Chapter 9

Which of the following is not an example of an exogenous source of infection? -normal microbiota -other humans -contaminated food -animals

normal microbiota

___________ studies do not involve treating or intervening in a disease, with the purpose of measuring risk for developing the disease

observational

___________ pathogens require a weakened host to cause disease

opportunistic

A widespread disease outbreak that has spread to numerous countries is known as a(n) ____________

pandemic

If a patient stops taking an antibiotic too soon during the __________, a relapse may occur

period of decline

Development of chlamydia after sexual contact is an example of ____________ transmission

person-to-person direct

Mortality is defined as:

the number of deaths from a particular disease in a population during a specific time period

All of the following are considered emerging diseases except: -the plague -zika -ebola -AIDS

the plague

Which of the following is not an example of a biological vector? -transmission of the plague by fleas -transmission of malaria by mosquitoes -tranmission of Lyme disease by ticks -transmission of feces to food by flies

transmission of feces to food by flies

All of the following are examples of endogenous infections except: -a surgical incision infection developed postoperatively -transmission of the Epstein-Barr virus through kissing -a UTI resulting from catheterization -development of a vaginal yeast infection after a course of antibiotics

transmission of the Epstein-Barr virus though kissing

Hospital epidemiology involves all of the following except: -control of healthcare-acquired infections -surveillance of healthcare-acquired infections -treatment of healthcare-acquired infections -prevention of healthcare-acquired infections

treatment of healthcare-acquired infections

All of the following are roles of public health education except: -treatment of individual diseases -investigation of disease outbreaks -prevention of disease in a population -diagnosis of disease in a population

treatment of individual diseases

___________ pathogens are always capable of causing disease in a host, regardless of their health status

true

Which of the following is not an etiological agent? -parasite -fungus -vector -virus

vector

Reducing the amount of standing water in your yard to decrease the number of mosquito breeding areas is a type of ___________, which breaks the epidemiological triangle

vector control

An infant contracting HIV through the breast milk of an infected mother is an example of ____________

vertical transmission

Which of the following categories of pathogens is mismatched with its example? -bacteria: typhus -helminths: schistosomiasis -viruses: mad cow disease -protozoans: malaria

viruses: mad cow disease

During the 2017-2018 school year, there were 37 cases of measles at an elementary school with a population of 600 students. There were 150 students who had not received the measles vaccine. What is the incidence rate of measles at the elementary school?

24.7%

Put the steps of Koch's postulates in the correct order: 1. the organism must be isolated from the diseased host and grown as a pure culture. 2. the organism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased animal. 3. the organism must be present in every case of the disease. 4. the isolated organism should cause the disease in question when it is introduced into a susceptible host

3, 1, 4, 2

Put the five stages of infectious disease in the correct order: 1. acute phase. 2. convalescent phase. 3. incubation period. 4. period of decline. 5. prodromal phase

3, 5, 1, 4 ,2

During the 2017-2018 school year, there were 37 cases of measles at an elementary school with a population of 600 students. There were 150 students who had not received the measles vaccine. What is the prevalence rate of measles at the elementary school?

6.2%

Wound infection are caused by all of the following except: -vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) -candida -aspergillus -methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Aspergillus

According to the most recent statistics, ___________ infections are the most common healthcare-acquired infections

C. diff

Which of the following limitations of Koch's postulates is incorrectly matched? -Koch's first postulate : ebola -Koch's third postulate : attenuated pathogens -Koch's second postulate : obligate inracellular parasites -Koch's fourth postulate : HIV

Koch's first postulate : ebola

The __________ is an example of a gross breach of ethics in epidemiology

Tuskegee study

A patient experiencing rapid onset of symptoms and progression of disease is likely experiencing a(n) ___________ infection

acute

In some cases, a subclinical case of disease can develop, in which the prodromal phase or __________ is unnoticed

acute phase

Tuberculosis is passes from person to person through __________ transmission

airborne

In epidemiological terms, a population is defined as________________

all of the people in a defined group

All of the following are factors that contribute to emerging infectious diseases except: -climate change -antibiotic resistance -deforestation -widespread global travel

antibiotic resistance

Mortality rate is a common measure of _____________

association

An individual who is able to spread infections disease without experiencing symptoms themselves for a long period of time is a ____________

asymptomatic carrier

There has been a drop in vaccinations and an increase in measles due to parents fearing an unfounded link between vaccines and __________

autism

Extensive antibiotic use and a population of susceptible hosts allow the emergence of:

drug-resistant pathogens

Lyme disease is transmitted via a(n) ____________

biological vector

zoonotic pathogens primarily cause ___________ diseases

non-communicable

___________ make important connections between clinical medicine and epidemiology and may reveal the cause of a disease

case reports

A patient experiencing disease that has a slow onset and progression is likely experiencing a(n) ___________ infection

chronic

If a patient is asymptomatic for long periods of time but has symptoms reemerge, they are in a ____________ state

chronic carrier

The common cold is a good example of a __________ disease

communicable

A chronic carrier state may develop during the ___________, when certain pathogens infect and become dormant or latent

convalescent period

A patient is usually recovering from infectious disease during the _____________

convalescent phase

Researchers attempting to find the link between fluoridated water and tooth decay are engaged in _____________ studies

correlation

Surveys are often used to determine prevalence of disease in ____________ studies

cross-sectional

Newly identified pathogens often cause _________ diseases

emerging

Getting a tetanus shot after cutting yourself while gardening is necessary because Clostridium tetani is transmitted through a(n) source

environmental

A(n) _____________ disease is widespread in a particular region during a specific time frame

epidemic

All of the following are reasons why epidemiological measures are useful except: -epidemiological measures help us understand what risk factors are associated with disease -epidemiological measures provide information on the impact and risk factors of an infectious disease -epidemiological measures provide information on what drugs are most effective for treating diseases -epidemiological measures provide insight as to where public health campaigns or prevention efforts might be needed most

epidemiological measures provide information on what drugs are most effective for treating disease

