Chapter One Test

Miller v Johnson

(1995) States cannot draw congressional districts in which race is the primary consideration.

Bush v Vera

(1996), Court struck down three Texas congressional districts that had been created to help minorities (two African-American and one Hispanic). Again the court used strict scrutiny and found the districts were not narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest and also found them bizarrely shaped and far from compact

Guinn v. United States

- (1915) an early victory for the NAACP in which the Supreme Court struck down Oklahoma's grandfather clause used to deprive African Americans of the vote - 15th amendment declared the grandfather clauses in the Maryland and Oklahoma constitutions to be repugnant to the Fifteenth Amendment and therefore null and void.

Rosa Parks

- (LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Plessy v. Ferguson

- 1896 "separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws - upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".[1] The decision was handed down by a vote of 7 to 1 with the majority opinion written by Justice Henry Billings Brown and the dissent written by Justice John Marshall Harlan."Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

Red Summer

- A series of 1919 race riots in 25 cities, with several Americans, both black and white, killed and numerous others injured. While they occurred across the country, the worst was in Chicago, where, when one white killed a black who strayed into a "white-only" swimming area, and riots developed between both groups - summer of 1919 brought race riots, began in July when whites invaded a black section of Longview, Texas and burned shops and houses. It was a lash out against the growth of blacks in cities

Classical Liberalism

- A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power. - a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom.

Greenwood Massacre

- In 1921 in the neighborhood of greenwood, Tulsa Oklahoma, a race riot broke out - 200-300 people murdured no police helped and no insurance companies helped out the black communities even though MANY complaints and requests for aid were filed

The Green Book

- In 1936, a black postal worker named Victor Hugo Green published the first edition of The Negro Motorist Green Book - Helped black motorists traveling in America to find restaurants, hotels, etc. that they would be welcome at

Juneteenth

- June 19th, (1865) the date celebrated as the anniversary of Emancipation Day for enslaved people in Texas - Union General Gordon Granger paraded 1,800 federal troops to Galveston, Texas to say that all slaves were free - former slaves and community leaders in Texas bought 10 acres of land and created Emancipation Park in 1872 and Up until 1950s, Emancipation Park was the only public park and swimming pool open to the Black community in Houston

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

- Overrules Plessy v. Ferguson (no stare decisis). Racial segregation violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause ("separate is inherently unequal") - case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement.[1] However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".

Civil Rights act of 1866

- Passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition. - the Act declared that people born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power are entitled to be citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.[7] A similar provision (called the Citizenship Clause) was written a few months later into the proposed Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.The Civil Rights Act of 1866 also said that any citizen has the same right that a white citizen has to make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Additionally, the Act guaranteed to all citizens the "full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and ... like punishment, pains, and penalties..." Persons who denied these rights on account of race or previous enslavement were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.

Dawes Act of 1887

- Sought to "Americanize" Native Americans. - authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

- Struck down state's law banning interracial marriage as violation of the 14th Amendment equal protection clause (Warren Court) - landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage.The case was brought by Mildred Loving, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man, who had been sentenced to a year in prison in Virginia for marrying each other. Their marriage violated the state's anti-miscegenation statute, the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, which prohibited marriage between people classified as "white" and people classified as "colored". The Supreme Court's unanimous decision determined that this prohibition was unconstitutional, overruling Pace v. Alabama (1883) and ending all race-based legal restrictions on marriage in the United States.The decision was followed by an increase in interracial marriages in the U.S., and is remembered annually on Loving Day, June 12.

