Chapter10/11_SmartBook

When a mutation changes the nucleotide sequence of a gene, it may alter the functioning of the ______ encoded by the gene.

protein

About what percent of the F2 individuals in one of Mendel's monohybrid crosses showed the dominant trait but were not true-breeding?

50

In a typical human gene, about ______ consists of exons that encode a polypeptide, while ______ consists of introns.

5:95

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carrying an amino acid binds to a ribosome at the ______.

A site

Match the correct site on the ribosome to its function.

A site matches Choice, The site where incoming tRNAs with bound amino acids enter the ribosome. The site where incoming tRNAs with bound amino acids enter the ribosome. P site matches Choice, The site where peptide bonds form between the incoming amino acid and the growing peptide chain. The site where peptide bonds form between the incoming amino acid and the growing peptide chain. E site matches Choice, The site where tRNAs are released from the mRNA. The site where tRNAs are released from the mRNA.

If one strand in a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases TTACGCTA, what is the sequence of the other strand?

AATGCGAT

Select all of the following that are true about the genetic code.

Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon. UAA, UAG, and UGA are "stop" codons. AUG can be a "start" codon.

Match the following generations involved in Mendel's experimental design to the correct description.

P generation-true-breeding generation, producing only offspring of the same variety when self-pollination occurstrue-breeding generation, producing only offspring of the same variety when self-pollination occurs F1 generation-generation resulting from a cross of two true-breeding varieties exhibiting alternative traits generation resulting from a cross of two true-breeding varieties exhibiting alternative traits F2 generation- generation resulting from the self-fertilization of the previous generation generation resulting from the self-fertilization of the previous generation

Given the mRNA nucleotide sequence CCCAACAGCGAGGCC, choose the amino acid sequence it would produce.

Proline - Asparagine - Serine - Glutamate - Alanine

What protein is responsible for the production of mRNA during transcription?

RNA polymerase

When making mRNA using DNA, ______.

RNA polymerase pairs up an RNA nucleotide with a DNA nucleotide

The promoter region on the DNA is the site where ______ binds to initiate ______.

RNA polymerase; transcription

Select all the observations of Chargaff's rule.

The amount of G equals the amount of C. The amount of A equals the amount of T.

How does mRNA help protect the information contained in DNA?

The mRNA is made in the nucleus using DNA and then goes out into the cell to serve as an expendable copy.

Select all of the hypotheses that are part of Mendel's model of the hereditary process.

The presence of an allele does not ensure that a trait will be expressed in the individual that carries it. The two alleles that an individual possesses do not affect each other. Each parent contains two copies of the factor governing each trait. Parents transmit factors rather than traits to their offspring.

When a stop codon is encountered during translation of a protein, which of the following occur?

The ribosome complex disassembles. The newly synthesized polypeptide is released.

In translation, a codon is ______.

a group of three nucleotides that determine the amino acid to be added to a polypeptide

In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous offspring show ______.

a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parents

The initiation of translation begins when ______.

a ribosome recognizes the start sequence on mRNA and binds to it

Alternative splicing of the exons of an RNA transcript ______.

allows the production of different mRNAs from the same gene

Activating enzymes match the correct ______.

amino acid to its tRNA

The correct amino acid is joined to its tRNA by ______.

an activating enzyme

One end of tRNA binds an amino acid, while the other contains an anticodon that binds to ______.

an exposed complementary codon on the mRNA

The correct amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide when an anticodon on the tRNA ______.

binds to a matching codon on the mRNA

To begin transcription, RNA polymerase ______.

binds to one strand of the DNA double helix that contains a promoter-site sequence it recognizes

A pairs with T and not C because ______.

both A and T form two hydrogen bonds

During protein synthesis, transfer RNA ______.

brings amino acids to the ribosome

A gamete contains one copy of each ______, which contain alleles of many different genes.

chromosome

What is occurring when a roan horse has both black hairs and white hairs in its coat because both alleles in the heterozygote are being expressed?

