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle , demanding immediate gratification. ( p. 463 )
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype ( p. 344 )
Some people may be more vulnerable to PTSD as a comorbid disorder because they have ________, which floods the body with stress hormones.
a sensitive limbic system
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. ( pp. 169 , 418 )
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. ( p. 456 )
meta-analysis
a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion. (
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. ( p. 389 )
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. (p. 357)
normal curve
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes. (Also called a normal distribution .) ( pp. 331 , A-3 )
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. ( p. 494 )
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. (p. 358
empirically derived test
a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups. ( p. 477 )
achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned. ( p. 327 )
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. ( p. 327 )
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. ( p. 541 )
social-cognitive perspective
a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their situations/ social context. ( p. 482 )
major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. ( p. 515 )
delusion
a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders. ( p. 523 )
nudge
a framing of choices by which governments and companies can, without coercion or altered incentives, encourage people to make choices that support their health, retirement savings, and well-being. ( p. 304 )
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. ( p. 435 )
psychotic disorders
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality. ( p. 522 )
cohort
a group of people sharing a common characteristic, such as being from a given time period. ( p. 333 )
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common. ( p. 515 )
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. ( p. 507 )
phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. ( p. 508 )
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the level of performance typically associated with children of a certain chronological age. Thus, a child who does as well as an average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8. ( p. 329 )
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events or ideas
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. ( p. 327 )
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. ( p. 456 )
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. ( p. 529 ) (in the third cluster)
projective test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics (unconscious motives) . ( p. 466 )
There are many genes each of which accounts for much less than 1% of variations. This suggests that intelligence is
a polygenetic trait
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior). ( p. 546 )
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. ( p. 466 )
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. ( p. 497 )
lobotomy
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. ( p. 565 )
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack. ( p. 507 )
eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy. ( p. 537 )
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship. ( p. 451 )
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise. ( p. 531 )
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. ( p. 531 )
Which of the following is MOST clearly a key contributor to the formation of the therapeutic alliance?
an empathetic therapist
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those needing their help. ( p. 455 )
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. ( p. 455 )
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
The social- cognitive perspective views depression as
an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories, often with relentless rumination) leading to negative moods, thoughts, and actions, thereby fueling new stressful experiences.
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats. ( p. 543 )
prejudice
an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. ( p. 435 )
Facing a threat or challenge may trigger __________ and our _________ can influence how we express that anger
anger, culture
Tardive dyskinesia is associated with the long-term use of which type of drugs?
antipsychotic
These therapists assume that problem actions are the problems, and they view learning principles as useful tools for eliminating those behaviors.
behavioral therapist
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY
biological, psychological and social influences on personality
The primary goal of psychodynamic therapies is to:
bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness to help the person gain insight into conflicts and resolve them.
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions. (p. 366)
the factors associated with creativity include
expertise and a venturesome personality
How can you reduce anger?
experts suggest reducing the level of physiological arousal of anger by waiting, finding a healthy distraction or support, and trying to move away from the situation mentally. controlled assertions of feelings may resolve conflicts, and forgiveness may rid us of angry feelings.
Immigrants from Asia would most likely experience difficulty as clients of American psychotherapists, who more often would emphasize the value of:
individualism
Chronic stress contributes to persistent _________, which is associated with heart and other health problems, including depression.
inflammation
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. ( p. 529 )
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. ( p. 424 )
informational social influence
influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. ( p. 424 )
A sense of social identity is most likely to promote
ingroup bias
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. ( p. 333 )
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical. These three domains can be reliability measured.
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless. ( p. 396 )
spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). focusing to intensely on ourselves leads to this.
