Chapters 11, 12, & 13 Homework

Substances known as __________ provoke a specific immune response so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an _________, actually interacts with the lymphocyte's receptor.

- Antigens - Epitope

Select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins.

- Composed of lipopolysaccharide - Heat stable - Fever-inducing

Select all that represent characteristics of the lymphatic system to test your understanding of its structure and major functions.

- Helps to regulate the inflammatory response by acting as a "drain-off" system - Lymph contains a number of immune cells and their products to defend against pathogens

Choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host.

- Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body

Select all of he statements that correctly describe the infectious dose.

- The infectious dose is the minimum number of organisms that must be present for an infection to proceed. - Microbes with low infectious doses are usually highly virulent. - Certain infections, like tuberculosis and giardiasis, may proceed even if only a small number of microbial cells are present.

Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project.

- To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable - To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease

Select all of the nonspecific processes below to test your understanding of the various categories of nonspecific immunity.

- inflammatory response - complement cascade - phagocytosis - interferon production

Select all of the sites where it was previously known that normal microbiota existed in large populations in/on the human body.

- mouth - throat - large intestine - skin - vagina

Select all of the characteristics exhibited by effective vaccines.

-Relatively long shelf life -Little or no adverse side effects - Requires numerous doses of boosters -Protect against exposure to wild-type, natural pathogen

Select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins.

-require very small doses to cause toxic effects -secreted from a living cell -have very specific targets

Assess the following statements, and select those that correctly apply to the properties of exotoxins and endotoxins.

2.) Exotoxins are made of protein that are synthesized and secreted by a living cell, whereas endotoxins are comprised of lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. 5.) Endotoxin is a pyrogen that routinely causes a fever whereas exotoxins do not usually cause a fever unless TNF production is stimulated as part of the pathogenic effects.

Match the statement of the type of specific immunity it most accurately describes to test your understanding of the specific immune states.

Active Immunity = One's own body produces B and T cell responses to antigen stimulus. Passive Immunity = Individual receives immune substances that were produced by another host. Natural Immunity = Immunity is acquired through normal life experiences, not through medical intervention. Artificial Immunity = immunity is obtained through medical procedures such as immunizations.

Choose the best definition of virulence factors.

Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

Epidemiology is the study of disease in the ____________.

Community

Helper T cells interact with Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. True or False?

False

A teacher walking through her first-grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn't immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of Rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario, please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here.

Formite

When a cell is infected by a virus, __________ is produced and is secreted from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.

Interferon

Move the labels into the correct docks to indicate the expected outcome based on the characteristics of the microbe and the host.

Microbe will likely pass through unnoticed. Microbe either passes though unnoticed or establishes without causing disease. Microbe causes disease

Candida or Pseudomonas are _______ pathogens, meaning they are not usually pathogenic to healthy persons with normal immune systems functions because these microbes do not have well-developed virulence factors.

Opportunistic

Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. __________ refers to the relative severity of a disease caused by a particular microorganism.

Pathogenicity; virulence

Choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. The percentage of the population with a particular disease at any point in time is the _______ of disease, whereas the number of new cases over a given time period is the _________ of disease.

Prevalence; Incidence

By law, certain _____________ diseases must be recorded with the public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, national, and international levels.

Reportable

The normal microbiota is part of the __________ line of defense.

Second

Select the four most prevalent types if healthcare-associated infections.

Surgical site infections UTI Respiratory Infections Septicemia

The second and third lines of host defenses determine whether cells are self or nonself by examining cell surfaces for identifying molecular markers.

True

Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing ___________.

antigen-MHC protein complexes

Select those circumstances in which Koch's postulates cannot be readily applied or would be inappropriate to establish the cause of a disease.

b. The suspected pathogen cannot be cultured in the laboratory. c. There is not a suitable experimental host for the suspected pathogen. e. The disease is polymicrobial, caused by more than one pathogen.

Helper T cells secrete _________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells.

cytokines

An infection that is acquired or develops during a person's stay in a hospital or other health facility is called an __________ or nosocomial infection.

healthcare-associated

When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated against an infection, the causative microbe is unable to spread easily through that population. Because of its susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated are protected to some extent by the community around them. This phenomenon is known as ________.

herd immunity

A microorganism carries _______ markers and a B cell carries __________ markers.

non-self; self