codominance

Because both the IA and IB alleles are expressed simultaneously in heterozygotes, these human blood type alleles are

codominate

When both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual, the alleles are said to be ______.

codominate

The triplet of nucleotides in mRNA that determines the amino acid to be added to a polypeptide sequence is called a(n) ______.

codon

RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into mRNA using ______.

complementary base pairing rules

Select all of the following that are true about an anticodon.

complementary to a codon determines which amino acid will attach to a tRNA molecule

Select all of the following that are true about transfer RNA (tRNA).

contains an anticodon on one of its loops has a folded, three-loop structure has an amino acid attachment site at its 3' end

Select all of the following that are types of point mutations.

deletion insertion base substitution

To what structural component of DNA is the red arrow pointing?

deoxyribose sugar

the __________ can affect genes directly, by adding or removing chemical groups to DNA or the proteins involved in packaging DNA into chromosomes in a phenomenon known as epigenetic modification.

environment

The proteins of a ribosome are located on the ______ of a ribosome and function as ______.

exterior; stabilizing scaffolding

True or false: Genes are alternate forms of alleles that may lead to different traits.

false

The site where the parent DNA molecule is "unzipped" is called the replication ______.

fork

What type of mutation involves an insertion or deletion in the DNA coding sequence that throws the reading of the genetic message out of register?

frameshift mutation

In a Punnett square, the possible ______ of the parents are listed at the tops of the columns and at the fronts of the rows. gametes

gametes

Mutations in the germ-line cells, which are cells destined to form _____, may be passed on to future generations.

gametes

What is the same in practically all organisms?

genetic code

To determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype, with what type of individual must it be crossed?

homozygous recessive

Because DNA polymerase can only add new nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand, the lagging strand is synthesized ______.

in short fragments away from the replication fork

A primary transcript of mRNA ______.

includes both exons and introns

What is occurring when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the phenotypes of the parents, such as pink-flowered offspring from a red-flower parent and a white-flowered parent?

incomplete dominance

in gene expression

information in DNA directs the synthesis of a specific polypeptide

Select all of the following that can lead to alterations of the genetic message or reorganization of the genetic message.

insertion base substitution deletion

Sections of a eukaryotic gene that do not encode polypeptides and that are removed during RNA processing are called ______.

introns

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is built away from the replication fork in segments.

lagging

Select all of the characteristics of the garden pea that made it easy for Mendel to study heredity using these plants.

large numbers of offspring are produced cross-fertilization is easy to execute reproductive organs are enclosed within the flowers

What molecule brings the information from the DNA to the ribosomes for translation of the nucleotide sequence into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide?

messenger RNA

What type of RNA conveys the information contained in a DNA sequence to the cytoplasm and directs the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide?

messenger RNA

The subunits of a ribosome ______.

nest together to form a functional unit

What term defines the appearance of an individual?

phenotype

Which of the following are traits Gregor Mendel studied in pea plants? Select all that apply.

plant height flower color seed color pod color

What type of mutation involves the alteration of only one or a few base pairs in the coding sequence?

point

Starting at the ______ located at the beginning of a gene, RNA polymerase synthesizes ______.

promoter; an mRNA transcript of the DNA

The components of ribosomes are ______.

proteins and rRNA

The type of RNA that is a component of ribosomes is ______.

rRNA

What part of a ribosome functions to catalyze the synthesis of proteins during translation?

rRNA

Choose the steps of translation from those given.

rRNA within a ribosome binds to mRNA the ribosome moves along the mRNA amino acids are added to a growing polypeptide chain

Although mutations are ______, they provide the ______ for evolutionary change to occur.

rare; variation

The site of protein synthesis is the ______.

ribosome

Select all of the following that describe genes in eukaryotes.

sections of eukaryotic genes that encode polypeptides

The replication fork is the ______.

site where the DNA molecule becomes unwound for DNA replication

The synthesis of a polypeptide is terminated when a ______.

stop codon is reached on the mRNA

A ribosome functions in the ______.