Three sociocultural influences for aggression
parental models of aggression, deindividuation, minimal father involvement
Lack of _______ ________ provokes an outpouring of hormones that put people's health art risk.
personal control
Because she mistakenly believes that the herbal remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Reed is feeling a considerable reduction in her appetite. This best illustrates:
placebo effect
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. ( p. 567 )
positive psychology
positive psychologist use scientific methods to study human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive. ( pp. 11 , 407 )
Cancer survivors who develop a fresh delight in their children and who begin to savor the joy of each new day best illustrate:
post traumatic growth
Symptoms of _____ disorder include recurring haunting memories and nightmares, numbness of feeling, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and trouble sleeping.
post traumatic stress
Behavior therapy
problem> dysfunctional behaviors aim> learn adaptive behaviors; extinguish problem ones. technique> use classical conditioning(via exposure to aversion therapy) or operant conditioning (as in token economies)
Cognitive therapy
problem> negative, self defeating thinking aim> promote healthier thinking and self talk technique> train people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions.
cognitive behavioral therapy
problem> self-harmful thoughts and behaviors aim> promote healthier thinking and adaptive behaviors technique> train people to counter self-harmful thought and to act out their new ways of thinking.
group and family therapy
problem> stressful relationships aim> heal relationships technique> develop an understanding of family and other social systems, explore roles.
Client-centered therapy
problem> barriers to self understanding and self- acceptance aim> enable growth via unconditional positive regard, acceptance, genuineness, and empathy. technique> Listen actively and reflect clients feelings.
psychodynamic therapy
problem> unconscious conflicts from childhood experiences aim> reduce anxiety through self insight. technique> interpret clients' memories and feelings.
The learning perspective views anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD as
products of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fearful-behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of others' fears and cognitions.
Hans Selye
proposed a general three phase (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) general adaption syndrome (GAS). Facing stress women may have a tend and befriend response; men may withdraw socially, turn to alcohol, or become emotionally insensitive.
Deep Brian stimulation (DBS)
psychiatrist stimulates electrodes implanted in " sadness centers" to calm those areas.
According to ________ theory, anxiety is sometimes produced by the submerged mental energy associated with repressed impulses.
psychoanalytic
comparing the major personality theories
psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, humanistic, trait, social cognitive (has founders and descriptions)
The major psychotherapies derive from psychology's (4)
psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives.
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. ( p. 506 )
This is the most drastic and least-used biomedical intervention for changing thoughts and behavior
psychosurgery
This is the blocking of anxiety-laden material from consciousness.
resistance
suggested cognitive therapy techniques
reveal beliefs, test beliefs, change beliefs
can divert us from thinking about other life tasks and can increase negative moods.
rumination
Fernando keeps to himself at work. He is quiet, has a number of odd collections, and some even call him eccentric. His co-workers recognize his behavior as odd. Given his increasingly erratic behavior, he is at risk of losing his job. Fernando would most likely be considered to have _____ personality disorder
schizotypal
Humanistic therapists aimed to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them to grow in:
self acceptance
abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers ___________ _________ was a central feature of personailty
self-concept
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life. ( p. 407 )
Hallucinations are
sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is primarily used as a treatment for:
severe depression
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. ( p. 459 )
binge-eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa. ( p. 533 )
phoneme
small distinctive sound units of language (ball = b-a-l
morpheme
smallest unit of language that carrie meaning ( I, a, at, do, etc.)
TABLE 12.1 Behavior in the Presence of Others: Three Phenomena
social facilitation, social loathing, deindividuation
emotional intelligence is a specific aspect of
social intelligence
_________ ________ promotes health by calming us, reducing blood pressure and stress hormones, and by fostering stronger immune functioning. We cab reduce our stress and increase our health by building and maintaining relationships, and by confiding rather than suppressing painful feelings.
social support
language
spokes, written, or signed words and how we combine Tham as we think and communicate
Stress diverts energy from the immune system, inhibiting activities of it B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells...
stress doesn't cause illness, but by alerting our immune functioning it may make us more vulnerable to diseases and influence their progression.
