CHEM 1060 Final Exam
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule (same elements) - high covalent character - low ionic character - zero electronegativy
What is an ionic compound?
A compound that consists of positive and negative ions (metal and a nonmetal) - low covalent character - high ionic character - Large electronegativity
What is a polar covalent bond?
A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally. (Nonmetals) -Intermediate covalent character, ionic character and electronegativity.
What is a strong acid?
An acid which completely splits up into its ions in water and contains a weak conjugate base. E.g. when HCl is in water all the HCl molecules split up into H⁺ and Cl⁻
What is a weak acid?
An acid which will have some molecules which do not split up into their ions. The stronger base gains the hydrogen ions.
What is an isotope?
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
What are alkaline earth metals?
Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium
Ethane
C2H6
Propane
C3H8
n-Butane
C4H10
Methan
CH4
Carbonate
CO3 2-
Cu+
Copper (I);cuprous
Cu2+
Copper (II); Cupric
Bicarbonate
HCO3-
What are the common strong acids?
HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4
What are noble gases?
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
Ionization energies along the periodic table?
Ionization energies decrease down a group and Increase across a period.
Sulfate
SO4 2-
What are metalloids?
Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At, Po These elements lie close to the "stair step". They have a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties.
What is electronegativity?
ability of an atom to attract electrons
What are nonmetals?
elements that have no metallic properties
What are transition metals?
groups 3-11
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene
What elements exist as diatomic molecules?
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
What are the physical properties of metals?
shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity
What is an anode?
the electrode at which oxidation occurs. (Positive)
What is a Cathode?
the electrode at which reduction occurs. (Negative)
ionazation energy
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
What is the ionization of water?
the transfer of a proton from one water molecule to another to produce a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion. It is amphoteric substance; it behaves either as an acid or base. constant Kw.
Hydroxide
OH-
Phosphate
PO4 3-
What is the Ideal Gas Law Formula?
PV=nRT
Ethyl
-CH2CH3
Methyl
-CH3
Centi; c
10^-2
Milli; m
10^-3
Micro
10^-6
Nano; n
10^-9
Kilo; k
10³
Mega; M
10⁶
Deci; d
10⁻¹
What is a buffer solution?
A system that minimises pH changes when small amounts of an acid or a base are added. A solution is buffered by the presence of a weak acid and it conjugate base.
Electronegativity along the periodic table?
Electronegativity decreases down a group and increases across a period.
What are halogens?
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine
What is electrolysis?
Forcing a current through a cell to produce s chemical change that would not otherwise occur
Fe2+
Iron (II); Ferrous
Fe3+
Iron (III); Ferric
What happens if you change the volume of a gaseous equilibria?
It will change the pressure and equilibria only if there is a difference in the number of moles of gas on each side of the equilibria.
Pb2+
Lead (II); Plumbous
Pb4+
Lead (IV); Plumbic
What are alkali metals?
Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium
What is the formula for density?
Mass/Volume = Density
How are the Ionization levels for metals?
Metals have low ionization energies.
Ammonium
NH4+
What happens when you add an inert gas to a gaseous equilibria?
NO EFFECT
Nitrite
NO2-
Nitrate
NO3-
What is corrosion?
The process of returning metals to their natural state- the ores from which they were originally obtained. Involves oxidation of the metal.
