Chapters 1-7 patho
After receiving your report, which patient should you assess first?
A) 76 year old female admitted 3 days ago with pneumonia, most recent blood gases are pH 7.35, paO2 90, HCO3 35, and paCO2 29 B) 48 year old male admitted yesterday with kidney stones complaining pain of a 5 on a 0-10 scale C) 52 year old female admitted yesterday with acute renal failure, most recent lab results are pH 7.3, paO2 94, HCO3 15, paCO2 44, K 6.1, Na 148, and Osmo 369 (CORRECT) D)59 year old male admitted 2 days ago with Stage III bronchiogenic carcinoma complaining of nausea and pain of a 6 on a 1-10 scale
active acquired immunity is gained:
A) In utero B) after birth(I think CORRECT) C) via injection of specific antibodies (INCORRECT) D) in adulthood (INCORRECT)
After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take cholesterol-lowing medication. This is an example of
A) Primary prevention B) secondary prevention (incorrect) C) Tertiary prevention(I think CORRECT) D) Disease treatment
Which of the following types of cellular transport involves the movement of a substance down a concentration gradient?
A) active transport B) osmosis (INCORRECT) C) diffusion( I think CORRECT) D) endocytosis
While assessing a patient diagnosed with Marfans Syndrome, the nurse should include which of the following that is consistent with the syndrome?
A) fever (i think correct) B) jaundice (incorrect) C)vomiting D)pain (incorrect)
A 35-year-old female has a heavy menses during which she loses a profuse amount of blood. Which of the following could be expected?
A) movement of fluid into the cell(INCORRECT) B) decreased cardiac output (I think correct) C) decreased oxygen release from hemoglobin(INCORRECT) D) blood vessel dilation
A 54-year old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is:
A) respiratory alkalosis (INCORRECT) B) metabolic acidosis C) Respiratory acidosis D) metabolic alkolosis
Which patient is it most important for the nurse to take special precautions because of an increased susceptibility to infection as a result of medical therapy?
A) the 38-year-old woman taking contraceptives B) the 38-year-old man with diabetes mellitus taking insulin C) the 58-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis taking corticosteroid daily (CORRECT) D) the 58-year-old man 5 years after myocardial infarction taking aspirin daily
Characteristic of X-linked recessive disorder include which of the following?
A) the son of a carrier mother has a 25% chance of being affected (INCORRECT) B) affected fathers transmit the gene to all of their sons C)all daughters of affected fathers are carriers( i think CORRECT) D) boys and girls are equally affected
Tuberculosis is:
An airborne disease
Hypersensitivity is best defined as:
An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen
A 35-year-old male was diagnosed with hepatitis B. Further tests revealed neutropenia characterized by a neutrophil count less than _____ per milliliter.
2000
A 35-year-old male was diagnosed with hepatitis B. further tests revealed neutropenia characterized by a neutrophil count less than _____ per milliliter.
2000
While performing an admission assessment on a patient with the diagnosis of bone cancer, you determine that your patient has a history of Paget's disease. The patient's family informs you that the patient has had some recent muscle weakness and personality changes. You would want to assess the patient's lab values for which of the following?
Hypercalcemia
When stroke volume decreases, which of the following could maintain cardiac output?
Increased heart rate
Which of the following actions causes the atrioventricular (AV) valve to close?
Increased intraventricular pressure
A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the physician orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic IV solution. Which of the following would be expected?
Intracellular dehydration
A 67-year-old female has chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. The primary cause of her anemia is:
Iron deficiency
A 72-year old woman with complication of increasing fatigue has completed a series of fecal occult blood test that indicate the presence of blood inner stool. Which of the following health problems is likely to accompany this client's gastrointestinal bleed?
Iron deficiency
A 72-year-old woman with complaints of increasing fatigue has completed a series of fecal occult blood tests that indicate the presence of blood in her stool. which of the following health problems is likely to accompany this client's gastrointestinal bleed?
Iron deficiency anemia
Which of the following refers to a decreased tissue perfusion?
Ischemia
Injury that occurs when blood flow is diminished to a tissue is called _____ injury.
Ischemic
Injury that occurs when blood flow is diminished to tissue is called ______ Injury.
Ischemic
Which describes the function of the nucleus?
