Chem ch 8-end

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if the sign δ- is used to mark an atom in a covalent bond, it means that

*this atom is more electronegative*this atom has a partial negative charge*this atom has a higher electron density

A dipeptide is produced when the ___ group of one amino acid reacts with the ___ group The resulting bond between the two is known as a ___ bind

-COOH; -NH2 ; peptide

Which of the following statements correctly describes true recycling?

-True recycling involves a closed loop -True recycling requires synergy by many diff people -True recycling needs to be marked in order to have a consumer base for the products

The pKa for an acid is equal to ___, where Ka is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the acid in aqueous solution.

-logKa

A 12 ounce can of diet soda contains approximately 12 mg of sodium. How many moles of sodium can be found in the can?

0.000522 moles

If 1 cup of butter is equivalent to 226 g of butter, and 1 cup is equivalent to 250 mL, what is the density of butter in g/mL?

0.90 g/mL

volume of 1 cm^3 is equal to

1 L

The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is ________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13.

1,000 times greater

Food items in the table below, rank them in order of increasing density, starting w least dense food at the bottom.

1. Butter 2. Brown Sugar. 3. Chocolate Chips 4. Cake Flour

Place the steps that show how CO2 produces an aqueous solution in water (1st at top)

1. CO2 (g) 2. CO2 (aq) 3. H2CO3

Rank the following bonds from most to least polar

1. H-F 2. P-O 3. C-O 4. C-H

Which of the following options correctly describes the recycling of PET?

1. PET can be separated from other polymers by density 2. Recycling PET can be converted into polyester fabrics

Which of the following statements correctly describe the word plastic?

1. Plastic is sometimes used a synonym for synthetic polymer 2. Plastic is both an adj and a noun

Special soil bacteria may be used to insert foreign DNA

1. Scientists disable the bacterial gene 2. Scientists insert a different gene 3. The bacterium transfers the foreign DNA into the genome of the plant 4. The resulting transgenic plant produces the chemical coded by the new DNA

Place the artificial (synthetic) sweeteners in order of increasing sweeteners, starting with the least sweet substance at the top

1. aspartame 2. saccharin 3. sucralose

Steps for recycling plastics (number 1 at top)

1. collection of plastic 2. transport plastic 3. sorting 4. melting 5. manufacture of new products

Which of the following describe the fates of plastics that are not recycled?

1. placed in ocean 2. landfill 3. incinerator

Which of the following options correctly describe macronutrients?

1. supply all of the energy and most of the raw material for body repair and synthesis 2. carbs are macronutrients

1 cup all purpose flour is equivalent to 130 grams of flour

1/4 cup 32.5 g 1 1/2 195 g 3 3/4 cup 488 1/3 43.3

If a body needs approximately 1 Cal/kg of body weight per hour, about how many calories would a 75-kg (165 pounds) man need per day?

1800 Cal/day

The partial pressure of O2 in the air is around 0.21 atm. What is the molar concentration of O2 in a sample of river water at normal atmospheric pressure

2.7 x 10 4 mol/L

A 4-L sample of water contains 80 µg of lead. What is this lead concentration, in parts per billion (ppb)?

20

Which of the following correctly describes proteins?

20 diff monomers can be combined Monomers are joined through condensation polymerization

Polyethylene can be represented by this drawing. A molecule of polyethylene has n = 1000. What is the molar mass of this molecule? The atomic masses are: C = 12.01 g/mol; H = 1.01 g/mol.

28,060 g/mol

Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen in a ___ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of ___containing carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.

2:1; rings

For the incomplete structure shown, carbon "a" should have ___ hydrogen atoms attached to it, whereas carbon "b" should have ___ hydrogen atoms bonded to it.

2; 3

PVS,PP, and PS can be oriented how many different ways?

3

A 120-pound person uses 3 Calories per minute walking at a 20 min/mile pace. Approximately, how many miles would a person have to walk to burn off a scoop of ice cream (175 Calories)?

3.0 miles

How many joules are required to heat 2.0 L of water from 20°C to its boiling point of 100°C? The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g•°C and the density of water is 1 g/mL.

6.7 × 105 J

a cookie recipe calls for 1/2 cup of butter, 1 cup of sugar, 2 eggs

60 cookies

What is the proof of an alcoholic beverage that contains 35 percent Alcohol by Volume (%ABV)?

