Chapter 9/10
Extensibility
A muscle can stretch beyond its normal resting length and still contract.
threshold
A muscle fiber will respond to a stimulus when that stimulus reaches the _____ level.
Elasticity
A muscle recoils to its original resting length after having been stretched.
Excitability
A muscle responds to a stimulus.
contractility
A muscle shortens forcefully.
lactic acidosis
A waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells is _____, which can then be used to make ATP through aerobic respiration pathways.
oxygen deficit; excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
During exercise, an individual experiences _____ due to aerobic respiration, and after exercise, this oxygen is replenished with _____.
tropomyosin
During muscle contraction, binding sites for myosin are uncovered by the movement of ____
troponin
During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to
depolarization
During the _____ phase, the inside of the cell becomes positively charged.
repolarization
During the ______ phase, the membrane potential returns to its resting value.
the active sites on actin must be blocked
In order for muscle relaxation to occur
the active sites on actin must be blocked
In order for muscle relaxation to occur,
fast-twitch
Respond rapidly to nervous system stimulation
ATP
The actin-myosin bond is broken by the binding of _____ to the myosin head.
resting membrane potential
The charge difference across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated cell is called the
plantar flexion
The lateral leg muscles primarily evert the foot, but they can also aid in ....
isotonic contraction
The length of the muscle changes
Smooth muscle
The most widely distributed muscle type; involuntarily controlled
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
neuromuscular junction
The point where the axon terminal synapses with the muscle fiber sarcolemma is called the
the emotional state of an individual
The type of muscle fatigue known as "psychological fatigue" is the result of
actin; myosin
Thin myofilaments are _____ myofilaments, and thick myofilaments are _____ myofilaments.
calcium ions
Uncovering binding sites for myosin on actin myofilaments involves troponin binding to ______
respiration, production of body heat, constriction of organs and vessels, maintenance of posture, fighting off infections, necessary movements for respiration, speaking, writing, typing, smiling, propulsion of food through the digestive system, beating the heart
What are the functions of the muscular system?
fascicle
What is a bundle of muscle fibers called?
biceps femoris
What muscle of the thigh is on the posterior side
gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor faciae latae
What muscles are performing the medial rotation of the hip
flexed
When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract, the head is
agonist
a muscle that accomplishes a certain movement
extensor indicis
a muscle that extends both the wrist and the index finger is the
antagonist
a muscle that opposes a muscle that accomplishes a certain movement
antagonist
a muscle working in opposition to another muscle
slow-twitch
break down ATP relatively slowly
voltage-gated ion channels
channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called
slow-twitch
contain large amounts of myoglobin
down
contracting of the inferior recuts muscle directs the pupil to look ___
rotate the head toward the left
contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would
sodium ions
depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of
fast-twitch
fatigue quickly
troponin
has a calcium-binding site
slow-twitch
high aerobic capacity
size of muscle fibers
hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the
triceps brachii
if a man exercises by doing push-ups every day, he would strengthen or enlarge which muscle?
synergist
members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement
masseter and medial pterygoid
muscles that elevate the jaw and close the mouth include the
fixator
muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usually more
isometric contraction
no change in the length of the muscle
prime mover
one muscle of a group working together that plays the major role in accomplishing the movement
orbicularis oris
puckers the mouth for kissing
myoblasts
skeletal muscle develops from multinucleated cells called
are under involuntary control
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
sacromere
structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle cell
fascia
surround individual muscles
extensor hallicus longus
the ____ muscle extends the big toe
sternocleidomastoid
the ____ muscle is the prime mover for flexion of the head at the neck
gastrocnemius; soleus
the bulge of calf is caused by the _____ and ______ muscles.
thumb
the extensor pollicis brevis moves the
origin
the fixed end of a muscle
diaphragm
the major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished by the ____
insertion
the mobile end of a muscle
sliding filament model
the model that describes the contraction of the muscle is called the
sartorius
the muscle that is used to cross the legs is the
flex the toes
the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg can plantar flex and invert the foot, and can also ...
positively charged
the outside of the resting plasma membrane is ______ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane.
neuromuscular junctions
the sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called
mastoid process of the temporal bone to the sternum and medial clavicle
the sternocleidomastoid muscle extends from the
isometric contraction
the tension of the muscle increases during the contraction
isotonic contraction
the tension of the muscle remains constant during contraction
infraspinatus
the____ is part of the rotator cuff muscle group.
rapid degradation of acetylcholine
too much acetylcholinesterase causes
external abdominal oblique
which abdominal wall muscle is the most superficial of the oblique muscles?
orbicularis oculi
which muscle of the head wraps around the orbits
pectoralis minor
which muscle will depress the scapula or elevate the ribs
trapezius
which muscles moves the scapula?
vastus lateralis
which of the following is a part of the quadriceps femoris muscle group?
abductor pollicis longus
which of the following is found in the posterior group of forearm muscles?
biceps femoris
which of the following muscles would be considered an antagonist to the rectus femoris
aerobic respiration
yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized
skeletal muscle
Constitutes 40% of the body's weight; voluntarily controlled
cardiac muscle
Found only in the heart; involuntarily controlled
fast-twitch
High glycogen concentration
increase; no change in the number of
Hypertrophy means that there is an _____ in the size of the muscle fibers, and there is usually _____ muscle fibers.
depolarization of the muscle cell membrane
Movement of sodium ions into the muscle cell at the neuromuscular junction causes
myoblasts
Muscle cells originate from
thick myofilament
Myosin is also known as the
