chapters 23 thru 26

Due to the memories of World War I, many Western nations were divided in their response to actions taken by fascist and nationalist governments. Some wished to meet such actions with force if necessary, while others wished to negotiate. This second approach is usually referred to as:

appeasement.

After the turn of the twentieth century, some artists "sought an antidote to fin-de-siècle malaise" by looking:

backward, to so-called primitive cultures.

How did Neville Chamberlain presume that the Munich agreement would satisfy Hitler's ambitions?

by allowing Hitler to unify all ethnic Germans in one state

How did Stalin respond to the settlement at Munich?

by signing a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany

How did Mussolini manage the Italian state's long-standing conflict with the Catholic Church?

by staging a public reconciliation with the Church, including independence for the Vatican in 1929

According to Joseph Goebbels in his pamphlet Why Are We Enemies of the Jews, the Nazi party was founded on the twin hatreds of Jews and:

capitalism.

Artists of the postwar period pushed conventions to new limits. Some, such as the _________, went so far as to reject the very idea of aesthetics.

dadaists

The Nuremberg Decrees of 1935:

deprived Jews of Reich citizenship.

For the Russian Tsar Nicholas II, Russification:

extended the language and culture of Greater Russia over all non-Russian subjects.

The first racially motivated policy of Nazi Germany was their law regarding:

forced sterilization of undesirables.

To what does the term gulag refer?

forced-labor camps populated by political prisoners of Stalin's government

In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst:

founded the Women's Social and Political Union.

As a result of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which:

guaranteed individual liberties, more liberal franchise for the election of a Duma, and veto powers for the Duma—all of which Nicholas repealed over the next two years.

Bismarck enacted several measures concerning national health legislation because:

he wanted to win the loyalty of the German working class.

Which of the following statements best describes the way Nazi propagandists tried to portray Hitler?

a charismatic leader with magnetic energy who would act as a bulwark against communism and cultural pollution

Russia had been stunned by early setbacks in 1914, due primarily to problems of equipment, supply, and training. By the end of 1916, it had been brought to the verge of total collapse by:

a combination of political ineptitude and military defeat.

What was the Night of Broken Glass?

a general attack by the SA against Jewish stores and synagogues across Germany in 1938

Many in Europe recognized that the end of the war had brought about "a new and unfamiliar world," but no one knew the form this new world was going to take. As Tomas Masaryk stated, "Postwar Europe was:

a laboratory atop a graveyard."

What was the Night of the Long Knives?

a lethal purge of Hitler's SA in 1934, killing over a thousand officials he considered too radical

What was the Dawes Plan?

a new system of war reparations for Germany, intended to ease the financial strain

Several consequences of the Great Depression of the 1930s led to the Second World War. Among these was:

an intensification of economic nationalism.

During the unstable period following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, many armed bands grew in number and influence. Among them were the Freikorps, who were:

anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and antiliberal.

The Third Republic in France was shaken in 1894 by the "Dreyfus Affair," which saw the rise of _________ in French society.

anti-Semitism

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand precipitated the "July Crisis" and led to World War I because he was:

heir to the throne of Austro-Hungary.

Under the influence of John Maynard Keynes, the Roosevelt administration instituted policies aimed at getting the country "back on its feet" by first abandoning the:

idea of a balanced budget.

Although a few challenges to representational art had occurred earlier, the first significant break emerged in France with the:

impressionists.

The entry of the United States into World War I on the side of the Allies was due to several factors; among them were the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by the Germans and the:

interception of the "Zimmerman telegram" sent by Germany's foreign minister to Mexico.

To facilitate his policy of collectivization, Stalin moved with particular viciousness against a group of peasants known as:

kulaks.

The first actions taken by national governments to the threat posed by the Great Depression dealt with:

monetary policy.

Nazi Germany stressed its legitimacy by fostering traditional German values such as:

motherhood by their encouragement of women to leave the workplace and assume their proper role as mothers and wives.

As a result of the economic innovations instituted by Mussolini during the 1920s, Italy's plight during the Great Depression was:

no different than any other country in Europe during the 1930s.