Elk v Wilkins 1884

- Supreme court case that ruled that indians that did not give up their tribes were not entitled to the 14th and 15th amendment rights of Citizenship. Questioned whether Indians had achieved the degree of 'Civilization' required of American Citizens. - John Elk, a Winnebago Indian born on an Indian reservation and later resided among whites in the non-reservation U.S. territory in Omaha, Nebraska, where he renounced his former tribal allegiance and claimed citizenship by virtue of the Citizenship Clause.[1] The case came about after Elk tried to register to vote on April 5, 1880, and was denied by Charles Wilkins, the named defendant, who was registrar of voters of the Fifth Ward of the City of Omaha.The question then was, whether an Indian, born a member of one of the Indian tribes within the United States, is, merely by reason of his or her birth within the United States, and of his afterward voluntarily separating him or herself from the tribe and taking up residence among white citizens, a citizen of the United States, within the meaning of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution.Under the constitution of the United States, Congress had and exercised the power to regulate commerce with the Indian tribes, and the members thereof, whether within or without the boundaries of one of the states of the Union. The "Indian tribes, being within the territorial limits of the United States, were not, strictly speaking, foreign states"; but "they were alien nations, distinct political communities", with whom the United States dealt with through treaties and acts of Congress.[2] The members of those tribes owed immediate allegiance to their several tribes, and were not part of the people of the United States.[3]Thus, born a member of an Indian tribe, even on American soil, Elk could not meet the allegiance test of the jurisdictional phrase because he "owed immediate allegiance to" his tribe, a vassal or quasi-nation, and not to the United States. The Court held Elk was not "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States at birth. "The evident meaning of these last words is, not merely subject in some respect or degree to the jurisdiction of the United States, but completely subject to their political jurisdiction, and owing them direct and immediate allegiance."[4]The exclusion of Native Americans from citizenship was eventually eliminated by the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. At the time, two-thirds of Native Americans had already achieved citizenship

What is Juneteenth in relation to January 1, 1863 and June 19, 1865?

- The Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, had established that all enslaved people in Confederate states in rebellion against the Union "shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." But in reality, the Emancipation Proclamation didn't instantly free any enslaved people. The proclamation only applied to places under Confederate control and not to slave-holding border states or rebel areas already under Union control. However, as Northern troops advanced into the Confederate South, many enslaved people fled behind Union lines. - Juneteenth (short for "June Nineteenth") marks the day when federal troops arrived in Galveston, Texas in 1865 to take control of the state and ensure that all enslaved people be freed. The troops' arrival came a full two and a half years after the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Juneteenth honors the end to slavery in the United States and is considered the longest-running African American holiday.

Explain Alexis De Tocqueville principle concern about Blacks and democracy in the US

- he Saw slavery and the denial of constitutional rights & protection of blacks as the principal threat to the U.S.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

- law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period - (1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

- limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported. - The Act abolished racial restrictions found in United States immigration and naturalization statutes going back to the Naturalization Act of 1790. The 1952 Act retained a quota system for nationalities and regions. Eventually, the Act established a preference system which determined which ethnic groups were desirable immigrants and placed great importance on labor qualifications.The Act defined three types of immigrants: immigrants with special skills or relatives of U.S. citizens who were exempt from quotas and who were to be admitted without restrictions; average immigrants whose numbers were not supposed to exceed 270,000 per year; and refugees.The Act allowed the government to deport immigrants or naturalized citizens engaged in subversive activities and also allowed the barring of suspected subversives from entering the country. It was used to bar members and former members and "fellow travelers" of the Communist Party from entry into the United States, even those who had not been associated with the party for decades.It expanded the definition of the "United States" for nationality purposes, which already included Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands to add Guam. Persons born in these territories on or after December 24, 1952 acquire U.S. citizenship at birth on the same terms as persons born in other parts of the United States.

Naturalization Act of 1790

- only white immigrants could apply for citizenship - first rules to be followed by the United States in the granting of national citizenship. This law limited naturalization to immigrants who were free white persons of good character. It thus excluded American Indians, indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, and Asians. It also provided for citizenship for the children of U.S. citizens born abroad, but specified that the right of citizenship did "not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States." It specifies that such children "shall be considered as natural born citizens," the only US statute ever to use the term

Dick Rowland

- the African American that was falsely accused after getting in an elevator with Sarah Page - spark for the Black -Greenwood Tulsa, Oklahoma race massacre of 1921

Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice

-- (1808-1860) White actor born into a poor family in New York's Seventh Ward. As a blackface performer, he introduced the "Jim Crow" character -- Rice claimed to have first created the character after witnessing an elderly black man singing a tune called "Jump Jim Crow" in Louisville, Kentucky

The Internal Colonization Framework

-- Colonized people reside in the political and social system of the US. -- this framework emphasizes the political powerlessness, economic dependence, and deculturalization of the minority population in the US

The Moral Dilemma Framework:

-- Gunnar Myrdal, 1944 (Swedish sociologist) - the basic problem in US race and ethnic relations is the contradiction between commitment to a democratic creed and the presence of racial discrimination -- Racial conflict would disappear when whites attitudes change suggesting a strategy of persuasion rather than of confrontation

The Power Relations Framework:

-- Hubert Black, 1967-- race relations in the US are power contests between dominant whites and subordinate minorities -- if power is the product of multiplying "total resources and the degree to which these resources are mobilized, then change will occur when minorities resources are enhanced or more effectively mobilized

Jim Crow of the North

-- Minneapolis Minnesota big on racial covenants - Prospect park all white neighborhood

The Modernization/Developmental Approach

-- Racial and ethnic relations improve greater social economic development occurs

Two-Tiered Pluralist Framework

-- change occurs through individual and collective participation in the existing political regime -- for minorities there is two tiered pluralism-- formal legal equality and actual practice that undercuts equality for most members of minority groups Example: equal pay but whites earn more

Black Utility Heuristic

-- the concept that as long as African Americans' life chances are powerfully shaped by their race, it is efficient for individual African-Americans to use their perceptions of the interest of African-Americans as a group, as a proxy for their own interest -- the concept of linked fate-- the fate of one is linked to the fate of other members of the group-- a set of shared experiences

United States v. Cruikshank

-The right to keep and bear arms exists separately from the Constitution and is not solely based on the Second Amendment, which exists to prevent Congress from infringing the right. Supreme Court ruling of 1876 that overturned the convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre, ruling that the Enforcement Act applied only to violations of black rights by states, not individuals - The case arose during the Reconstruction Era from the 1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election which was hotly disputed, and led to both major political parties certifying their slates of local officers. At Colfax, Louisiana, tensions climaxed in the Colfax massacre, in which 105 black people and 3 white people were killed. A federal judge ruled that the Republican-majority legislature be seated, but the Democrats did not accept this. Growing social tensions erupted on April 13, 1873, when an armed militia of white Democrats attacked black Republican freedmen, who had gathered at the Grant Parish Courthouse in Colfax, Louisiana, to resist an attempt of Democratic takeover of the offices.[2]Federal charges were brought against several members of the white insurgents under the Enforcement Act of 1870, which prohibited two or more people from conspiring to deprive anyone of their constitutional rights. Convictions were appealed to the Supreme Court. Among these charges including hindering the freedmen's First Amendment right to freely assemble and their Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms. In its ruling, the Supreme Court overturned the convictions of the white men, holding that the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies only to state action, not to actions by individual citizens. It said that the plaintiffs had to rely on state courts for protection, although at the time and for decades after these courts never convicted white men for murder of blacks.[3] The Justices ruled that the Second Amendment only restricts the power of the national government in taking away rights and that the right to "keep and bear arms for a lawful purpose" exists apart from the Constitution, not because of it, stating "This is not a right granted by the Constitution. Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence".

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

Shaw v. Hunt

1996, racially gerrymandered districts violate the 14th Amendment. Blacks were over-represented in majority-minority districts.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Pluralism

A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.

Sundown Town

A town that keeps out African Americans (or Mexican Americans or Chinese Americans) by posting signs warning them to leave by sundown, and by other methods such as police intimidation. ANNA, IL stands for " aint no n-word allowed"-- William James was blamed for a white womans death in Cairo and was lynched

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

freedom riders

Activists from the North who road buses through the South to push for desegregation

As of 2015 what is median family income of Asian Americans, White Americans, Black Americans and American Indian/Alaskan Native? In terms of educational attainment, poverty, and home ownership indicate in rank order each of the major racial groups..