antianxiety drugs
suppress the central nervous system activity, are used to treat anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. Can be addictive. drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. ( p. 561 )
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. ( p. 565 )
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle , satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. ( p. 465 )
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. ( p. 431
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
group think
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. ( p. 433 )
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. ( p. 477 )
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. ( p. 466 ) had low reliability and validity.
superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. ( p. 465 )
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. ( p. 396 ) - tend to be less happy
internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate. - achieve more, enjoy better health, and are more happy.
resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. ( p. 567 )
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. ( p. 447 )
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. ( p. 443 )
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors , that we appraise as threatening or challenging. ( p. 385 ) - may not directly cause illness but it does make us more vulnerable by influencing out behaviors and our physiology.
identification
the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. ( p. 465 )
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. ( p. 336 )
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. ( p. 416 )
one-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. (p. 372)
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. ( p. 389 )
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. ( p. 560 )
predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.) ( p. 331 )
in response to various stressors, _______ increases your heart rate and respiration
the sympathetic nervous system
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. ( p. 455 )
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. ( p. 416 )
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. ( p. 431 )
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. ( p. 438 )
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. ( p. 418 )
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct and overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgments
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group. ( p. 438 )
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. (Also called the crossrace effect and the own-race bias .) ( p. 438 )
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. ( p. 455
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. ( p. 438 )
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. ( p. 421 )- Leon Festinger's theory
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. ( p. 416 )
The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. this is best explained by
the two-factor theory
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test. ( p. 329 )
humanistic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth. ( p. 470 )
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences. ( p. 462 )
Researchers have found that matching Asian-American clients with counselors who share their cultural values facilitates:
therapeutic alliance
insight therapies
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. ( p. 538 )
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction. ( p. 547 )
family therapy
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members. ( p. 547 )
coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. ( p. 395 )
What do we know about other animals' capacity for language?
A number of chimpanzees and bonobos have (1) learned to communicate with humans by signing or by pushing buttons wired to a computer, (2) developed vocabularies of nearly 400 words, (3) communicated by stringing these words together, (4) taught their skills to younger animals, and (5) demonstrated some understanding of syntax. But only humans communicate in complex sentences. Nevertheless, other animals' impressive abilities to think and communicate challenge humans to consider what this means about the moral rights of other species.
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption.
discrimination
(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced. (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members. ( pp. 241 , 435 )
fixation
(1) in thinking, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving. (2) in personality theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. ( pp. 301 , 465 )
A mental grouping of similar things is called a .
(concept)
T lymphocytes
(white blood cells) attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
B lymphocytes
(white blood cells) release antibodies that fight bacterial infections.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
- Psychiatrist send a painless magnetic field through the skull to the surface of the cortex to alter brain activity. the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. ( p. 565 )
cognitive therapy
- assumes that our thinking influences our feelings, and that the therapist's role is to change client's self defeating thinking by training them to perceive and interpret events in more constructive ways. - therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts -intervene between events and our emotional reactions. -Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy for depression. ( p. 544 )
Three main types of stress
- catastrophes - significant life changes - daily hassles and social stress
chronic schizophrenia (or process schizophrenia )
- development is gradual and recovery is doubtful a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten. ( p. 524 )
cultures based on self-reliant individualism
- tend to value personal independence and individual achievement. - giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. - they define identity in terms of self-esteem, personal goals, attributes, personal rights and liberties.
psychoanalysis
-Sigmund Freud tried to give people self-insight and relief from their disorders by bringing anxiety-laden feelings and thoughts into conscious awareness. -Psychoanalytic techniques included using free association and interpretation of instances of resistance and transference. (1) Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. (2) Freud's therapeutic technique used in treating psychological disorders. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the analyst's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. ( pp. 462, 537 )
Humanistic therapy goals
-help clients grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance; promoting personal growth rather than curing illness; helping clients take responsibility for their own growth; focusing on conscious thoughts rather than unconscious motivations. Seeing the present and future as more important than the past.
