Chem 101 Chapter 5

How many atoms of hydrogen are there in magnesium acetate?

Mg(C2H3O2)2 There are 6 hydrogens

Which type of compounds can contain individual molecules?

Molecular compounds (diatomic molecule) ex: O2

What is a key recognition factor when naming acids?

Most acid chemical formulas begin with "H" or hydrogen.

Which polyatomic ion has the least amount of electrons?

NH4 or ammonium (It is the only polyatomic ion to carry a positive charge)

What is the difference between O2, O2 2-, and O 2-?

O2 is a diatomic molecule, it is comprised of two oxygen atoms that are perfectly content with each other. The diatomic molecule will not be seen in ionic compounds. O2 2- is a polyatomic ion known as peroxide, it consists of 2 oxygen atoms that carry a 2- charge. O 2- is oxide, it is the version of oxygen that will be used when oxygen atoms are combined with metals to create a binary ionic compound.

Where do we find the grams of an element for the mass ratio?

On the periodic table underneath the symbol

What is the formula mass of diphosphorous pentoxide?

P2O5 P 31.0 * 2 = 62.0.0 amu O 16.0 * 5 = 80.0 amu 62.0 + 80.0 = 142.0 amu 142.0 amu

Elements may be _______________ or ________________.

atomic (Ne) or molecular (O2)

What is the difference between atomic, monatomic, and diatomic?

atomic elements are those that exist in nature with single atoms, diatomic molecules exist in nature with two of the same element bonded together, monatomic is a single nonmetal bonded to metal.

___________________________________ is an example of a molecular module in which atoms fill the space between each other. This is an example of the geometry of the molecule.

space-filing model

Which of the two types of molecular models is most like a molecule might appear if we could scale it to size?

space-filing models

What does a subscript in a chemical formula represent?

the number of each type of atom

An ionic bond is comprised of atoms that are ______________________________________________________________. Ionic bonds consist of a bond between ________________________________________________.

transferring electrons; metals + non-metals ex: NaCl

Water is an example of a the common name of ____________________ ___________________.

dihydrogen monoxide

Pure substances may be either __________________ or _____________________.

elements or compounds (H2) (H2O)

The molecular formula is always a whole-number multiple of the __________________________.

empirical formula

In a chemical formula, the sum of the charges of the cations must always __________ that of the anions.

equal

Oxyanions (polyatomic ions that contain oxygen) are named according to the number of oxygen atoms in the ion. If there are a series of polyatomic ions that only differ in the amount of oxygens they contain, the one with the lower amount of oxygen atoms is ends in "-____" and the one with more oxygen atoms ends in "-_____." If there are more than two ions in the series the prefixes "______-" will be used to indicate less, and the prefix "____-" will be used to indicate more.

fewer "-ite", more "-ate", less than "hypo-", more than "per-"

What is the basic unit of an ionic compound?

formula unit

In order for scientist to study atoms, they symbolically represent the atomic and molecular world _______________________.

macroscopically

chemical formulas are written with the most ________________ element first. Where are these elements found? Name an exception.

metallic; they are found on the left side of the periodic table. OH- (hydroxide) is an exception to the rule.

Compounds may be either ____________ or ____________.

molecular (covalent bonds/non-metal & non-metal) or ionic (ionic bonds/metal & non-metal)

A _______________________________ gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound. Write an example of this using hydrogen peroxide.

molecular formula: H2O2

What is the basic unit of a molecular compound?

molecule

Covalent bonds result in the formation of _____________________.

molecules

What are the prefixes used to name molecular compounds? (1-10)

mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca

If a polyatomic ion contains oxygen, it is also known as an

oxyanion

Groups of atoms that act as a unit and carry a charge are known as

polyatomic ions

Empirical formula is the ________________ number of atoms of each element in a compound. Write an example of this using hydrogen peroxide.

relative; HO

What is the atom ratio of carbon dioxide?

1:2

Write the atom ratio for Mg(MnO4)2

1:2:8

Oxyacids that form from an anion ending in "-ite" are written with the ending ______ ______.