Asian American- $89,136 White- $77,072 American Indian and Alaskan Native- $46,734 Black- $45,055

Voting Rights Act of 1965 What states and areas did the legislation apply to? What did the legislation require?

Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which aimed to increase the number of people registered to vote in areas where there was a record of previous discrimination. The legislation outlawed literacy tests and provided for the appointment of Federal examiners (with the power to register qualified citizens to vote) in certain jurisdictions with a history of voting discrimination. In addition, these jurisdictions could not change voting practices or procedures without "preclearance" from either the U.S. Attorney General or the District Court for Washington, DC. This act shifted the power to register voters from state and local officials to the federal government.

Examine Table 2.2. In rank order who are the three largest groups of Latinos/Hispanics?

Cuban- 2,107 Puerto Rican- 5,373 Mexican- 35,759

What is a racial convenant in selling housing and in housing tracts?

During the twentieth century, racially-restrictive deeds were a ubiquitous part of real estate transactions. Covenants were embedded in property deeds all over the country to keep people who were not white from buying or even occupying land

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general) 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river - It resulted in the national government pulling the last federal troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops from South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left, and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control. They already dominated most other state governments in the South. What exactly happened is somewhat contested as the documentation is scanty.Black Republicans felt betrayed as they lost power and were subject to discrimination and harassment to suppress their voting. At the turn of the 20th century, most Blacks were effectively disenfranchised by state legislatures in every southern state

Why is SES so important in a political context?

For racial minority groups, socioeconomic status is a good predictor of political activity of the ability of the group to overcome discrimination

What are "anti miscegenation" laws?

Forbidding Interracial Marriage.

NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund

Founded in 1939 by a group of attorneys dedicated to affirming and expanding the rights of blacks through litigation - behind the Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (thurgood Marshall) - served as a model for Mexican American legal defense and education fund (1968)

Group Cohesion

Group solidarity- has been identified in political science as being strongly associated with increased levels of political participation among racial and ethnic minority groups -- another measure of group cohesion is the degree of closeness an individual feels to other people in the group with respect to ideas and feelings about issues

Tulsa Race Riot (1921)

High levels of racial violence, mostly targeting blacks, marked the WWI Era in the U.S.; more than 250 people died in riots in the North in 1919, and 76 blacks were lynched in the South in 1920. But this worst race riot in U.S. history. More than 300 blacks were killed and over 10,000 left homeless after a white mob, including police and National Guardsmen, burned an all-black section of the city to the ground. The violence erupted after a group of black veterans tried to prevent the lynching of a youth who had accidentally tripped and fallen on a white female elevator operator, causing rumors of rape to sweep the city.

Private Property in early America

If you were a white businessman who owned property, then you could vote.

Chicago Race Riot (1919)

In Chicago a black teenager Eugene Williams swimming in Lake Michigan happened to drift toward a white beach where whites stoned him unconscious and he sank and drowned. Angry blacks gathered in crowds and marched into white neighborhoods to retaliate so the whites formed a even larger crowd and roamed into black neighborhoods. When the riots ended on August 3, 15 whites and 23 blacks had been killed and more than 500 people injured; an additional 1,000 black families had lost their homes when they were torched by rioters.

What are some population projections for Latinos by 2050 and non Hispanic whites by 2050?

Latinos will be around 29% of population by 2060 Non-hispanic whites will be about 43.65% of total population by 2060

1944 Gunnar Myrdal's contradiction about America

Moral Dilemma of the strong commitment to democratic values of the American people contradicted by the racial oppression

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for allegedly whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Smith v. Allwright (1944)

Outlawed White primaries held by the Democratic Party, in violation of the 15th Amendment.