It contains the genetic code for the individual
Which of the following is true regarding type ! neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausens's disease)
It involves subcutaneous lesions, cafe' au lait spots (brown pigmented birthmarks) that grow primarily on the trunk
Which of the following medications would you anticipate to order to treat hyperkalemia?
Kayexalate
Long-term potassium deficits result in damage to the:
Kidneys
Pleuritic chest pain associated with respiratory movements is usually described as:
Localized
A 30-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident and sustains trauma to the lungs and chest wall. He experiences respiratory failure, Which of the following lab values would be expected?
Low PaCO2
Sue is fatigued and some blood tests are done. He results include Hct 40%, Hgb 8g/dL; WBC 8000, platelets 175,000. The nurse should interpret Sue's blood work as indicative of:
Low hemoglobin/anemia
Blood pressure that does not respond well to treatment is know as:
Malignant Hypertension
Factor associated with risk of Down's syndrome is?
Maternal age
A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar cells. The type of cellular adaptation is called:
Metaplasia
Pulmonary symptoms, such as dyspnea and cough, common to left heart failure are the result of:
Pulmonary vascular congestion
Which of the following does NOT require muscle contractions and energy?
Quiet Expiration
A 20-year-old female was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. In addition to fatigue and weakness, which of the following clinical signs and symptoms would she most likely exhibit?
Red, sore tongue
a 35-year-old male has enlarged lymph nodes in the neck and a mediastinal mass. He was diagnosed with Hodgkins Lymphoma. Which of the following abnormal cells would be expected with this disease?
Reed-Sternber cell
A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings, Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. The most likely diagnosis is:
Respiratory acidosis
Mr. Worried is a 52-year-old widow. He is retired and living alone. He enters the ED complaining of shortness of breath and tingling in fingers. His breathing is shallow and rapid. He denies diabetes; blood sugar is normal. There are no EKG changes. He has no significant respiratory or cardiac history. He takes several antianxiety medications. He says he has had anxiety attacks before. While being worked up for chest pain an ABG is done: ABG results are: pH= 7.48 PaCO2= 28 HCO3= 22 PaO2= 85
Respiratory alkalosis
In addition to matching ABO antigens, a blood transfusion must also be matched for:
Rh antigen
Many valvular stenosis and regurgitation disorders in adults have a common etiology. Which of the following result in both types of valve dysfunction?
Rheumatic fever
A 50-year old female received trauma to the chest that caused sever impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart. Which of the following areas received the greatest damage?
SA node
Clients who have been bed-ridden for a long time likely will experience:
Shallow quiet breathing, which impairs the spreading of surfactant
A client has experienced a bout of coughing after aspiration some of his secretions. The clients coughing was triggered by which of the following?
Signals from receptors in the tracheobronchial wall
A client with an 80-pack-year history of tabacco smoking has presented to the clinic complaining of "bronchitis" cough for the past 5 months, weight loss, and shortness of breath. Today, this client "got scared" when he coughed up blood in his sputum. The health care provider is concerned this client may have which of the following possible diagnoses?
Small cell lung cancer due to smoking
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. A blood smear reveals severely sickled cells. The sickled cells will be removed from the circulation mostly by the:
Spleen
A 21-year-old female was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. In addition to fatigue and weakness, which of the following clinical signs and symptoms would she most likely exhibit?
Spoon-shaped nails
A 12 year old girl presents to the emergency room wheezing with prolonged expiration and chest tightness lasting for 45 minutes and unrelieved by her usual treatment. The nurse recognizes that these findings are consistent with:
Status asthmaticus
A 60-year-old male with a history of smoking was diagnosed with lungcancer. He developed edema and venous distention in the upper extremities and face. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Superior vena cava syndrome
Normal blood pressure for adults age 18 or older is:
Systolic pressure less than 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure less than 80 mm Hg.
Which of the following signs would indicate a fluid deficit?