Researchers attempting to determine the effect of a treatment for disease are engaged in _________ studies

experimental

Which of the following is not an example of a descriptive epidemiological study design? -case reports -experimental studies -correlation studies -cross-sectional studies

experimental studies

Which of the following does not describe a host factor in the epidemiological triangle? -food source -ethnicity -general health -gender

food source

The incidence rate and prevalence rate are epidemiological measures of _____________

frequency

Early hospital epidemiology studies conducted by Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of ____________

handwashing

The most important factor for healthcare-associated infection prevention is ___________

handwashing

____________ is the only protection available for those who are unable to receive immunizations

herd immunity

Which of the following does not contribute to the difficulties with disease eradication? -must be an infectious disease unique to humans -need for strong political and social support -investment of money, time, and resources -human lives and money saved

human lives and money saved

Infections with microbes such as HIV have a long ___________, which makes it difficult to track and monitor infections in a population

incubation period

Quarantine can prevent the spread of disease by isolating individuals during the __________

incubation period

Healthcare-acquired infections (HAIs) may occur at all of the following except: -infections acquired from home-health nursing -infections acquired in the hospital -infections acquired through interpersonal contact -infections acquired in an outpatient care facility

infections acquired through interpersonal contact

Koch's postulates primarily relate to _____________

infectious disease

All of the following describe the purpose and goals of epidemiology except: -it is the study of the stages of disease and treatment of disease in an individual -it is the study of both infectious and noninfectious causes of diseases in populations -it is the study of the nature, cause, and extent of new or existing diseases in a population -it is the study of interventions to protect and improve health in populations

it is the study of the stages of disease and treatment of disease in an individual

All of the following is an environmental factor in the epidemiological triangle except: -climate -water source -lifestyle -location

lifestyle

All of the following diseases are considered quarantinable except: -influenza -measles -diphtheria -tuberculosis

measles

Each of the following diseases has either been eradicated or is close to being eradicated except: -guinea worm -measles -smallpox -polio

measles

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are caused by all of the following except: -methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -Pseudomonas aeruginosa -E. coli -vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Which of the following is not considered a mechanical vector? -flies -mice -cockroaches -mosquitoes

mosquitoes

Each of the following categories of pathogen is cellular except: -bacteria -helminths -prions -fungi

prions

All of the following work with the CDC's National Notifiable Disease Surveillance Systems (NDDS) in reporting infectious and noninfectious diseases except: -private healthcare providers -laboratories -private home-care nurses -local hospitals

private home-care nurses

Early symptoms develop during the ____________ of infectious disease

prodromal phase

The report "80 out of 100 women with gonorrhea do not have symptoms" is an example of a _____________ or epidemiological measure

proportion

Helping people understand their role in preventing disease breaks the epidemiological triangle through ___________

public education

Animals entering Australia must undergo _________ to prevent the potential spread of rabies to the continent

quarantine

The __________ indicated the occurrence of a disease event over time

rate

The occurrence of a disease event as compared to another group is the:

ratio

Tuberculosis is an example of a(n) ___________ disease

reemerging

___________ diseases are those that the CDC and local authorities have an interest in monitoring

reportable

The animate or inanimate habitat where an infectious agent is usually found in the ____________

reservoir

An infectious agents is disseminated to new hosts by the __________

source

Cases of Ebola are considered to be ___________

sporadic

All of the following are practices that reduce healthcare-acquired infections except: -proper aseptic technique -dedicating equipment for a single patient use -substituting gloves for handwashing -utilizing airflow-controlled rooms

substituting gloves for handwashing

All of the following are examples of reemerging infectious diseases except: -the plague -pertussis -swine flu -tuberculosis

swine flu

Overall, consideration of research-based evidence and benefits to __________ should be considered when determining the ethics of diseases eradicatoin

the common good

If a healthcare provider diagnosis a reportable disease, they must first report it to _____________

the local authorities, depending on local rules

Morbidity is defined as:

the number of cases of disease in a population

Which of the following is not a question answered by analytical epidemiology study design? -how can the disease be prevented or treated? -what caused the disease? -who is infected with the disease? -why did people get infected with the disease?

who is infected with the disease?

Descriptive epidemiology asks all of the following questions except: -when did cases of infection occur? -who is infected with the disease? -where did the case of infection occur? -why did the disease occur?

why did the disease occur?

Which of the following does not contribute to reemerging infectious diseases? -widespread global travel -antibiotic resistance -reduction in vaccination rates -immune-suppressed individuals

widespread global travel