synthesis of proteins

The three sites on the ribosome that form dents or pockets are the sites where _____ binds.

tRNA

Mendel devised a simple and powerful procedure called the ______ to determine if an individual displaying the dominant phenotype has a homozygous or heterozygous genotype.

testcross

Select all of the following that are small, single-ringed, organic bases known as pyrimidines in DNA.

thymine cytosine

Artificial mRNA consisting of repeated nucleotides, such as UUUUUUUUUUUUU, were used ______.

to determine which codons correspond to which amino acids

In a process called_________, an mRNA copy is made of DNA

transcription

RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA during ______.

transcription

The mRNA product of ______ is used by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide in ______.

transcription; translation

Put the following steps of DNA replication into the correct order, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. helicase unwinds the DNA double helix. 2. the new strand is begun by a primer 3. DNA polymerase adds the correct complementary nucleotide. 4. primers are removed, and segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined

Put the steps of translation into their correct order.

1. the small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA an the larger ribosomal subunit binds to form a complete ribosome 2. a tRNA binds to the A site carrying an amino acid 3. the ribosome moves three nucleotides to the right, and the amino acid from the A site is transferred to the growing polypeptide chain at the P site. 4. the tRNA in the E site exits from the ribosome

How many subunits make up a ribosome?

2

When making an mRNA transcript, RNA polymerase moves from ______.

5' to 3' adding RNA nucleotides to the 3' en

Mendel's model of the hereditary process includes which of the following hypotheses? Select all that apply.

Alternative forms of a factor can lead to alternative traits. The presence of an allele does not ensure that a trait will be expressed in the individual that carries it.

In this diagram of a tRNA molecule, letter A represents the ______, and letter B represents the ______.

amino acid attachment site; anticodon

Match each letter on the diagram of a DNA molecule with its correct structure.

Choice, phosphate group phosphate group B matches Choice, sugar-phosphate backbone sugar-phosphate backbone C matches Choice, base pair base pair D matches Choice, purine base purine base E matches Choice, pyrimidine base pyrimidine base

Select all of the following that are steps leading to the production of a protein in eukaryotes.

DNA is transcribed into mRNA. tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome. The primary mRNA transcript is processed to form mRNA.

What enzyme is indicated by the black arrow on this image of a DNA replication fork?

DNA polymerase

Why are primers necessary for DNA replication?

DNA polymerase is not able to start a new strand.

Match each process with its key starting materials.

DNA replication matches Choice, DNA polymerase, DNA, ligase, helicase DNA polymerase, DNA, ligase, helicase transcription matches Choice, RNA polymerase, DNA RNA polymerase, DNA translation matches Choice, ribosome, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids ribosome, mRNA, tRNA, amino acids

In Mendel's experimental design, the offspring that result from crossing P (parental) generation plants are called the ______ generation.

F1

If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is CGAT, the sequence of the complementary strand is

GCTA

Select the correct statement about genes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

In prokaryotic cells, genes occur as unbroken sections of DNA, while in eukaryotic cells, genes have interrupting segments called introns.

Select all of the following that are true about DNA repair.

It proofreads one strand of DNA against the other. It fixes replication errors.

Given the mRNA nucleotide sequence AUGACAAGUGGCCGA, choose the amino acid sequence it would produce.

Methionine - Threonine - Serine - Glycine - Arginine

Select the correct statements about the process of translation.

The sequence of the mRNA determines what tRNAs will bind, and what amino acids will be added to the polypeptide. The ribosome moves down the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. At translation initiation, mRNA binds to the small subunit of a ribosome, and then the large subunit binds to form a complete ribosome. The tRNA bound at the P site moves to the E site as the ribosome moves to the next codon.

In a process called ______, the order of nucleotides in mRNA is converted into an order of amino acids in a polypeptide.

translation

True or false: Most organisms use the same genetic code.

true

Select all of the following that are the same in every nucleotide of DNA.

type of sugar type of phosphate

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to one strand of DNA and adds complementary nucleotides to the DNA, using ______ instead of thymine.

uracil