Tachycardia, acute weight loss, weakness, and dry mucous membranes
A middle aged female comes to the doctor with complaints of a sudden painful pulsating mass in the midline of her abdomen which of following conditions is consistent with the findings?
abdominal aortic aneurysm
a 60-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of chest pain. He is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:
abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls
A 19-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea, Lab test reveal that he is Hyperkalemia. Which of the following could have caused this condition>
acidosis
Which of the following results in hyperkalemia?
acidosis
Which type of immunity is provided by a vaccination?
active artificial
Which type of immunity is provided by a vacination?
active artificial
The patient has undergone kidney trasplantation 6 weeks ago, and is being seen by the home health care nurse. The patient has a low-grade fever, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine levels, and decreased urine output. The nurse instructs the patient to see the physician right away. Which condition does the nurse suspect?
actue graft rejection
Which one of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia
acute acidosis
A 67-year-old male was diagnosed with polycythemia vera but refused treatment. His condition is at risk for converting to:
acute myeloid leukemia
A 67-year-old male was diagnosed with polycythemia vera, but refused treatment. His condition is at risk for converting to:
acute myeloid leukemia
A 28-year-old female presents to the ER complaining of severe chest pain that worsens with respirations or lying down. She has fever, tachycardia, and a friction rub. the most likely cause of these symptoms is:
acute pericarditis
active acquired immunity is gained:
after birth
What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax
air is forced out of the lungs
Respiratory movement of air that does not participate in alveolar gas exchange is known as alveolar dad space. dead space increases when alveolar/alveoli:
air supply exceeds blood flow
Hyperkalemia causes:
an increase in resting membrane potential with increased excitability of cardiac muscle.
The most sever consequence of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is:
anaphylaxis
Outpouching or localized dilation of a vessel wall or cardiac chamber is best known as which of the following terms?
aneurysm
In some anemias, the erythrocytes are present in carious sizes; this is referred to as:
anisocytosis
A 30-year-old female present with hematuria, menorrhagia, and bleeding gums. She is diagnosed with Immune thrombocytic purpura (ITP). The most likely cause is:
antibody destruction to the platelets
Reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts requires which of these hormones?
antidiuretic hormone
reabsorption of water in the collection ducts requires which of these hormones?
antidiuretic hormone
A 72-year-old female has a history of hypertension and atherosclerosis. An echocardiogram reveals back flow of blood into the left ventricle. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis?
aortic regurgitation
What is collapse of the alveoli caused by alveoli stick together called?
atelectasis
The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is:
atherosclerosis
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no PR interval and variable rate QRS with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
atrial fibrillation
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by an ___________gene.
autosomal recessive
Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as a:
autosomal recessive gene
For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following must occur?
bacteria must enter the bloodstream
Long-term potassium deficits result in damage to the:
bicarbonate
A 25-year-old female has a heavy menses during which she loses a profuse amount of blood. Which of the following adaptation could be expected?
blood vessel dilation
A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. He most likely inherited it from:
both parents
Although the basic structure of the cell plasma membrane is formed by a lipid bilayer, most of the specific membrane functions are carried out by:
bound transmembrane proteins
insensible water losses are those that occur as the result of water that is lost in:
breathing
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
decrease temperature of air
sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
decreased ATP production
A 50-year-old male was admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. He is being treated for shock. His cardiopulmonary symptoms include low blood pressure, tachycardia, and tachypnea. His skin is pale and cool. The primary cause of his shock is most likely:
decreased cardiac contractility
A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:
deep veins of the leg
Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for developing hypernatremia?
dehydration
The movement of small electrically uncharged molecules through a semipermeable membrane is an example of:
diffusion
The movement of small, electrically charged molecules through a semipermeable barrier is an example of:
diffusion
a 10-year-old male is diagnosed with leukemia. The nurse assesses for which other condition that could be associated with his disease?
down syndrome
Which type of gangrene would you expect to result from arterial blockage?
dry
Which type of gangrene would you expect to result from arterial blockages?
dry
When the nurse observes a diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia, the patient generally acquires this pneumonia:
during hospitalization
Electrolytes are:
electrically charged molecules
which of the following is a systemic response from an inflammatory response
elevated temperature
Respiratory acidosis occurs most commonly in which disease or condition?
emphysema
Which of the following cause bronchodilation
epinephrine
One cause of metabolic alkalosis is:
excessive loss of chloride
Individuals with Raynaud disease have severe symptoms under which of the following conditions?
exposure to cold
An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide?
expressivity
Which of the following assessment findings indicates an alteration in homeostasis control mechanisms?
fever
which of the following assessment finding indicated an alteration in homeostatic control mechanisms?
fever
While assessing a patient with heart failure and renal impairment, the nurse notices 3+ pitting edema in his feet, a bounding pulse, and severe shortness of breath. This patient probably experiencing which of the following?
fluid volume excess
Hemoglobin contains heme gougers that allow it to carry oxygen. How many oxygen molecules can one molecule of hemoglobin carry?
four
A 60 year old male presents to the ER complaining of difficulty swallowing and shortness of breath. A CT scan would most likely reveal an aneurysm in the:
Aorta
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by an _____gene.
