Chapters 11,12,13: Sexuality, Achievement, and Psychosocial Problems

Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false?

An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems.

Fourteen-year-old Sarah began "acting out" behaviors that her teacher had never observed in her before, such as a decline in self-esteem, sexual promiscuity, and risky behavior. Sarah's teacher suspects that Sarah is:

a victim of sexual abuse.

The best predictor of contraceptive use is:

age.

Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence?

authoritative

Sexual activity in the United States is _____ in other industrialized countries, and the rate of pregnancy is _____.

comparable; higher

Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except:

cooperation.

According to the text, Asian children tend to attribute success to:

hard work.

Which is not a risk factor for sexual abuse?

living in a major city

Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong:

need for achievement.

While Nathan is sleeping, he ejaculates. This phenomenon is referred to as:

nocturnal orgasm.

Amy, a 15-year-old, lost her virginity to her boyfriend last night. Which of the following is Amy least likely to say?

"I'm so glad I'm no longer a virgin!"

Michael and Kayla are concerned because they noticed their 10-year-old son, Tom, engaging in sex play with a male friend. They ask a psychologist what she thinks. What did she probably say?

"Same-sex play among young adolescents is common."

Alejandra, a Hispanic-American adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born adolescent. Which statement is most likely true about their drug use?

*Alejandra and Mina will use the same amount of drugs.*

Which of the following is a likely reason that African-American youngsters have a lower rate of drinking than their white counterparts?

*They don't have money to purchase alcohol.*

Ford and Beach found that sexual expressions varied widely from culture to culture. Their findings suggest that:

*biology is the key to understanding adolescent sexuality.*

Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. In her research, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except:

*luck.*

More children are born to unwed mothers today than in previous decades because:

*more adolescent girls are getting pregnant.*

Aziza is pregnant and thinking about moving in with her mother and grandmother. Aziza could expect all of the following outcomes, except:

*problems with her mother that may have a negative effect on her mental health.*

Small and Luster have used a/an ______ model to determine which adolescents would be most likely to engage in sexual activity.

*risk factor*

Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had sexual intercourse before the end of their sophomore year of high school?

40%

Members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to become sexually experienced at earlier ages?

African Americans

Who is the least likely adolescent to bear her first child while married?

Alisha, an African American

Asian American students are likely to have higher academic achievement than white or other ethnic minority youth because:

All of the above

Compared with studies conducted in the mid-1990s:

All of the above

Studies show that disadvantaged youth perform more poorly in school than their advantaged counterparts. Which of the following reasons best accounts for this disparity?

All of the above

Tim and Carol are upset because they recently discovered that their 14-year-old daughter has already engaged in sexual intercourse. What other types of problems should they anticipate?

All of the above

Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors?

All of the above

Amy is a "straight" 16-year-old adolescent. Kelly, also 16, has discovered that she has homosexual interests. Which girl is most confused about her gender identity because of her sexual orientation?

Amy and Kelly are likely to be equally confused because gender identity is separate from sexual orientation.

_______________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an example of an externalizing disorder.

Anxiety; delinquency

Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital?

Art's father takes him to museums during the summer.

Ann, a 17-year-old, is still a virgin. Ann is probably of which descent?

Asian American

Which adolescent is least likely to exhibit high academic achievement?

Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades

Which of the following adolescents is more likely to move toward intercourse at an earlier age without as many intervening steps?

Carrie, an African-American adolescent

Nancy, a 13-year-old, has recently become pregnant. Statistically, who is most likely the father of her child?

Daryl, a 16-year-old

Which statement represents an important goal of career educators helping adolescents with their future plans?

Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices.

According to the text, who is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home?

Ingrid

Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that Jim has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement?

It is partially accurate-about half of all high school seniors have tried marijuana.

Alice, a 16-year-old, gave birth to a baby boy last year. How will this affect the likelihood that her 13-year-old sister, Marie, will have a baby?

It will increase

Which adolescent is most likely to engage in sexual intercourse at the youngest age?

Laurence, an African American

Which statement about underachievement is false?

Most underachievers are highly intelligent yet afraid of failure.

The ________ is a national assessment of students' achievement conducted by the federal government to track changes in educational achievement over time.

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

Which of the following is the best explanation of problem behavior during adolescence?

Problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong.

Professor Stein wants to test the stereotype threat effect. What is the most likely scenario if this effect does, in fact, occur?

Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group.

Which of the following Hispanic-American young adults is most likely to graduate from college?

Rogelio, who is Cuban American

Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend. Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances?