-- Citizens participate in the political process by voting and other means, the political system will produce electoral and policy outcomes favored by the participants -- Pluralism assumes that many centers of power exist and that different groups have access to a variety of power centers -- All groups are players, albeit unequal

Pluralism

Term coined by civil rights activist James Weldon Johnson. He organized peaceful protests against the racial violence which had occurred that summer. The most deaths occurred in the rural area around Elaine, Arkansas, where an estimated 100-240 black people and five white people were killed. Anti-black riots developed from a variety of post World War I social tensions generally related to the demobilization of both black and white members of the United States Armed Forces following World War I; an economic slump; and increased competition in the job and housing markets between ethnic European Americans and African Americans.[4] The time would also be marked by labor unrest, for which certain industrialists used black people as strikebreakers, further garnering the resentmentof white workers.

Red Summer

Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment. State law schools had to admit black students, even if separate law schools for blacks existed

Briefly highlight Wanda Tucker's story about the Slave Trade.

She and her family believes that they are the descendants of the first African American "William" from Angola she then went back to Angola to investigate further. She believes that she is a descendant of "William," whose parents are Anthony and Isabella (one of the first slaves brought to now America) from Angola, which is a place often forgotten about as a place where slaves were taken from, another popular place is Ghana

Platt Amendment

The Platt Amendment, an amendment to a U.S. army appropriations bill, established the terms under which the United States would end its military occupation of Cuba (which had begun in 1898 during the Spanish-American War) and "leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people." While the amendment was named after Senator Orville Platt of Connecticut, it was drafted largely by Secretary of War Elihu Root. The Platt Amendment laid down eight conditions to which the Cuban Government had to agree before the withdrawal of U.S. forces and the transfer of sovereignty would begin. The Platt Amendment's conditions prohibited the Cuban Government from entering into any international treaty that would compromise Cuban independence or allow foreign powers to use the island for military purposes. The United States also reserved the right to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to defend Cuban independence and to maintain "a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty." Other conditions of the Amendment demanded that the Cuban Government implement plans to improve sanitary conditions on the island, relinquish claims on the Isle of Pines (now known as the Isla de la Juventud), and agree to sell or lease territory for coaling and naval stations to the United States. (This clause ultimately led to the perpetual lease by the United States of Guantanamo Bay.) Finally, the amendment required the Cuban Government to conclude a treaty with the United States that would make the Platt amendment legally binding, and the United States pressured the Cubans to incorporate the terms of the Platt Amendment in the Cuban constitution. The rationale behind the Platt Amendment was straightforward. The United States Government had intervened in Cuba in order to safeguard its significant commercial interests on the island in the wake of Spain's inability to preserve law and order. As U.S. military occupation of the island was to end, the United States needed some method of maintaining a permanent presence and order. However, anti-annexationists in Congress had incorporated the Teller Amendment in the 1898 war resolution authorizing President William McKinley to take action against Spain in the Spanish-American War. This Teller Amendment committed the U.S. Government to granting Cuba its independence following the removal of Spanish forces. By directly incorporating the requirements of the Platt Amendment into the Cuban constitution, the McKinley Administration was able to shape Cuban affairs without violating the Teller Amendment.

Who is Aunt Jemima? Why is she in the news?

The woman on the logo for the company that manufactures the pancakes we all know and love. She was based on a racist caricature and although attempts have been made over the years to rectify the image it has finally been decided that the company will remove Aunt Jemima and replace her with a new logo and name.

In rank order what are the top five states with the largest Indian population? What are the top five cities with the largest Indian population?

Top Five States - Alaska 14.6 - New Mexico 9.4 - South Dakota 9.0 - Oklahoma 7.0 - Montana 6.2 Top Five Cities - New York, NY - Phoenix, AZ - Los Angeles, CA - Albuquerque, NM - Anchorage, AK

What are "blood line laws"?

WHO is Black" based on bloodline.LA & NC = one-sixteenth (one great great grandparent)FL, IN, MD, MS, MO, NE, ND, SC, TN= one-eight (one great grandparent)OR= used a one quarter standard (one grandparent)

Rank order by population percentage the major U.S. racial groups (see page 28-29)

White- 61.5 Black- 12.3 Asian American- 5.3 American Indian and Alaskan Native - 0.6

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the U.S. to pay $15 million to Mexico and to pay off the claims of American citizens against Mexico up to $3.25 million. It gave the United States the Rio Grande as a boundary for Texas, and gave the U.S. ownership of California and a large area comprising roughly half of New Mexico, most of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado. Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexico's new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights. Over 90% chose to become U.S. citizens.

