Chapter Six Vision

bipolar cells

Photoreceptors -> _______ -> ganglion cells -> brain

A) optic flow.

The analysis of complex visual perception as one moves through an environment is referred to as A) optic flow. B) motion parallax. C) motion from form. D) controlled flow. E) form from motion

shorter wavelengths

The faster oscillations -> _________

D) have "red" cones filled with "green" photopigment.

A person who suffers from protanopia would be said to A) have poor visual acuity. B) confuse yellow with blue. C) lack "blue" cones. D) have "red" cones filled with "green" photopigment. E) perceive a blue sky as green in color.

a. neuron

A sensory receptor is a variant of a A) neuron B) axon terminal C) stem cell D) motor neuron E) muscle fiber

receptor potential

A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus

D) purity.

Hue is to wavelength as saturation is to A) brightness. B) intensity. C) concentration. D) purity. E) threshold.

optic radiation

LGN project to the primary visual cortex through _______

C) bipolar

The ________ cell is interposed in the pathway between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells. A) multipolar B) horizontal C) bipolar D) amacrine E) unipolar

B) three photopigments.

The primate retina contains A) two photopigments. B) three photopigments. C) one type of cone and three types of rods. D) only cones. E) only rods

C) ganglion cells

Three distinct sets of layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus first receive input from the A) bipolar cells. B) horizontal cells. C) ganglion cells. D) photoreceptors. E) amacrine cells.

D) have "green" cones filled with "red" photopigment.

) People with the form of color blindness known as deuteranopia A) lack "red" cones. B) have poor visual acuity. C) have "red" cones filled with "green" photopigment. D) have "green" cones filled with "red" photopigment. E) have color pigments within their rods.

D) pupil.

) The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the size of the A) conjunctiva. B) lens. C) sclera. D) pupil. E) optic orbits.

D) 120 million; 6 million

) The human retina contains about ________ rods and about ________ cones. A) 60 million; 3 million B) 9 million; 120 million C) 32 million; 320 million D) 120 million; 6 million E) 160 million; 3 million Answer: D

C) degrades into an opsin and a retinal.

) When a photopigment is exposed to light, the pigment A) turns a rosy pink. B) is released from the axon terminal. C) degrades into an opsin and a retinal. D) joins an opsin with a retinal. E) undergoes a change in electrical charge

B) brightness.

15) Purity is to wavelength saturation as intensity is to A) hue. B) brightness. C) fuzziness. D) apparent hue. E) .spatial frequency.

D) 380; 760

A human can detect wavelengths of light that are between ________ and ________ nm. A) 100; 200 B) 100; 380 C) 200; 380 D) 380; 760 E) 760; 980

C) detect light under low levels of illumination.

A key function of rod photoreceptors is to A) detect colors. B) detect fine details in the visual field. C) detect light under low levels of illumination D) detect light under high levels of illumination. E) detect the texture of the visual scene.

D) white.

A normal human exposed to a light stimulus that contains an equal number of all wavelengths will report a perception of A) purple. B) a rainbow of colors. C) black. D) white. E) a fuzzy set of alternating black and white bars.

B) impair movements of an eye.

A tear in the muscles that connect the orbits with the sclera would be expected to A) reduce the diameter of the pupil. B) impair movements of an eye. C) change the rate of eye blinking. D) impair the ability of a person to blink to an air puff. E) dilate the pupil.

B) light must pass through the circuitry in order to stimulate the photoreceptors.

A unique feature of the retinal circuitry is that A) rods send signals through cones which then activate the ganglion cells. B) light must pass through the circuitry in order to stimulate the photoreceptors. C) the rods are packed together at the center of the retina. D) there are more cones than rods in the retina. E) photoreceptors do not influence the activity of surrounding nerve cells.

C) faces.

Damage limited to the fusiform region of the right hemisphere would be expected to impair the recognition of A) movement of objects through space. B) fruits and vegetables. C) faces. D) object location. E) color.