A performance score on the Wechsler Adult Intell. Scale (WAIS) that is higher than all but 2.5% of all scores earns an intelligence score of
130
7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person?1. Expertise2. Extrinsic motivation3. A venturesome personality4. Imaginative thinking skills
2)extrinsic motivation
4. A major obstacle to problem solving is fixation, which is a(n)1. tendency to base our judgments on vivid memories. 2. tendency to wait for insight to occur. 3. inability to view a problem from a new perspective. 4. rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of an event in terms of our mental image of it.
3) Inability to view a problem from a new perspective
In the United States, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder plagues some 11 percent of children between the ages of __________ and 17.
4
Spearman's General Intelligence (G)
A basic intelligence that predicts our abilities in varied academic areas- different abilities such as verbal and spatial, do have some tendency to correlate. (human abilities are too diverse to be encapsulated by a single general intelligence factor)
prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristic
What is the relationship between thinking and language, and what is the value of thinking in images?
Although Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis suggested that language determines thought, it is in fact more accurate to say that language influences thought. Different languages embody different ways of thinking, and immersion in bilingual education can enhance thinking. We often think in images when we use implicit (nondeclarative, procedural) memory—our automatic memory system for motor and cognitive skills and classically conditioned associations. Thinking in images can increase our skills when we mentally practice upcoming events.
What brain areas are involved in language processing and speech?
Aphasia is an impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage. Two important language- and speech-processing areas are Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that controls language expression, and Wernicke's area, a region in the left temporal lobe that controls language reception. Language processing is spread across other brain areas as well, where different neural networks handle specific linguistic subtasks.
5. Terrorist attacks made Americans more fearful of being victimized by terrorism than of other, greater threats. Such exaggerated fear after dramatic events illustrates the heuristic.
Availability
FIGURE 11.4 A SIMPLIFIED VIEW OF IMMUNE RESPONSES Four types of cells carry out the work of our immune system:
B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophage cells ("big eaters") Natural killer cells (NK cells)
learned helplessness
Being unable to avoid repeated aversive events. The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. ( p. 396 )
Which part of the mine contains the super ego?
Both the conscious and unconscious mind
People with schizophrenia have an excess number of dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia.
Brain scans have revealed abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala, as well as a loss of neural connections across the brain network. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid-filled areas and corresponding shrinkage and thinning of cerebral tissue.
_____________ ______________ is the part of the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words. Damage to ______________ ______________ might impair your ability to understand language.
Broca's area; Wernicke's area
collective unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. ( p. 466 )
belief perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Language Development Stages
Language development at 4 months-babbling speech sounds (goo/ bah) Language development at 10 months-babbling resembles household language (dada/mama)Language development at 12 months-one word sentences (No!, doggie, bottle, out) Language development at 24 months-two word sentences, telegraphic speech (go away, get blanky)Language development at 24+ months-rapidly develops into sentences
What are the milestones in language development, and how do we acqiure language?
Language development's timing varies, but all children follow the same sequence. Receptive language (the ability to understand what is said to or about you) develops before productive language (the ability to produce words). At about 4 months of age, infants babble, making sounds found in languages from all over the world. By about 10 months, their babbling contains only the sounds found in their household language. Around 12 months of age, children begin to speak in single words. This one-word stage evolves into two-word (telegraphic) utterances before their second birthday, after which they begin speaking in full sentences.
what are two mood stabilizers prescribed to treat bipolar disorder?
Lithium and Depakote
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before people can fulfill their higher- level safety needs and then psychological needs. ( pp. 351 , 470 )
What is mental practice, and how can it help you to prepare for an upcoming event?
Mental practice uses visual imagery to mentally rehearse future behaviors, activating some of the same brain areas used during the actual behaviors. Visualizing the details of the process is more effective than visualizing only your end goal.
8. In the early twentieth century, some psychologists noted that animal consciousness can be inferred from their behavior. In the early twenty-first century, other scientists argued that animal consciousness can be inferred from their brain's .