United States v. Reese 1876

___United States v. Reese et al., supra, p. 92 U. S. 214, it held that the Fifteenth Amendment has invested the citizens of the United States with a new constitutional right, which is exemption from discrimination in the exercise of the elective franchise on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The right to vote in the States comes from the States; but the right of exemption from the prohibited discrimination comes from the United States. The first has not been granted or secured by the Constitution of the United States, but the last has been. This was the Supreme Court's first voting rights case under the Fifteenth Amendment and the Enforcement Act of 1870. A Kentucky electoral official had refused to register an African‐American's vote in a municipal election and was indicted under two sections of the 1870 act: section 2 required that administrative preliminaries to elections be conducted without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude; section 3 forbade wrongful refusal to register votes where a prerequisite step "required as foresaid" had been omitted.The Court held that the Fifteenth Amendment did not confer the right of suffrage, but it prohibited exclusion from voting on racial grounds. The justices invalidated the operative section 3 of the Enforcement Act since it did not repeat the amendment's words about race, color, and servitude. They ruled that the section exceeded the scope of the Fifteenth Amendment.

Define SES (socioeconomic status)—see page 28.

a measure used in the social sciences that gauges the social and economic condition of a particular group or individual. Some of the indicators include educational attainment, income, unemployment rate, and poverty.

1917 Asiatic Barred Zone (Immigration Act of 1917)

aimed to restrict immigration by imposing literacy tests on immigrants, creating new categories of inadmissible persons, and barring immigration from the Asia-Pacific zone

Three-Fifths Compromise

compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. The debate was over whether, and if so, how, slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes.

vote dilution

distributes minority party voters among many districts so their vote will not influence the election outcome in any one district

racial gerrymandering

drawing of legislative boundaries to give electoral advantages to a particular racial group. "Majority-minority" districts include large numbers of racial minorities in order to ensure minority representation in legislatures.

social movements

efforts by disadvantaged groups to empower themselves. Prerequisites to the formation of social movements include an existing structure of social organizations, a leadership pool, the ability to tap outside resources, and skillful planning

Jones Act of 1917

granted Puerto Ricans US citizenship and gave them the right to elect both houses of their legislature, Puerto Rico is now a commonwealth of the US - was an Act of the United States Congress, signed by President Woodrow Wilson on March 2, 1917.[a] The act superseded the Foraker Act and granted U.S. Citizenship to anyone born in Puerto Rico on or after April 25, 1898. It also created the Senate of Puerto Rico, established a bill of rights, and authorized the election of a Resident Commissioner (previously appointed by the President) to a four-year term. The act also exempted Puerto Rican bonds from federal, state, and local taxes regardless of where the bond holder resides

dominated groups

groups that were forcefully integrated into U.S. society

Cherokee Nations v. State of Georgia

he Cherokee Nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the U.S. state of Georgia depriving them of rights within its boundaries, but the Supreme Court did not hear the case on its merits. It ruled that it had no original jurisdiction in the matter, as the Cherokees were a dependent nation, with a relationship to the United States like that of a "ward to its guardian."

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

prohibits employment agencies, employers, and unions from discriminating against applicants and employees on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex.

Jus Soli

the right of anyone born in the territory of a state to nationality or citizenship.[2] As an unconditional basis for citizenship, it is the predominant rule in the Americas, but is rare elsewhere.

Jim Crow

typically refers to repressive laws and customs once used to restrict black rights, but the origin of the name itself dates back to before the civil war.

Dredd Scott v. Sanford (1857)

was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that "a negro, whose ancestors were imported into [the U.S.], and sold as slaves", whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States. Dred Scott, an enslaved man of "the negro African race" who had been taken by his owners to free states and territories, attempted to sue for his freedom

Edmund G. Walton

wrote first racial covenant for Minneapolis, was a real estate developer