70

Which of the following are correct representations of a benzene ring?

A , D A (hexagon w 3 lines) D (hexagon w solid lines inside it)

Which of the marked carbon atoms in the structure atom in the structure shown are chiral centers?

A - The first point C - The down point

What structures shown represent fatty acids ?

A CH2(CH2)14CO2H, C (really long) CH3CH2CH... etc

correctly describe the two important structural features of fatty acids?

A carboxylic acid group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain hydrocarbon chain typically is made of 12-24 carbon atoms

Select the true statement about conjugate bases.

A conjugate base is one dissociation product of any acid

Which of the following statements correctly describe how drugs may affect the body's functions?

A drug may bind to the receptor that controls the transport A drug that binds tot he active site of a receptor blocks the natural substrate from binding to the same site

What is the relationship between compound Y and each of the other structures shown.

A identical to Compound Y B different, unrelated compound C isomer of Compound Y

Which of the following is an example of genetic engineering?

A scientist replaces a gene in a plant with a new gene of particular interest

Select the correct statement regarding weak and strong acids.

A weak acid will partially dissociate in water.

identify the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the following DNA sequence TACGGCTTAAG

ATGCCGAATTC

Which compound is the result of ethanol metabolism in the body?

Acetaldehyde

A chef tastes a soup and finds that it is too acidic. What can the chef do to make it less acidic but still the same consistency without throwing out the whole pot of soup?

Add baking soda in small amounts

Within the DNA double helix each base is hydrogen-bonded to another specific base.

Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cyosine

There are four different nitrogen-containing bases in DNA.

Adenine and guanine - consist of a six-membered ring and a five-membered ring of atoms fused together Cytosine and thymine consist of only a six-membered ring

Which of the following options correctly describe the bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine?

All contain nitrogen atoms within a ring All contain at least one six-membered ring of atoms

What is meant by the statement sat fat is bad?

All unsaturated fats are good

What functional groups are present in all amino acids?

Amino group and carboxylic acid

Which of the following is the correct structure for deoxyribose?

B

For linear n-hexane, C6H14, which molecular representation is correct?

B , large line w 4 points

Which of the following condensed formulas is a correct representation of the expanded structure shown?

B -

Which of the structures shown represent the optical isomer of compound X?

B -- CH3 on top

Which of the following are common functions of proteins?

Binding DNA to protect the DNA molecules enzymes binding DNA to send a signal Transport of specific substances through cell membranes

What physical property is used in distillation to separate components?

Boiling point

Which of the following do proteins and nylon have in common?

Both polymers are copolymers The Monomers of both polymers are linked through amide linkage Both polymers are formed through condensation

Match each element to the number of covalent bonds it usually forms in a neutral compound.

C - 4bonds H - 1 bond O - 2 bonds N - 3 bonds

Henry's Law

C is concentration of the gas in moles per liter. P is the pressure measured in atmospheres K is called the Henry's Law

Which equation correctly shows the breakdown of glucose by the body?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy Correct

Cranberries naturally contain benzoic acid. The chemical equation for the addition of benzoic acid to water is shown. C7H6O2 + H2O (Equilibrium arrow) C7H5O2- + H3O+ Which is the conjugate base?

C7H5O2-

For this line-angle drawing, which condensed structural formula is correct?

CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3

What chemicals replaced CFCs as polymer blowing agents?

CO2 and pentane

In the process of spherification of alginate ___

Ca 2 ions are used to connect the carbs chains into a gel sphere

The major elements in the human body are C, H, O, N, P and

Ca, Mg, Na.

Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Calcium

What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?

Carbon Dioxide

Which of the following account for the large number of organic compounds in existence?

Carbon readily forms bonds to other nonmetals Carbon can form both single and double bonds to other elements carbon can be bound in multiple ways to other carbon atoms

Which of the following options correctly describe a condensed structural formula?

Carbon-to-hydrogen bonds are not drawn out explicitly. In the condensed formula CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

Which would be classified as a natural polymer?

Cellulose

Which of the following options correctly describe possible disadvantages of the plant domestication?

Certain plants are now unable to survive without human assistance Disease resistance that was not immediately required may have been lost.

How does a change in the primary structure of protein affect its properties?

Changing the primary structure may have a profound effect on its properties

Compounds that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are called ___ isomers

Chiral

Which is not a form of chlorine used to disinfect water?