Neural networks
antidepressant drugs
Often increase the availability of serotonin and norepinephrine, are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD with modest effectiveness. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — SSRIs .) ( p. 561 ) prozac
3. Oscar describes his political beliefs as "strongly liberal," but he is interested in exploring opposing viewpoints. How might he be affected by confirmation bias and belief perseverance?
Oscar will need to guard against conformation bias (searching for support for his own views and ignoring contradictory evidence) as he seeks out opposing viewpoints. Even if Oscar encounters new information that disproves his beliefs, belief perseverance may lead him to cling to these views anyway. It will take more compelling evidence to change his political beliefs than it took to create them.
Skeptics note that dissociative identity disorder (DID) increased dramatically in the late twentieth century; is rarely found outside North America; and may reflect role playing by people vulnerable to therapists' suggestions..
Others view DID as a manifestation of feelings of anxiety, or as a response learned when behaviors are reinforced by anxiety-reduction
What are the structural components of a language?
Phonemes are a language's basic units of sound. Morphemes are the elementary units of meaning. Grammar—the system of rules that enables us to communicate—includes semantics (rules for deriving meaning) and syntax (rules for ordering words into sentences).
psychodynamic therapy
These therapist help clients understand how past relationships create themes that may be acted out in present relationships. -This therapy lacks belief in ID, EGO, and Superego. -This therapy is briefer, less expensive, and ,more focused on helping the client find relief from current symptoms. -therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight. ( p. 538 )
social facilitation
Triplett's claim, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. ( p. 429 )
According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as?
Unconditional positive regard
Walter Cannon
Viewed the stress response system ad fight or flight system.
Linguistic determinism:
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. (p. 379)
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. (p. 379)
Carl Rogers
Writer Calvin Trillin (2006) recalled an example of parental acceptance and genuineness at a camp for children with severe disorders, where his wife, Alice, worked. L., a "magical child," had genetic diseases that meant she had to be tube-fed and could walk only with difficulty.
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. This is an effective, last resort treatment for people with severe depression who have not responded to other therapies. ( p. 563 )
therapeutic alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem. ( p. 555 )
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. ( pp. 470 , 540 )
trait
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports. ( p. 475 )
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. ( p. 324 )
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. ( p. 453 )
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life. (Formerly referred to as mental retardation .) ( p. 331 )
virtual reality exposure therapy
a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. ( p. 541 )
social script
a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. ( pp. 176 , 444 )
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by 4 or more weeks of haunting memories, nightmares, hyper vigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. ( p. 509 )
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted persistent and repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both. ( p. 509 )
bipolar disorder
a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.) ( p. 515 )
Oedipus [ED-uh-puss] complex
according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. ( p. 465 )
unconscious
according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. ( p. 463 )
self-actualization
according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. ( p. 470 )
self-transcendence
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self. ( p. 470 )
general intelligence (g)
according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. ( p. 323 )
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. ( p. 423 )
2. The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n) .
algorithm
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" ( p. 472 )
The ten DSM-% disorders tend to form Three clusters of personality disorders:
anxiety, such as a fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder. eccentric or odd behaviors, such as actions prompted by the magical thinking of schizotypal personality disorder. dramatic or impulsive behaviors, such as the unstable, attention-getting borderline personality disorder, the self-focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder, and—what we next discuss as an in-depth example—the callous, and often dangerous, antisocial personality disorder.
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. ( pp. 162,
aversive conditioning
associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). ( p. 543 )
The biopsychosocial perspective
assumes that disordered behavior comes from the interaction of biological characteristics, psychological dynamics, and social-cultural circumstances.
The patient you admitted to the unit has schizophrenia with acute positive symptoms including paranoia. You will give her Thorazine to control the paranoia, and what anti-anxiety medication to reduce anxiety, relax the patient, and help her sleep?
ativan
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer).