"-ic" acid

When naming a binary ionic compound, what suffix is added to the non-metal?

"-ide"

Oxyacids that form from an anion ending in "-ate" are written with the ending ______ ________.

"-ous" acid

What is the charge of Iron in FeCl3

+3 also known as Iron (III)

Chemistry can be found in your everyday environment. Name an example of a household item in which you can find the following ingredients. (1 item/ingredient) 1) Calcium carbonate 2) Sodium bicarbonate 3) Sodium nitrate 4) Sodium hypochlorite

1) Tums 2) Baking Soda 3) Oscar Meyer Honey Ham (food preservative that inhibits the growth of bacteria) 4) Bleach

Name the following polyatomic ions: 1) ClO 2) ClO2 3) ClO3 4) ClO4

1) hypochlorite 2) chlorite 3) chlorate 4) perchlorate

What is the mass ratio for NH3?

14g of Nitrogen = 14g = 4.7 or 4.7:1 (1g of Hydrogen x 3) 3g

What is the difference between a formula mass and a mass ratio?

A mass ratio is comparison of the mass of the total atoms of an element in a binary compound. The formula mass is the mass of the total atoms of an element in any formula.

How does acid rain occur? What are the effects?

Acid rain is created when rainwater mixes with vehicle emission pollutants such as NO2, to create acids such as HNO3(aq). The acid rain kills sea-life, damages tree leaves, damages buildings, and weakens tree by dissolving nutrients in the soil.

__________ are molecular compounds that for ions when dissolved in water.

Acids

What is the difference between an atom ratio and a mass ratio?

An atom ratio is a ratio comparing number of atoms that make up each element in a compound. Atom ratios are always whole numbers. Mass ratios are the

_______________________________________ is an example of a molecular model in which we represent atoms and balls and chemical bonds as sticks. This is an example of the geometry of the molecule.

Ball-and-stick models

Why is the mass ratio of pure water always the same no matter what the origin of the sample is.

Because the law of constant proportions state that a given compound will always have the same proportions of their constituent elements, we know that pure water will always consist of 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogens. The mass ratio will be 16g of oxygen/(1g of Hydrogen)*2 = 16g of oxygen/2g of hydrogen = 8.0 or 8:1. Because pure water is comprised of multiples of the same compound, the sample size will always be multiples of 18g.

What is the difference between Co and CO?

Co is the symbol for the element Cobalt. It is written with only the first letter capitalized. CO is carbon monoxide. Because both of the letters are capitalized, it is representing the bond of Carbon and Oxygen.

Polyatomic ions are held together by _________________ bonds.

Covalent- the elements share electrons

What is the formula mass of Cu(NO3)2?

Cu 63.5 * 1 = 63.5 amu N 14.0 * 2 = 28.0 amu 0 16.0 * 6 = 96.0 amu 187.5 amu

The properties of a compound are, in general ______________________ from the properties of the elements that compose it. Give an example.

Different. Ex: Combine elemental sodium, an extremely reactive metal, with elemental chlorine, a highly reactive poisonous gas to create what we know as table salt.

T/F: Use Roman numerals to indicate a charge of an ion in a molecular compound.

False: Molecular compounds are named by prefixes according to the atom abundance of each element present.

T/F Free atoms are abundantly found in nature.

False; rare

_____________ ___________ is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a chemical formula.

Formula mass

What is the formula mass of dihydrogen monoxide?

H2O (water) H 1.0 * 2 = 2.0 amu O 16.0 * 1 = 16.0 amu 18.0 amu

Some compounds have the same molecular formula as they do empirical formula. Give an example.

H2O, Ag3P, BaI2 (other examples)

Name the three ways that acetic acid is written.

HC2H3O2 CH3COOH CH3CO2H

What is the formula mass of acetic acid?

HC2H3O2 H 1.0 * 4 = 4.0 amu C 12.0 * 2 = 24.0 amu O 16.0 * 2 = 32.0 amu 60.0 amu

What is the only exception to the binary acid rule?