D) color vision

Imagine that a scientist has discovered a nerve toxin that selectively destroys the columns of neurons that lie within the blob regions of striate cortex modules. Which of the following would you expect to be most profoundly impaired by this toxin? A) movement sensitivity B) orientation sensitivity C) depth perception D) color vision E) texture perception

B) parietal association cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space

In thinking of the pathways taken by visual information within the association cortex, the dorsal stream projects to the ________ and is involved in ________. A) temporal association cortex; object form B) parietal association cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space C) primary motor cortex; object texture D) parietal association cortex; the analysis of object identity E) inferior temporal cortex; the analysis of where an object is located in space

E) parvocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions

Information from the red and green ganglion cells is transmitted through the ________ layers of the LGN to the ________ of the striate cortex. A) magnocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions B) parvocellular; inter-blob regions C) magnocellular; inter-blob regions D) koniocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions E) parvocellular; cytochrome oxidase blob regions

C) color.

Most neurons between the blob regions of a striate cortex module are sensitive to all of the following EXCEPT A) retinal disparity. B) orientation. C) color. D) spatial frequency. E) movement.

B) specific 3D objects.

Neurons of the inferior temporal cortex respond best to A) moving spots. B) specific 3D objects. C) lines. D) coarse textures. E) sine wave gratings.

A) lamellae membranes of the outer segments.

Photopigments are located within the A) lamellae membranes of the outer segments. B) inner membrane of bipolar cells. C) ganglion cells. D) amacrine cells. E) lamellae membranes of the inner segments.

B) an opsin and a retinal.

Photopigments are molecules that consist of A) two peptides and a sugar molecule. B) an opsin and a retinal. C) a steroid ring. D) two fatty acid chains. E) a carbon ring and a phenyl ring.

B) the inability to recognize a particular face.

Prosopagnosia is A) an inability to distinguish colors. B) the inability to recognize a particular face. C) usually accompanied by achromatopsia. D) a difficulty in recognizing objects by texture cues. E) a problem in linking remote memories with new memories.

B) acuity in the dark is to acuity in the day.

Rods are to cones as A) color vision is to night vision. B) acuity in the dark is to acuity in the day. C) excellent acuity is to poor acuity. D) fovea is to periphery. E) brightness is to purity.

A) retina - > dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) -> striate cortex

Select the correct sequence for processing of information in the primary visual pathway. A) retina - > dorsal lateral geniculate (DLG) -> striate cortex B) retina -> striate cortex -> extrastriate cortex -> inferior temporal cortex C) retina -> DLG -> inferior temporal cortex -> amygdala D) DLG -> retina -> striate cortex -> primary visual cortex E) DLG-> frontal cortex -> amygdala -> extrastriate cortex Answer: A

A. detection of physical stimuli

Sensory receptors are specialized for the A) detection of physical stimuli. B) induction of movement of a limb. C) detection of specific chemicals released from other neurons. D) detection of internal—but not external—stimuli. E) All of the above are correct

D) retino-hypothalamic

The ________ pathways are important for the synchronization of locomotor activity to the light-dark cycle in rats. A) retino-geniculate-cortical B) retino-spinal C) retino-pretectal D) retino-hypothalamic E) retino-cerebellar pathway

A. orbits

The bony cavities of the skull that contain the eyes are the A) orbits. B) optic disks. C) optic sinuses. D) conjunctivae. E) optic ossicles.

B) blob.

The central region of a module of the primary visual cortex that is revealed by a stain for the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase is termed a(n) A) extra-blob region. B) blob. C) ganglion cell. D) simple cell. E) complex unit.

C) focus light onto the retina.

The function of the lens is to A) control the amount of light that enters the eye. B) control eye movements as one tracks a moving object. C) focus light onto the retina. D) invert the visual image on the retina. E) amplify the intensity of light that is passed through the vitreous humor.