Autosomal recessive
Multiple myeloma can be defined as a neoplasm of:
B cells
A 15-year-old female presents with splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymph node enlargement. She is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis, Further testing would indicate an acute infection of:
B lymphocytes
Which of the following types of white blood cells release histamines related to an inflammatory process?
Basophils
Graft versus host most commonly occurs in which type of transplant?
Bone marrow
The controls of respiratory functions reside in which of the following?
Brain
A 12-year-old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a singe X chromosome present. Her condition is called:
Turner's Syndrome
A 22-year-old obese female patient comes into the clinic complaining of an ear ache and hearing loss in the right ear. Assessment reveals temperature 101.2, low-set ears, a wide neck, and droopy eyelids. Patient reports a history of "kidney and heart problems" as well as being "born different". Based on these findings, wheat chromosomal disorder does this patient likely have?
Turner's Syndrome
A child is noted to have a very short stature, webbed neck, droopy eyelids, and recurrent infections. The nurse will expect which of the following diagnoses?
Turner's Syndrome
A patient asks what causes pneumonia. How should the nurse reply? Pneumonia is caused by:
Viral or bacterial infections
The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum expiration is termed the:
Vital capacity
A 52-year-old female is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. She asks the nurse to explain where the infection is. In providing an accurate description, the nurse states that the pericardium is:
a membranous sac that encloses the heart
A 52-year-old-female is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. She asks the nurse to explain where the infection is. In providing an accurate description, the nurse states that the pericardium is:
a membranous sac that encloses the heart
the nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are:
a phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases
A 50-year-old diabetic male did not take his medication and is now in metabolic acidosis. He is experiencing Kussmaul respirations that can be characterized by:
a slight increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause
Which of the following clients would be at high risk for developing primary varicose veins? Select all that apply.
a) A 47-year-old waitress who works 12-hour shifts three or four times/week (CORRECT) b) A morbidly obese (>100 pounds overweight) male who works behind the counter of a convenience store 10 hours/day, 5 days/week (CORRECT) Prolonged standing and increased intra-abdominal contributing factors in the development of primary varicose veins. Because there are no valves in the inferior vena cava or common iliac veins, blood in the abdominal veins must be supported by the valves located in the external iliac or femoral veins. Immobility may cause DCTs (a secondary cause of varicose veins). Peritoneal dialysis has no effect on the development of varicose veins.
A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure?
a) Lower extremity edema
A 65-year-old male with a history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. The most likely reason is:
a) ventricular dilation b) myocardial hypertrophy (INCORRECT) c) inhibition of renin d) inhibition of the alpha receptors
Muscular Atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:
size
Ac client with an 80-pack-year history of tabacco smoking has presented to the clinic complaining of "bronchitis" cough for the past 5 months, weight loss, and shortness of breath. Today, this client "got scared" when he coughed up blood in his sputum. the health care provider is concerned this client may have which of the following possible diagnoses?
small cell lung cancer due to smoking history
A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. which of the following modifiable risk factor would most likely influence development of this disease?
smoking
A 1-year-old with cystic fibrosis would demonstrate elevated levels of which of these compounds in both sweat and salivary gland secretions?
sodium chloride
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. A blood smear reveals severely sickled cells. The sickled cells will be removed from the circulation mostly by the:
spleen
after suffering a heart attack, a middle aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowing medication. This is an example of
tertiary prevention
several employees at a factory develop legionnaires disease. Which of the following is important to include in the education you give to the employees regarding this disease?
that the disease is spread through the air ventilation systems
The Schilling test for pernicious anemia involves:
the administration of radioactive cobalamin and the measurement of its excretion in urine.
Metaplasia is:
the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another.