Sexual activity during late adolescence is not associated with psychological disturbance.

Sonya has scored in the top 1 percentile on an IQ test, yet she gets below average grades in school. What is true about Sonya?

She is an underachiever.

Which of the following is least likely to explain why growing up in a single-parent home affects girls' sexual behavior more than boys' sexual behavior?

Social influences on sexual behavior are weaker for girls than for boys, thereby leading to fewer restraints on girls' sexual activities.

Which of the following statements about suicide is false?

Suicide rates have increased among adolescents.

Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true?

The 70% increase in the price of cigarettes between 1997 and 2001 has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents.

Because Andrea is a lesbian, she is more likely to exhibit what types of behaviors?

There is no connection between sex-role behavior and sexual preference.

Which of the following sexually active adolescents is most likely to use contraception?

Thomas, an 18-year-old

Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective.

a combination of school-based sex education and community-based health clinics

Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop:

a fear of failure.

Professor Umbridge takes pleasure in making her students look foolish. She stresses the importance of grades more than mastery of the course material. Her students are likely to demonstrate all of the following, except:

a need to outperform their classmates.

Suzanne has just found out that her 13-year-old daughter had been sexually abused by her piano teacher. What type of problem is Suzanne's daughter most likely to face?

academic difficulties

After taking Holland's Self-Directed Search, Becky has learned she is artistic, social, and enterprising. According to Holland's theory, she would be most suited for a career in:

acting.

Researchers have found all of the following with regard to problem behavior in adolescence, except:

adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems.

Jason is an intelligent youngster who avoids challenging situations because of his intense fear of failure. Despite his innate ability, he gets low grades and has trouble persisting even with easy tasks. Jason is:

an underachiever.

Boys' initial interest in sex is motivated by ________ hormones, whereas girls' initial interest in sex is motivated by _______.

androgens; androgens and estrogen

As a child, Carlos had a hard time sitting still and was highly aggressive. As an adolescent, he is extremely impulsive and is more likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Carlos probably suffers from:

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of intrinsic motivation and academic achievement?

authoritative

When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about supermodels and masturbates. This type of behavior is called:

autoerotic.

High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do all of the following, except:

begin working earlier.

What is not a risk factor for contracting HIV?

being male

In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally:

believe that being emotionally involved with one's partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.

Which adults are most likely to describe their fathers as distant and rejecting?

both gay and lesbian adults

The stage during which individuals first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations (typically between the ages of 14 and 18) is called:

crystallization.

During the school year, Titus's parents took him to the theater and the opera. In addition, they bought him an encyclopedia for his birthday. The treatment Titus is receiving is an example of:

cultural capital.

Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. They have a large amount of:

cultural capital.

The resources provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called:

cultural factors

Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?

educational attainment

Which type of educational achievement has important implications for subsequent earnings?

educational attainment

Professor Bertrande understands that most adolescents she talks to are not likely to engage in abstinence. Her research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is:

effective condom use during sex.

John and Mary want their children to develop a strong need for achievement. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should:

encourage their children's successes.

Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called:

extrinsic motivation.

Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in determining the likelihood of dropping out of high school?

gender

Both _____________ are cause by a bacterium, whereas ____________ are caused by a virus.

gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and human papilloma virus

In addition to parental supervision, what else might help decrease the probability of adolescent sexual activity?

having adolescents participate in after-school programs

Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ______ and ______.

healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be overcontrolling

Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?

herpes

Compared with their counterparts 20 years ago, today's adolescents have __________levels of educational attainment and ___________ levels of academic achievement.

higher; lower

What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls?

household composition

Antisocial behavior in adolescence can take all but which of the following forms?

implicit antisocial behavior

Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline?

intrinsic

Bill approaches new tasks with the attitude that he can master them, and he tries to do so because he wants to gain new skills. Bill is motivated by:

intrinsic forces.

Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called:

intrinsic motivation.

Denise Kandel is most likely to argue that:

involvement in a given problem behavior may lead to involvement in other problem behaviors.

Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years:

is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America.

All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except:

it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners.

Research on risk factors for adolescent sexual activity has found all of the following, except:

lack of parental support is a risk factor for boys but not for girls.

Paul won't even try to learn how to swim because when he has tried before, he has not done very well and he is now convinced that no matter what he does, he will never learn to swim. Paul's situation is an example of:

learned helplessness.

Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop:

learned helplessness.

African-American students in the inner city who do well in school are:

likely to be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white."