HCN, Hydrocyanic acid, acts as a binary acid instead of an oxyacid.

What is the difference between HCl (aq) and HCl (g)?

HCl (aq) is hydrochloric acid; HCl (g) is Hydrogen chloride in the gas form.

When can you omit the prefix "mono-"?

If there is only one atom of the FIRST element when naming a binary molecular compound

What does it mean to say that an element has an invariable charge?

It means that the element always binds to other atoms in a way that creates the same charge every time. They do not get Roman numerals when the formula is written. An example is Aluminum Al 3+

How do you name a binary molecular compound?

Prefix-(first non-metal) prefix-(second non-metal), the first you list is the one that is the closest to the bottom left of the periodic table

While naming metal ions with a variable charge, what is used to indicate the charge of the ion?

Roman numerals

A covalent bond is comprised of atoms that are ________________________________________________________. Covalent bonds consists of a bond between ______________________________________.

Sharing electrons; non-metals + non-metals ex: HCL

A _________________ uses lined to represent chemical bonds and shows how the atoms in a molecule are connected to each other.

Structural formula

_____________________ states that all samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements

The law of constant composition; Joseph Proust

What are the two groups that classify acids? What sets the two groups apart?

The two groups are binary acids and oxyacids. Binary groups contain TWO elements. Oxyacids contain oxygen.

Compare and contrast a mixture and a compound. Give examples of each.

They are both composed of combined elements. Compounds have combined elements that have fixed and definite proportions; the elements in a mixture do not. A balloon filled with Hydrogen and Oxygen (Mixture); A balloon filled with water (Compound).

Ionic compounds are divided up into two groups Type I and Type II. What is the reason for the division? Give examples of exceptions.

Type I contains a metal with invariant charged- the charges do not change. (Not in the transition metal category, except Ag, Zn, Sc) Type II contains metals with a charge that can differ between compounds. These metals are usually found in the transition metals, section except Pb and Sn.

a)What are the seven diatomic elements? b)What does diatomic mean?

a) H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I b)Exists in nature as two atoms.

Which ion has a variable charge? a) copper b) silver c) zinc d) barium

a) copper copper (I) & copper (II)

A Roman numeral in a chemical name means a) positive charge on a single metal atom b) total positive charge c) total negative charge d) the subscript for the metal

a) positive charge on a single metal atom

The following are examples of what polyatomic ion? C2H3O2 - CH3COO - CH3CO2 -

acetate

What is the name of NH4NO3

ammonium nitrate

Because non-metals tend to gain elections in an ionic bond, they are identified as _______________.

anions

Elements that gain electrons in an ionic bond are called ___________. They carry a ___________ charge. They are most commonly _______________.

anions; negative; non-metals

Which of the following demonstrates the principal that the number of H+ ions depends on the charge of the oxyanion when forming an oxyacid? a) HBr (aq) b) H2SO4 c) H2O d) H2Se

b) H2SO4 -for this problem you are looking for an oxyacid (an H + polyatomic ion); and you are looking for the correct number of hydrogens to represent the charge of the polyatomic ion, (H2 for this example)

Which element forms neither positive or negative ions? a) zinc b) neon c) chlorine d) sodium

b) neon (noble gas)

Which ion is monatomic? a) arsenate b) sulfide c) sulfate d) sulfite

b) sulfide

If bromine and chlorine are written in a chemical formula, which will be written first?

bromine; the bottom element is more metallic, if two elements are combining in a chemical formula

Which is a polyatomic ion? a) strontium b) cadnium c) ammonium d) silver

c) ammonium

Because metals tend to lose their electrons in an ionic bond, they are identified as _____________.

cations

elements that lose electrons are called _________. They carry a ____________ charge. They are most commonly ___________.

cations; positive; metals

Which is an example of a binary ionic compound? a) HCl b) HCl (aq) c) Cl2 d) CCl4

d) CCl4 ; binary ionic compounds consist of a metal (cation) and a non-metal (anion)