A detached blood clot is called a(n);
thromboembolus
A patient presents to the emergency room with a stab wound to the chest. The nurse notes on assessment that the patient is experiencing difficulty breathing and asymmetrical chest movement. The nurse should suspect which of the following problems:
traumatic pneumothorax
Which assessment parameter will the nurse monitor in a patient with chronic kidney disease to determine fluid and sodium retention status?
weight and blood pressure
While assessing a patient diagnosed with Marfan's syndrome, the nurse should include which of the following that is consistent with the syndrome?
cardiac assessment of coarctation of the aorta
A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with Hyperkalemia. Which of the following would be an expected symptom?
cardiac dysrhythmias
A presents to the emergency room with a K level of 6.5. What potentially life-threatening complication would you assess for?
cardiac dysrhythmias
Which of the following is the mainstay treatment for leukemia, and several courses may be necessary to eradicate the cancer?
chemotherapy
A 75-year-old male presents with lung cancer. When obtaining the patient's history, which of the following is most likely to cause this condition?
cigarette smoke
Which of the following greatly improves venous return to the heart during strenuous exercise?
contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
Above the glottis that opens and closes for speech, the epiglottis performs which physiologic functions during swallowing?
cover the larynx
Above the glottis that opens and closes for speech, the epiglottis performs which physiological functions during swallowing?
cover the larynx
What is a factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly?
cumulative exposure to carcinogens
What is a major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly?
cumulative exposure to carcinogens
A college student is lamenting the fact that she has developed a cold on the weekend prior to exam week. Which of the following statements shows that the student has an accurate understanding of her upper respiratory causes?
"I suppose I should have been washing my hands more in the past few days."
The nurse is teaching a seminar about prevention the spread of HIV. Which statement by a student indicates that additional testing is needed?
"I won"t get HIV if I only have oral sex with my partner."
A 52-year-old man who is moderately obese has recently been diagnosed with hypertension by his primary care provider. which of the client's following statements indicates a need for further health promotion teaching?
"I'm reserving to eat organic food from now on and to drink a lot more water."
a 56-year-old man who is moderately obese has recently been diagnosed with hypertension by his primary care provider. Which of the client's following statements indicates a need for further health promotion teaching?
"I'm resolving to eat organic foods from now on and to drink a lot more water."
A 51-year-old man has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis after a long history of recurrent coughing. Which of the man's following statements demonstrates a sound understanding of his new diagnosis?
"If I had quit smoking earlier than I did, I think I could have avoided getting bronchitis."
A blood sample is analyzed in a laboratory. Assuming a normal sample, which type of white blood cell account for the highest percentage?
neutrophils
A cell is isolated for microscopy. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed?
nucleus
Cell death by necrosis is:
often a response to inflammation
Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by:
osmotic forces
The erythrocytes of a person with sickle cell anemia may become sickled if:
oxygen tension is low
A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. From which of the following types of anemia does he suffer?
pernicious anemia
This process during which lysosomal enzymes can be released to engulf solid particles is referred to as:
phagocytosis
Which of the following is an example os passive immunity?
placental transfer of antibodies
Causes of respiratory acidosis include:
pneumonia
A 57-year-old male presents to his physician for a red face, hands, feet, and ears, headache and drowsiness. A blood smear reveals an increased number of erythrocytes, indicating:
polycythemia vera
Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _____ hypertension.
primary
As a result of hypoxemia and polycythemia, persons with chronic obstructive bronchitis are prone to:
pulmonary hypertension
oxygenated blood flows through the:
pulmonary veins
A _____ gene is one that produces an effect only in the homozygous state
recessive
A young patient is admitted to the pediatric unit with cystic fibrosis exacerbation. The main cause of respiratory difficulties in individuals with cystic fibrosis is:
recurrent pneumonias
Which of the following statements explains why vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies cause anemia?
red blood cells have a shorter life span
Which of the following statements explains why vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies cause anemia?
red blood cells have shorter life span
Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis?
renal failure
A 65-year-old female presents with a low heart rate and low blood pressure. She is given an IV infusion. The increase in atrial distention results in:
renal retention
During which of the following stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) has the body chosen the most effecting and advantageous defense by adapting to become desensitized to the stressor?
resistance
During which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has the body chosen the most effective and advantageous defense by adapting to become desensitized to the stressor?
resistance
classify the following arterial blood gas: pH = 7.52, PaCO2 = 30 mm Hg, HCO3- = 24 mEq/L
respiratory alkalosis
The venous blood from the coronary sinus drains into the:
right atrium
which of the following patients is most likely experiencing emphysema?
64 year old male with CO2 of 48 mm Hg, chest tightness, weight loss, and respiratory rate of 32
Which of the following patients is most likely experiencing emphysema?