Although every country fighting in World War I suffered food shortages at various times during the war, Great Britain eventually instituted control by rationing bread in 1917 primarily because:

of German submarine success in sinking Allied shipping.

World War I saw the first use of many new weapons. One of these, poison gas, was particularly devastating due to its:

physical and psychological effects.

Which of the following technological innovations became a major tool of political campaigning during the Great Depression?

radio

Hitler's stated objective in the 1930s was to reunite all ethnic Germans inside his "Third German Reich," and the first move to accomplish this objective was the:

reoccupation of the Rhineland.

The Bolsheviks under Lenin attempted to gain widespread support during the summer of 1917 under the slogan:

"Peace, Land, and Bread, Now!"

The nations of Europe, following the assassination at Sarajevo, embarked on five weeks of what has since been characterized as:

"a tragedy of miscalculation."

The second half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in literacy in northern Europe to _________ of the population.

85 percent

The original work in physics that eventually led to the development of the atomic bomb was done by:

Albert Einstein.

The second Russian revolution in 1917 was led by the:

Bolsheviks.

Although the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary had many ethnic problems within many of its provinces, the most volatile of all was the province of:

Bosnia.

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign waged against the:

Catholics.

Evolutionary theories had existed from the time of the ancient Greeks, but the first modern theory of evolution was developed by:

Charles Darwin.

The action that brought the German plan of attack in the West to an end in September 1914 was:

First Battle of the Marne.

By the early twentieth century, many European socialists were beginning to doubt some of the core assumptions of Marxist doctrine. In Germany, these "revisionists" were led by:

Eduard Bernstein.

The artistic movement known as futurism was introduced to Europe by...

F. T. Marinetti

Which political party became the model Marxist party in the late nineteenth century?

German Social Democratic Party

By 1914, the largest overseas buyer of food commodities was:

Great Britain.

To support the Spanish republican government and to protest the German bombing of a Basque town in April 1937, Pablo Picasso painted:

Guernica.

Charles Darwin completed the fieldwork that served as the basis for his theories during the time he spent as an unpaid naturalist on an around-the-world voyage aboard the ship:

H.M.S. Beagle.

The expression "survival of the fittest" was first used by:

Herbert Spencer.

Irish home rule was debated for many years in the British Parliament and had support from the Irish Parliamentary Party in the last decades of the nineteenth century, but by the end of the century, a more radical position calling for full independence was revived by the militant political organization called the:

Irish Republican Brotherhood.

Although all countries involved in the war used propaganda to bolster the morale of their civilian population, what was one unintended consequence?

It became more difficult for any country to accept a fair, nonpunitive peace settlement.

Although Germany was subjected to many crippling provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, the most dangerous were the punitive reparations, according to the eminent British economist:

John Maynard Keynes

The Bolsheviks won the civil war due in no small measure to the hierarchical, disciplined military machine of 5 million men created by the new commissar of war:

Leon Trotsky.

One of the changes in British society after the war was the availability of birth control, with the first birth-control clinic opened in London in 1921 by:

Marie Stopes.

Although discovered much earlier, the development of electricity in the late 1800s led to:

New techniques in the chemical industry; electrification of metropolitan areas; improvements in subway systems; and changes in the living habits of ordinary people

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, culture entered a new era that has been labeled as:

Modernism.

In the late nineteenth century, in the midst of the continued decline of the Ottoman empire, a nationalist movement emerged in Turkey under the guidance of a group calling itself the "Young Turks," which successfully forced the sultan to establish a constitutional government in 1908. In the following year it deposed the sultan and replaced him with his brother:

Mohammed V.

With so much of the male population of European countries in uniform during the war, women increasingly filled industrial positions from which they had heretofore been excluded. In Britain, these women were collectively dubbed:

Munitionettes

Having sidelined all his opposition within the Bolshevik party, Stalin solidified his control in 1929 by removing _________ from the ruling Politburo

Nikolai Bukharin

The revolution of 1905 in Russia was in response to:

Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.

The Second World War began with the German invasion of Poland on:

September 1, 1939.

Marxism came to Russia in two forms one based on industrial capitatism known as the Social Democatic Party and the other based on the populist appeal to the peasantry known as the ...

Social Revolutionary Party.

