Chapters 38 and 39

When he assumed office in 1961, which economic strategy did President Kennedy employ to try to stimulate the sluggish national economy?

A general tax cut

What was the political result of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964?

Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.

What legal claim did President Nixon unsuccessfully make to the U.S. Supreme Court to resist the efforts of the Watergate special prosecutor and Congress to obtain his taped conversations with aides in the White House?

Executive privilege (presidential confidentiality) allowed him to withhold the tapes.

What was the guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy?

Human rights

Which of the following best characterizes President Nixon's policy of détente?

It ushered in an era of relaxed bilateral tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

The antiwar movement exploded dramatically in 1970 when

Nixon ordered an invasion of Cambodia.

Which was the most controversial action of Gerald Ford's presidency?

Pardoning Richard Nixon for any known or unknown crimes Nixon had committed during his presidency

What event during the 1960s marked the beginning of closer cooperation and a strategic partnership between the Kennedy administration and the civil rights movement?

President Kennedy sending federal marshals in the summer of 1961 to protect the Freedom Riders

The War Powers Act was passed by Congress specifically in response to

President Nixon's secret bombing of Cambodia.

Which of the following most accurately describes the key holding of the Supreme Court in the Bakke case?

Racial quotas were unconstitutional, but race could be taken into account as one plus factor in university admissions.

Which of the following was NOT a decision issued by the U.S. Supreme Court during the Warren Court era?

The Court upheld the right of state legislatures to disregard the one-man, one-vote principle in apportioning legislative districts.

Which of the following represents the consensus assessment of most historians about the accomplishments of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs?

The Great Society programs achieved some noteworthy accomplishments in expanding education and health care for vulnerable, poor, and underserved Americans.

Which startling event galvanized vehement public opposition to the Vietnam War and placed increasing public pressure on President Johnson to end the war quickly?

The Tet offensive

Which of the following was not a cause of the growing economic slowdown and crises of the 1970s?

The growth in tariffs and trade barriers between the United States and Europe

Which was NOT among the notable achievements of the feminist movement in America during the 1970s?

The ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) constitutionally guaranteeing women equal- ity of rights under law in all fifty states

Which of the following political events started to educate the public about U.S. involvement in Vietnam and stimulate growing public opposition in the late 1960s to American policy in Southeast Asia?

The televised congressional hearings on President Johnson's Vietnam policy, held by Senator William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee

Why did the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) arouse such bitter opposition among many businesspeople?

The work of these two agencies directly involved the federal government in many aspects of business decision making.

Which of the following represented a singular politi- cal achievement for women during the 1960s in the area of civil rights?

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included a provision that prohibited sexual discrimination in public facilities and employment.

What was the political purpose of the 1963 March on Washington led by Martin Luther King, Jr.?

To mobilize popular support behind the civil rights bill that would end segregation and elimi- nate racial discrimination in public facilities and employment

How did the Watergate scandal prove that the United States Constitution could work effectively in a crisis?

Two branches of government investigated and punished abuses of power in the third.

The results of the Cuban missile crisis included all the following EXCEPT

U.S. agreement to abandon the American base at Guantanamo Bay and return this property to Cuba.

Political instability and armed conflict in which of the following nations offered the first pivotal test of the Kennedy administration's new national security strategy of flexible response?

Vietnam

The presidency of Jimmy Carter was undermined by all of the following EXCEPT

armed conflict in the Middle East between Israel and Egypt.

The energy crises of 1973 and 1979 were similar in all of the following ways EXCEPT that

both signaled the end of an era of cheap and abundant energy sources.

The list of illegal activities perpetrated by the law-and- order Nixon administration that were uncovered in the Watergate scandal included all of the following EXCEPT

bribing U.S. Supreme Court justices to write favorable judicial opinions.

The Supreme Court came under sharp political attack in the 1970s, especially because of its rulings on

criminal defendants' rights and prayer in public schools.

The conservative antifeminist movement attacked the Equal Rights Amendment by arguing that it would

end traditional workplace protections for women and undermine the family.

The Arab oil embargo of 1973-1974 and its aftermath dramatically affected the American economy by

ending the era of cheap energy and igniting a raging inflation.

The two areas where President Nixon created powerful new federal agencies that directly impinged on business operations were

environmental protection and occupational health and safety.

President Gerald Ford's most controversial decision in the White House was

granting a complete pardon to Richard Nixon for all crimes he may have committed.

President Carter's greatest foreign policy failure was his

inability to end the Iranian revolutionaries' seizure of American hostages.

President Johnson's Great Society programs have been compared to the New Deal because both

led to the creation of legislation aimed at massive economic reform.

President Nixon and Secretary of State Kissinger successfully pressured the Soviet Union into making diplomatic deals with the United States by

playing the China card by opening U.S. diplomacy and trade with the Soviets' rival communist power.

The year 1968 is often referred to as a defining moment in U.S. history for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that

race riots took place across the country, spoiling the dreams of civil rights activists.

All of the following are examples of the revolutionary cultural upheavals of the 1960s EXCEPT the

rise in the influence of mainstream liberal Protestant churches and the concurrent decline of the conservative evangelical movement during the 1960s.

President Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all of the following EXCEPT

steadily increasing American troop commitments in Vietnam.

All of the following were sources of the economic stagnation that plagued America in the 1970s EXCEPT

steep tax increases in the 1960s and early 1970s to fund increased domestic and military spending.

Despite numerous successes for women in the 1970s, the feminist movement suffered a severe setback when

the Equal Rights Amendment failed to achieve ratification by the states.

The essential principle of President Nixon's Vietnamization policy was that

the United States would gradually withdraw ground troops, while supporting the South Vietnamese war effort.

The Watts riot in 1965 marked all of the following EXCEPT

the beginning of a strategic reversal involving the acceptance of targeted violence by previously moderate civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr.

The most controversial element of Nixon's Philadelphia Plan was

the extension of affirmative action to promote the employment of minorities and women as social groups rather than individuals.

The most serious of the many corrupt Nixon administration practices, exposed by the Senate Watergate Committee, was

the illegal use of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency to cover up White House crimes and harass Nixon's enemies.

President Jimmy Carter's political support plummeted when he

told Americans in a speech that their excessive concern for material goods had led to a moral and spiritual crisis.