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. ( p. 395
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. ( p. 395 )
Which form of treatment associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)?
aversion conditioning
Because Natasha is extremely afraid of rejection, she has always been withdrawn. Her inflexible and enduring behavior patterns have impaired her social functioning, and she would likely be considered to have a(n) _____ personality disorder.
avoidant
two-word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements. (p. 372)
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. (p. 372)
Discrimination is a negative
behavior
counterconditioning
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning . ( p. 540 )
Terrance is a 22-year-old mechanic who suffers from claustrophobia. The most effective way to treat Terrance's problem would involve ________ therapy.
behavioral conditioning
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid. ( p. 540 )
cancer producing substances are known as
carcinogens
_________ ________ is a key negative emotion linked to heart disease
chronic hostility
Therapists' perceptions of the effectiveness of psychotherapy are likely to be misleading because:
clients typically emphasize their problems at the start of therapy and their well-being at the end of therapy.
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
Rebecca suffers from bulimia. At the eating disorders clinic, her therapist believes in utilizing only empirically supported treatments for this type of disorder, such as:
cognitive-behavioral therapy
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking our problems and their causes. ( p. 521 )
the big 5 personality factors (CANOE) - socially positive to socially negative personality traits
conscientiousness - efficient, organized, careful = impulsive, disorganized, careless agreeableness - friendly, compassionate, trusting = antagonist, suspicious, uncooperative neuroticism - neurotic, anxious, insecure = calm, confident, secure openness - curious, imaginative, independent = close minded, practical, conforming extraversion - outgoing, fun, loving, energetic = solitary, somber, reserved
Broca's area
controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. (p. 376)
Wernicke's area
controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. (p. 376)
dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. ( p. 527 )
Psychotherapy is _____________ when compared with the cost of medical care that people with psychologically related complaints otherwise seek and the social cost of untreated psychological problems.
cost effective
One important goal of the therapist in client-centered therapy is to
create conditions that allow the client to direct the focus of therapy
students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at
creative problem solving
STUDYING STRESS Most people experience stress when giving a public speech. To study stress, researchers re-create this type of situation. At the end, they ____________and reassure each participant.
debrief
By examining the actual consequences associated with anxiety-provoking situations, cognitive therapy patients usually find that the consequences are not as bad as they had imagined. This most directly helps to:
decatastrophize thinking.
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age ( ma ) to chronological age ( ca ) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. ( p. 329 )
standardization
defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. ( p. 329 )
Which medication was originally used to treat epilepsy and has now been found to also be effective in the control of manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder?
depakote
_____ is often a response to past and current loss.
depression
client-centered therapy
developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth( unconditional positive regard) (Also called person-centered therapy .) ( p. 539 )
Fernando was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his coworkers. When Fernando gets home from his job he yells at his oldest son for not having dinner ready. His son and yells at the younger children for leaving their toys all over the house. This ripple effect best illustrates a defense mechanism known as?
displacement
Antipsychotic drugs are to __________ as a cork is to a bottle.
dopamine receptors
The double-blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of _____ therapies
drug therapies
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia; some block dopamine activity. other forms of severe thought disorder. ( p. 560 ) effects - tardive dyskinesia- involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs) or increased rick of obesity and diabetes. and
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. (p. 372
intuition
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. (pp. 20, 359)
active listening
empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. ( p. 539 )
Albert Bandura first proposed the social cognitive perspective
emphasizes the interactions of our traits with our situations.
secure self esteem
enables us to feel accepted for who we are
after being told her parents were in a serious automobile accident, Denise is likely to experience an outpouring of?
epinephrine
What causes social loafing? When people act as part of a group, they may
feel less accountable and therefore worry less about what others think. view individual contributions as dispensable (Harkins & Szymanski, 1989; Kerr & Bruun, 1983). overestimate their own contributions, downplaying others' efforts (Schroeder et al., 2016). free ride on others' efforts. Unless highly motivated and strongly identified with the group, people may slack off (as you perhaps have observed on group assignments), especially when they share equally in the benefits, regardless of how much they contribute.