A) control the amount of light that enters the eye.

The function of the pupil is to A) control the amount of light that enters the eye B) control eye movements as one tracks a moving object. C) focus light onto the retina. D) invert the visual image on the retina. E) amplify the intensity of light that is passed through the vitreous humor.

B) sclera.

The human eye is composed of a number of layers of tissue. The outermost layer is the A) cornea. B) sclera. C) lens. D) retina. E) vitreous humor.

A) brightness.

The intensity of a light stimulus corresponds to A) brightness. B) saturation. C) hue. D) color. E) threshold.

magnocellular layers

The layers of the lateral geniculate nuclei that are composed of neurons with large cell bodies; the bottom two layers (also called M layers)

C) conjunctiva.

The membrane that lines the eyelids and attaches to the eye around the cornea is called the A) sclera. B) vitreous humor. C) conjunctiva. D) cornea. E) iris.

E) the extrastriate cortex.

The modules of primary visual cortex project their information mostly to A) the amygdala. B) the frontal cortex. C) the auditory association cortex. D) the primary motor cortex. E) the extrastriate cortex.

D) where axons leave the eye and join the optic nerve.

The optic disk is the location on the retina A) where the cones are most densely packed. B) where the rods are most densely packed. C) that has the best visual acuity. D) where axons leave the eye and join the optic nerve. E) at which neural signals begin to diverge laterally.

A) ganglion

The optic nerve is formed by axons that arise from the ________ retinal cells. A) ganglion B) photoreceptor C) horizontal D) amacrine E) bipolar

D) stereopsis.

The perception of depth cue that is provided by input from both eyes is termed A) atmospheric haze. B) relative retinal size. C) perspective. D) stereopsis. E) color vision

C) hue

The perceptual color attribute of ________ corresponds to that of light wavelength. A) saturation B) brightness C) hue D) intensity E) contrast

E) changes in the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.

The process of accommodation involves A) the hardening of the lens as one ages. B) the contraction of the ciliary muscles to constrict the pupil. C) the contraction of the ciliary muscles to dilate the pupil. D) the lens becoming smaller as one ages. E) changes in the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.

E) there are no photoreceptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye.

The reason for a "blind spot" in the visual field is that A) rods are less sensitive to light than are cones. B) blood vessels collect together and enter the eye at the blind spot. C) the lens cannot focus all of the visual field onto the retina. D) retinal cells die with age and overuse, resulting in blind spots. E) there are no photoreceptors in the retina where the axons exit the eye.

longer wavelength

The slower oscillation -> ________

E) wavelength; hue

Variation in the ________ of a light will result in variation in the perception of ________. A) wavelength; saturation B) saturation; brightness C) wavelength; brightness D) intensity; purity E) wavelength; hue

accommodation

changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, accomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

protanopia

confuse red and green

deuteranopia

confuse red and green but with opposite etiology

horizontal cells

connect photoreceptors and bipolar cells

Amacrine cells

connects ganglion cells and bipolar cells

cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs

contains wavelengths sensitive neuron in the primary visual cortex

extraocular muscles

control eye movement

movement

detected by complex cells

Sclera

tough, white outer coat of the eyeball

koniocellular sublayer

ventral to the above

380 - 750nm

what is the range that eyes can detect. the presence of light?

Ventral

forms beginning with the striate cortex ending wit the inferior temporal cortex

Brightness

intensity of light

bipolar cells

located in the middle layer of the retina that conveys information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

optic disks

location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve; responsible for the blind spot

calcarine fissure

most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks

conjunctiva

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball

Iris

muscle that regulate the amount of light let through the pupil

ganglion cells

neuron located in the retina that recieves visual info from bipolar cells; axons give rise to the optic nerve

parvocellular layers of LGN

outer fours layer

Renal disparity

point on an objects are located at different distances from the observer will fall on different locations on the two retinas

saturation

purity of color

rods

sensitive to light of low intensity (more numerous)