In response to the growing materialism and free thought in the world, Pope Pius IX issued an encyclical entitled:

Syllabus of Errors.

The poet _________ presented a philosophy in his poetry that bordered on despair—life is a living death, to be endured as boredom and frustration

T. S. Eliot

What were the mandates of the Treaty of Versailles?

Territories in the Middle East and former German colonies were to be administered by France and Great Britain.

Which of the following best describes the British action at Gallipoli?

a botched amphibious landing in Turkey that failed to "force" the sea route to Russia

In the years preceding World War I, Europe was divided into two groups of nation-states united by treaty. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were opposed by Russia, France, and Great Britain, who were known collectively as the:

Triple Entente.

What film by Leni Riefenstahl was a visual hymn to the cultural power of the Nazi regime?

Triumph of the Will

Which Bolshevik leader made the most notable contribution to Lenin's efforts during the fall of 1917?

Trotsky

The bloodiest battles of World War I occurred during 1916-1917, with the first of these being fought at:

Verdun

At the Paris Peace Conference beginning in 1919, each of the so-called Big Four was represented by its political leader, with Italy being represented by:

Vittorio Orlando.

The Bolsheviks were able to ultimately triumph in October 1917 under the leadership of the young, dedicated revolutionary:

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov.

Fascism, as a political form of government developed in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s:

rested on the principles of statism, nationalism, militarism, and an economy that fully supports the government while remaining free.

Who were the "Whites?"

royalist opponents of the revolutionary communists in Russia

Many Christians were troubled by the implications of the writings of Charles Darwin because those writings:

showed that the world was governed by random chance and constant, undirected struggle.

By the 1860s, _________ were the leading voices for an expanded franchise in many European countries.

socialist parliamentarians

The 1919 election in the Weimar Republic resulted in a coalition government of:

socialists, Catholics, and liberal democrats.

The first technological innovation of the second industrial revolution was with:

steel

During the 1920s, the British and French governments pursued a policy of "deflation" in an attempt to:

stimulate demand for their goods in world markets.

The German "von Schlieffen Plan" envisioned a:

sweeping attack through Belgium to defeat the French outside Paris.

Which weapon was considered the best bet to break the stalemate on the Western Front?

tank

During spring 1918, the war changed momentum on the Western Front due to several factors, the most important of which was:

the Allies' material advantage finally coming to bear on the Germans.

What was the public motive for Britain's declaration of war in 1914?

the German invasion of neutral Belguim

The German army, in the early days of the war, won a stunning victory over the Russians at the battle of:

the Masurian Lakes

Despite significant efforts by President Roosevelt and his New Deal to resolve the economic problems of the Great Depression:

the United States in 1939 still had more unemployed workers than the rest of the world combined.

To what does the term total war refer?

the intense commitment of a nation's whole human and material resources to fighting

Who was/were the SA?

the paramilitary arm of the Nazi party, which engaged in intimidating acts of public violence

What was the single greatest U.S. contribution to the defeat of German forces on the battlefield in 1918?

the sheer number of U.S. conscripts sent into battle alongside the Allies

The changes in culture in the time between the two world wars affected:

the static arts; architecture; music; literature

Which of the following was NOT a major element in the German collapse of November 1918?

the sudden death of Kaiser Wilhelm's heir

To what does the term Blitzkrieg refer?

the sweeping, meticulous use of German armored vehicles and air power to cut apart slower enemy armies

How did Nazi efforts to end the Great Depression in Germany contribute to the militarization of Europe?

through a massive program of rearmament, also intended to reduce unemployment

The mandate territories were created after World War I:

to add to both the French and the British empires.

Although Lenin wanted to establish, for the short term, a state-capitalist economic system in Russia that resembled the successful European wartime economies, the necessities of the civil war pushed the government to a more radical economic system known as:

war communism.

Tsar Alexander II:

was assassinated in spite of freeing the serfs.

Published in 1903 and 1905, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion:

was forged by the Russian secret police and detailed a Jewish plot to dominate the world.

By 1884, full rights of citizenship had been extended to all segments of European society with the exception of:

women.

The Paris Commune obtained its greatest support from the:

workers of Paris.