An individual's major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by:
feelings of personal worthlessness
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. ( p. 418 )
faith factor
finding that religiously active people tend to live longer than those who are not religiously active.
Solomon Asch
found that we are most likely to adjust our behavior or thinking coincide with a group standard when we feel incompetent or insecure, our group has at least three people, everyone else agrees, we admire the groups status or attractiveness, we have not already committed to another response, when we know we are being observed, and our culture encourages respect for social standards.
6. When consumers respond more positively to ground beef described as "75 percent lean" than to the same product labeled "25 percent fat," they have been influenced by .
framing
During a therapy session, Brenda focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering her. The therapist tells Brenda to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Brenda's therapist is using a technique known as:
free association
Maria is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Maria has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Maria suffers from a(n
generalized anxiety disorder
_____ therapy refers to therapy that is provided by one therapist working with several people simultaneously.
group
Carl Dweck's research supports the idea of teaching young teens that the brain is like a muscle; it grows stronger with use as neuron connections grow. praising children's effort rather than their ability encourages _____, which causes them to attribute success to hard work a
growth mindset
The biological perspective considers genetic predispositions for
high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter production; abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits; and the role that fears of life-threatening dangers played in natural selection and evolution
Freud believed that personality results from conflict arising from the interaction among the mind's three systems:
id pleasure seeking impulses ego reality- oriented executive superego internalized set of ideals, or conscience
creativity
imaginative thinking, outside the box, divergent thinkers that search for multiple solutions
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). (p. 376)
self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions. ( p. 486 )
free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. ( p. 463 )
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. ( p. 537 )
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. ( p. 537 )
transference
in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). ( p. 537 )
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. ( pp. 289 , 465 )
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. ( p. 465 )
catharsis
in psychology idea that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. ( p. 393 ) - may be temporarily calming, but does not reduce anger, expressing anger can make us angrier.
vulnerability-stress model
in which individual characteristics and environmental stressors combine to increase or decrease the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder, a model supported by epigenetics research
Two personality Dimensions
introverted/ extraverted &stable/ unstable
defensive self esteem
is fragile, focuses on sustaining itself and views failure or criticism as a threat.
linguistic relativism
language influences thought
The similarity between intelligence scores of fraternal twins raised together is
less than that between identical twins raised apart
Which of the following is an effective treatment for a seasonal pattern for major depressive disorder?
light therapy
Benjamin Lee Whorf's controversial hypothesis, called ______________ ______________, suggested that we cannot think about things unless we have words for those concepts or ideas.
linguistic determinism
Inserting a medical instrument through each eye socket was part of a procedure known as
lobotomy
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. ( p. 456 )
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. (p. 366)
One possible explanation for the delayed effect of antidepressant drugs is that the increased availability of serotonin seems to promote
neurogenisis
Statistical summaries of psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that:
no single form of therapy proves consistently superior to the others.
behavior therapy
not insight therapies, instead assume that problem behaviors are the problem. Their goal is to apply learning principals to modify these problem behaviors. Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. ( p. 540 )
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. ( p. 418 )
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. ( p. 418 )
The biological perspective on depressive disorders and bipolar disorder focuses
on genetic predispositions, abnormalities in brain structures and function (including those found in neurotransmitter systems), and nutritional (and drug) effects.
Stanley Milgram experiments
on obedience at Yale , obeyed orders even when they thought they were harming another person; demonstrated that strong social influences can make ordinary people conform to faslehoods or to cruelty.