64-year-old male with CO2 of 48 mm Hg, chest tightness, weight loss, and respiratory rate of 32
When a nurse notices that a patient has type O blood, the nurse realizes that anti-____ antibodies are present in the patient's body.
A and B
Leukocytosis can be defined as:
A high leukocyte count
Which of the following clients is at risk for developing acute respiratory failure?
A middle-aged male diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who has pneumonia with low O2 saturation
Which of the following clients is at risk for developing acute respiratory failure?
A middle-aged man diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who has pneumonia with low O2 saturation
The nurse assesses for acidosis in the patient with which data?
A serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L
A 34-year-old male presents in the emergency room with extreme fatigue and shortness of breath. His skin and sclera appear to have a yellowish discoloration. These findings are consistent with which type of anemia?
Hemolytic anemia
Laryngotracheobronchitis is typically manifested by:
Hoarse voice and barking cough
A 62-year-old female tells her health care provider she has been experiencing regular night sweats that cause her to wake up drenched. She also remarks that she has been unintentionally losing weight. Physical exam reveals enlarged lymph nodes on her neck that do not appear to be painful. She should be screened for which of the following cancers?
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Children with PKU must avoid phenylalanine in the diet. Phenylalanine is most likely to be a component of
Protein
A function of the pericardium is to
Provide a barrier against extracardial infections
Which of the following aspects of the function of the nucleus is performed by ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
Providing the site where protein synthesis occurs
Genes carries on chromosomes are called _____ genes.
sex-linked
A young male child is born with severe respiratory failure. Over the course of month, the parents note his body looks swollen. They ask, "Is our baby's kidneys not working right? Why is he so swollen?" The nurse bases his or her reply on which of the following physiological principles?
"The right side of his heart (cor pulmonale) is not pumping pumping effectively. Blood is backlogging in his body, which is why he is so swollen."
A 12-month-old infant is displaying pale-skin, rapid heart rate, and increased respiratory rate. The parents bring the child to the clinic. Which statement by the parents point the health care worker to suspect iron deficiency anemia?
"we give him regular cow's milk with all his meals and snacks."
The healthcare provider orders an infusion of a hypertonic solution. The nurse knows an appropriate intravenous solution to administer would be:
%% dextrose lactate Ringer's (D5LR)
Which of the following clients would be at high risk for developing primary varicose veins? select all that apply.
-a 47-year old waitress who works 12-hour shifts three or four times/week -A morbidly obese (>100 pounds overweight) male who works behind the counter of a convenience store 10 hours/day, 5 days/week
During a routine ultrasound of a 38-year-old woman 26 weeks gestation reveals a fetus with a small square head, upward slant of the eyes, and low set ears. The nurse recognizes that these findings are consistent with which of the following?
Trisomy 21 (down's Syndrome)
The healthcare provider orders an infusion of a hypertonic solution. The nurse knows an appropriate intravenous solution to administer would be:
5% dextrose lactate Ringer's (D5LR)
After receiving your report, which patient should you assess first?
52 year old female admitted yesterday with acute renal failure, most recent lab results are pH 7.3, paO2 94, HCO3 15, paCO2 44, K 6.1, Na 148, and Osmo 369
A 22-year-old prostitute was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A decrease in which of the following cell types would be expected?
CD4 T-helper
The nurse recognizes that which of the following is required for a diagnosis of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)?
CD4+ cell count of less than 200 cells/mm3
The nurse recognizes that which of the following is required for diagnosis of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)?
CD4+ ell count of less than 200 cells/mm3
While discussing carbon dioxide transport within the body, the instructor asks, "What enzyme helps carbon dioxide with water to form bicarbonate?" Which student response is correct?
Carbonic anhydrase
A 30-year-old female received a severe head injury in a motor vehicle accident. She is now experiencing respiratory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing. This condition is referred to as:
Cheyenne-Stokes
The breathing pattern that reflects respirations based primarily on carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood is:
Cheyne-Stokes
What is an example of a multifactorial congenital disorder?
Cleft Lip and Palate
A 15-year-old male with infectious mononucleosis is being given instructions on how to prevent the spread of this infection to others. Which statement represents a correct instruction?
Do not share drinking glasses or eating utensils
Which of the following cellular changes is considered to be preneoplastic?