cones

sensitive to three different wavelength and encodes color visions acuity

lens

situated immediately behind the iris focuses light and images

dorsal

spatial location beginning with the striate cortex ending with the posterior parietal cortex

sensory receptors

specializes neuron that detects a particular of physical events

hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

pursuit movement

the movement that the eyes make to maintain an image of a moving object on the fovea

receptive field

the place in which a visual stimulus must be located to produce a response in a particular neuron

sensory transduction

the process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials

saccadic movement

the rapid, jerky movement of the eyes used in scanning a visual scene

cornea

the transparent outer layer of the eyes that allow light in

orbits

bony pockets

A) color vision.

Cells located within the cytochrome oxidase blobs of striate cortex play a key role in A) color vision. B) pattern discrimination . C) line orientation. D) analyzing retinal disparity. E) producing depth perception.

A) photoreceptors.

Collectively, the rods and cones are known as A) photoreceptors. B) optotectors. C) the fovea. D) ganglion cells. E) vitreous humor.

A) A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors.

Which of the following is an explanation for the higher acuity of the visual system at the fovea, relative to the periphery of the retina? A) A foveal ganglion cell may receive information from a single photoreceptor, whereas a peripheral ganglion cell may receive information from multiple photoreceptors . B) The fovea contains only rods which are directly connected to the ganglion cells. C) The foveal photoreceptor cells contain more photopigment per cell. D) Peripheral photoreceptors are more likely to be damaged by prolonged light exposure. E) Peripheral photoreceptors require greater activation in order to provoke a visual response.

B) The ganglion cells respond to pairs of primary colors such as red-green or blue-yellow.

Which of the following is true of most color-sensitive ganglion cells? A) The cells are not organized in a center-surround fashion until this information reaches the thalamus. B) The ganglion cells respond to pairs of primary colors such as red-green or blue-yellow . C) These ganglion cells receive information from certain rods in the periphery of the retina. D) These cells also code for the relative brightness of colors. E) Each is tuned to one of the 12 primary colors.

C) ST is comprised of six layers.

Which of the following is true of striate cortex (ST)? A) ST is comprised of four layers. B) ST is located within the temporal lobe. C) ST is comprised of six layers. D) ST is comprised of axons but not cell bodies. E) ST is devoted to analysis of auditory information

C) Receptors convert an external energy into graded changes in receptor membrane potential.

Which of the following is true of the process of sensory transduction? A) Receptors show action potentials to external stimuli. B) The intensity of an external stimulus is related to the firing rate of the receptor. C) Receptors convert an external energy into graded changes in receptor membrane potential. D) Most receptors show an action potential when stimulated with an external stimulus. E) Transduction refers to the speed at which a sensory message travels toward the brain

E) Sensory cell receptor potentials directly control the release of neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is true of the process of sensory transduction? A) Transduction refers to the speed at which a sensory message travels toward the brain. B) An external energy induces changes in muscle fiber contractions. C) The intensity of an external stimulus is related to the firing rate of the receptor. D) Most receptors show an action potential when stimulated with an external stimulus. E) Sensory cell receptor potentials directly control the release of neurotransmitters.

E) The cell bodies of the inner two layers of the LGN are larger than those of the outer four layers.

Which of the following is true of the thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)? A) Each layer of the LGN receives information from both eyes. B) The LGN is comprised of six similar layers. C) The inner four layers of the LGN are termed the parvocellular layers. D) The outer four layers of the LGN are termed the magnocellular layers. E) The cell bodies of the inner two layers of the LGN are larger than those of the outer four

dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

a group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex

retinal

a lipid

opsin

a protein

photopigments

a protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information

tritanopia

a rare form of color-blindness resulting in only seeing hue of green and red

visual association cortex

allow us to perceive objects and entire visual scenes

Orientation

an orientation neuron will become active only when a line of a particular orientation appears in its receptive field