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth. ( p. 486 )
self-efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness. ( p. 486 )
Of all the identical twins whose co-twin develops schizophrenia, about ________ do not themselves develop schizophrenia.
one-half
acute schizophrenia (or reactive schizophrenia )
onset is sudden in reaction to stress, and prospects for recovery are brighter. a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event, and from which recovery is much more likely. ( p. 524 )
In a residential treatment facility for troubled youth, young teens receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The teens can return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or to watch TV. This best illustrates an application of:
operant conditioning
Studies of people with an _______ _________ show that their immune system is stronger, their blood pressure doesn't increase as sharply in responses to stress, recovery from bypass surgery is quicker, life expectancy is longer, compared to their pessimistic counterparts.
optimistic outlook
Gardner's Multiple intelligences
our abilities are best classified into eight or nine independent intelligences (musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, naturalist, linguistic, logical-mathematical) which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts.- intelligence is more than just verbal and mathematical skills. other abilities are equally important to out human adaptability.
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood. ( p. 333 )
aerobic exercise
sustained oxygen consuming activity that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety. ( p. 401 ) - can increase arousal, leads to muscle relaxation and sounder sleep, triggers production of neurotransmitters, and enhances self- image. - relieve depression in later life and associated with better cognitive functioning and longer life.
grammar
system of rules that enables us to speak to and understand others
Dialect Behavioral therapy (DBT)
teaches clients cognitive tactics for tolerating distress and regulating emotions, and trains them in social skills and mindfulness and meditation.
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. ( p. 497 ) contains diagnostic labels and descriptions that provide a common language and shared concepts for communication and research.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
the WAIS and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests; they contain verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. ( p. 329 )
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards. - varies over time - requires attention and energy, but predicts good health, higher incomes, happier lives and better school performance (it does better than an intelligence test score at predicting future academic and life success).
intelligence
the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
self-disclosure
the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others. ( p. 453 )
In all of Milgram's obedience experiments participants were deceived about
the amount of shock the victim actually received
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. ( p. 391 ) - has been linked with reactive, anger prone TYPE A personality. TYPE B is more relaxed and easy going, less likely to experience heart disease.
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital . ( p. 495 )
companionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. ( p. 451 )
According to Freud anxiety was the product of tensions between the demands of the ID and superego
the ego copes by using unconscious defense mechanisms, such as repression, which he viewed as the basic mechanism underlying and enabling all the others.
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. ( pp. 8, 421 )
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. ( p. 431 )
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also predictive validity.) ( p. 331 )
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting. ( p. 331 )
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. ( p. 482 )
social cognitive theorist
these researchers apply principals of learning, cognition, and social behavior to personality. they build on concepts of learning and cognition, sensitizing researchers to the ways situations affect and are affected by individuals. ( have been faulted for under emphasizing the importance of unconscious motives, emotions and biologically influenced traits ).
Which drug sometimes helps people with positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
thorazine
______________ see personality as a stable enduring pattern of behavior. They have been more interested in trying to describe our differences than in explaining them. Using factor analysis, they identify clusters of behaviors that occur together. Genetic predispositions influence many traits
trait theorist
According to Gordon Alport personality should be described in terms of
traits
At his latest therapy session, James became agitated with his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A traditional psychoanalytic therapist might have suggested that this illustrates:
transference
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. ( p. 537 )
biomedical therapy
treats psychological disorders with prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology. ( p. 537 )
How do genes influence schizophrenia?
twin and adoption studies indicate that the predisposition to schizophrenia is inherited. Multiple genes interact to produce schizophrenia. No environmental causes invariably produce schizophrenia, but environmental events (such as prenatal viruses or maternal stress) may "turn on" genes in those who are predisposed to this disorder.
tend-and-befriend response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). ( p. 389 )
norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. ( p. 421 )
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Shirley Mason
was a psychiatric patient diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. Her life formed the basis of the bestselling book, Sybil (Schreiber, 1973), and of two movies.
personality stability
with age personality traits become more stable
Depression is a serious, common psychological problem that affects many people. Although questions remain concerning the cause(s) of depression, we do know that:
women are nearly twice as likely to suffer from major depression than are men.