Dysplasia
In general, atherosclerosis is caused by:
Endothelial injury and inflammation
Which of the following acute respiratory infections in children poses the greatest threat of severe hypoxia caused by airway obstruction?
Epiglottitis
Which one of the following acute respiratory infections in children poses the greatest threat of severe hypoxia caused by airway obstruction?
Epiglottitis
A 15-year-old male is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. The most likely cause is:
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained?
Nucleolus
Which of the following applies to the blood in the pulmonary artery?
PO2 is low
COPD patients live with persistently elevated PCO2 levels. therefore, which assessment finding would likely initiate a stimulus for ventilation in this client population?
PO2 level of 50 mm Hg
what is a priority assessment for Hodgkin lymphoma in children?
Painless adenopathy in cervical nodes
A client has presented to an ambulatory clinic complaining of a persistent headache. What assessments should the clinician conduct to differentiate between rhinosinusitis and alternative health problems?
Perform transillumination and ask the client if bending forward exacerbates the headache.
A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Which of the following symptoms would be considered a symptom of this disease?
Photosensitivity
Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?
Placental transfer of antibodies
While assessing a patient admitted to the hospital for congestive heart failure treatment, the nurse notes decreased breath sounds over the left lobe and asymmetrical chest expansion. The chest z-ray revealed and increased collection of fluid in the plural cavity. The nurse recognizes that these findings are consistent with:
Pleural Effusion
While assessing a patient admitted to the hospital for congestive heart failure treatment, the nurse notes decreased breath sounds over the left lobe and asymmetrical chest expansion. The chest x-ray revealed an increased collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. The nurse recognizes that these findings are consistent with:
Pleural effusion
The nurse assesses a patient with dyspnea, tracheal deviation, and pulse oximetry reading of 86%. what is the nurse's interpretation of these findings?
Pneumothorax
A routine application of sunblock to the skin would be an example of:
Primary prevention
a 17-year-old college bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of
Primary prevention
An elderly client who has been restricted to bed by numerous comorbidities for several weeks has been diagnosed with a large pleural effusion. Which of the following treatment modalities is most likely to resolve the clients most recent health problem?
Thoracentesis
A 48-year-old male client, who normally enjoys good health, has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of polycythemia vera. The nurse who is providing care for the client should prioritize assessments aimed at the early identification of which of the following health problems?
Thromboembolism
The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may be a cause of small heart vessels is:
Thrombosis
The _____ conducts action potentials down the atrioventricular septum.
bundle of His
A 30-old-caucasian female was recently diagnosed with primary hypertension. She reports that she eats fairly well, usually having red meat and potatoes daily. She also reports that her father has hypertension as well. Which of the following risk factors is most likely associated with this diagnosis?
genetics
A metastatic tumor is one that:
has spread to a location way from its site of orgin
A 20-year-old female has been diagnosed with AIDS. Laboratory testing would reveal diminished levels of:
helper T cells
The ability respond and maintain stability, physiologically and psychologically, during rapidly changing conditions in the internal and external environment is
homeostasis
A 49-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?
increase myocardial oxygen supply
Which of the following would most likely cause hypochloremia?
increased bicarbonate
A 65-year-old female present with a low heart rate and low blood pressure. She is given an IV infusion of fluids. The increase in the atrial dissension results in:
increased heart rate
A client with a history of emphysema is experiencing hypoxemia after a taxing physical therapy appointment. Which of the following physiological phenomena will occur as a consequence of hypoxemia?
increased heart rate
Bradykinin is involved in:
increasing vascular permeability
The sensation of chest tightness due to an impending asthmatic attack appears to be related to which of the following physiological causes?
input from lung receptors that monitor bronchial constriction
A75-year-old male presents with chest pain with exertion. He was previously diagnosed with arteriosclerosis. the chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:
ischemia
Which of the following describes the pericardial cavity?
it is a potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is:
left heart failure
A 54-year old is diagnosed with left bundle branch block. Which of the following structures would not receive and electrical impulse?
left ventricle
As left heart failure progresses:
left ventricular preload increases
A 75-year-old obese female present to her physician complaining of edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a possible cause?
long periods of standing
A 75-year-old obese female presents to her physician complaining of edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Which of the following is a possible cause?
long periods of standing
A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells.The type of cellular adaptation is called:
metaplasia
Progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe swelling and break down of organelles is referred to as:
necrosis
The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the:
neutrophil