Researchers have found that with respect to reporting their sexual activity:

males tend to overstate their level of activity.

Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among adolescents?

masturbation; necking; petting; sexual intercourse

The text suggests that one set of factors that may differentiate the "rich" from the "poor" early in the educational setting is _________ and _________.

motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure

All of the following are factors that affect an individual's vulnerability to the negative effects of stress, except:

number of stressors.

The text suggests all of the following as ways to increase use of contraceptives among adolescents, except:

offer sex education that teaches the fundamentals of contraceptive use once adolescents become sexually active.

Individuals under the age of 18 account for almost _____ of the arrests for serious crimes in the United States.

one-third

Which of the following is not a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual activity?

parent-adolescent communication

Which of the following is most likely to influence a teenager's occupational choice?

parents

Research on the interaction of the influence of parents and peers suggests all of the following, except:

peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations.

performance

Tory is extrinsically motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on:

performance goals.

Which of the following parenting styles is most often associated with adolescents' dropping out of high school?

permissive

An analysis of "virginity pledges" that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from premarital sex has found that:

pledging has little effect in schools in which few students take the pledge.

The term "______ syndrome" refers to covariation among various types of externalizing disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment.

problem behavior

Which of the following is not considered a challenge that adolescents face concerning sexuality?

reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs

Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of ________, whereas for females it is more linked to feelings of _______________.

recreation; intimacy

The modest gains in achievement that have occurred during the past decade or so have been in the area of:

relatively simple skills.

Margaret has been able to withstand many stressors in her life without showing negative effects. It is likely that Margaret is:

resilient.

A particular concern regarding the faster progression of sexual activity is an increased:

risk of pregnancy.

Research on problem behaviors suggests that:

risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents.

Professor Snapes is conducting research on sexual harassment of adolescents. He is likely to learn all of the following, except:

school-based programs aimed at reducing sexual harassment have had long-term success.

To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as ________ has been shown to be effective.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of:

self-efficacy.

Marlene has had many sexual partners over the last 5 years but has been monogamous within each relationship. What is this pattern called?

serial monogamy

Having a series of relationships in which one is always faithful to one's partner is called:

serial monogamy.

Jane's community does a lot to support and encourage adolescents' success in school. This community has a large amount of:

social capital.

The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as:

social promotion.

The strongest influence on occupational choice is

socioeconomic status

Donald is 19. He is beginning to seek appropriate information about which mental health career he wishes to pursue so he can narrow the possibilities and make his choice. He is in which stage of occupational development?

specification

Akira wants to be an occupational therapist specializing in the rehabilitation of the hand. Based on Super's stages of occupational development, Akira has reached the:

specification stage.

Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n):

status offender.

Generalizing from the text, Marge is most likely to have her first sexual encounter with a:

steady boyfriend.

To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform.

stereotype threat effect

Which of the following is not a category of externalizing problems during adolescence?

substance use

An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement drop as they transition into secondary school is that:

teachers focus on grades rather than mastery of the material.

According to John Holland, personality greatly influences the different occupational fields that adolescents may go on to choose. Holland has developed a standardized inventory of personality questions that match people to suggested occupations based on their personality. This inventory is known as:

the Self-Directed Search.

The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on:

the academic orientation of the peer group.

For adolescent girls, which is the most important factor in determining the onset of sexual intercourse?

the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity

When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescent-limited offenders, researchers agree that:

the causes and consequences of the two are very different.

In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins:

the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

In a study on the effect of early intensive education on later school performance among children in poverty, which intervention had the greatest impact on performance in high school?

the preschool intervention

"Sexual socialization" refers to:

the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality.

As compared with females whose first intercourse occurs after age 18, those who engage in sexual intercourse at a younger age are likely to report that:

their first sexual experience was involuntary.

Research on teenage mothers indicates that:

their infants are at heightened risk for school problems and other behavior problems in childhood.

Date rape is when a young person is forced to have sex when he or she does not want to. Sexual coercion and date rape are more likely to occur when:

there is a large (3 or more years) age difference between a girl and her partner.

Research has indicated that many young people do not use contraception regularly for all of the following reasons, except:

they unconsciously desire to become pregnant.

Alicia has trouble persisting at tasks and fears failure. Her grades are far lower than one would expect based on her intellectual ability. She is a(n):

underachiever.

Which of the following is not likely to predict students' achievement-related behavior?

whether the student has experienced a failure

Desiree is typical of adolescent runaways. Consequently, we would expect that she:

will return home within a week.

Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence because:

with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.