Chloroform

Glycerol

Combines with fatty acids to produce triglycerides is an alcohol is used in manufacturing soaps and lotions

When contrasted with other materials such as steel, synthetic polymers offer ___ strength at a __ mass

Comparable, lower

During the distillation process, the distillate is cooled in the ___.

Condenser

How do conventional ovens cook food differently than microwave ovens?

Conventional ovens heat the air surrounding the food and microwave ovens do not heat the air

The condenser in the distillation process ____.

Cools the distillate

Which of the following would be classified as trace minerals required by the body for good health?

Cr, I, Se

What is the primary raw material used to synthesize polymers?

Crude Oil

Which raw material serves as the source for most polymers?

Crude Oil

Correctly describe polystyrene ?

Crystal polystyrene is hard and brittle expandable polystyrene is light and a good

Match each polymer region to the correct description

Crystalline region- regular pattern amorphous regions- disordered and random

Which of the following vitamins is synthesized in the skin using the energy of sunlight?

D

A strand of ___ is formed when many nucleotides are joined together through a condensation

DNA

Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of the ___ in an organism.

DNA

When scientists modify DNA within a cell what changes are observed in the cell?

Different proteins will be synthesized by the genes the chemistry of the cell changes

The intermolecular forces that cause polyethylene to be a solid material are ___ forces.

Dispersion

Vitamins are lipid-soluble?

E D K A

Which of the following correctly describe the process of cell division?

Each chromosome is rapidly duplicated during cell division rapidly dividing cells are more susceptible to controlling and passing on DNA damaged by ionizing radiation

Which of the following correctly describe electronegativity and its trends?

Electronegativity increases from left to right on the periodic table The higher the electronegativity value of an element, the more strongly it attracts electrons to itself The element w the highest elec. is fluorine

Match each monomer structure correctly

Ethylene- 4 Hs Vinyl Chloride- 3 Hs 1 Cl Propylene- 3 Hs 1 CH3 Styrene 3 Hs 1 C6H5

Higher altitudes have lower atmospheric pressure and it takes more energy to have the vapor pressure of the liquid reach and exceed the external air pressure.

False

True or false: A DNA strand is identical in both directions

False

Fats, Oils

Fats- derived from an animal sources & solid at room temp Oils- Liquid at room temp mostly from a plant source

Which of the following compounds are found in chocolate ?

Flavonols, potassium, tryptophan

Match each component of chocolate to the correct description.

Flavonols-antioxidants Trptophan-precursor for serotonin, which improves mood Anadamide-neutransmitter that targets the same brain receptors as THC K and Mg- essential elements for the body

Which of the following physical properties is associated with a polymer that possesses amorphous regions?

Flexibility

Which compound is the result of methanol metabolism in the body?

Formaldehyde

Polystyrene is used to make Styrofoam® cups. For this usage, which property is most important?

Good insulator

Which of the following are reasons that farmers might suggest for gene modification of crops?

Greater herbicide resistance of the crop Improved nutritional quality greater disease resistance of the crop greater pest resistance of the crop

Which two ions produced from food we eat commonly activate ion

H & Na

Which compound should be the most soluble in water?

H-O and an H above an O

The conjugate base of H2CO3 has a formula

HCO3

Adipic acid, one of the monomers used to make nylon, has a total of six carbon atoms with two carboxylic acid functional groups. Which structure is correct?

HOOC (CH2)4 COOH

Various hydrogen phosphate ions are important for maintaining the PH in tissue fluid. Given the equation below, identify each species correctly according to its role in the reaction.

HPO42(aq) reacting base H2O(I) reacting acid H2PO4(aq) conjugate acid OH(aq) conjugate abse

What do the letters HDPE represent?

High density polyethylene

The pressure on the beverage is ___ than atmospheric pressure. When the can is opened, the pressure on the liquid ___ and dissolved

Higher, decreases

Which atoms does a hydroxyl functional group contain?

Hydrogen and oxygen

Match the interaction of each optical isomer in a pair with the correct description and designation.

I isomer - counterclockwise rotation of polarized light d isomer clockwise rotation of polarized light

Radioisotopes and ionizing radiation I. allow us to develop high resolution images of some tissues. II. were hypothesized for medical use over a century ago. III. can induce apoptosis in cancerous tissues. IV. are always selective for cancerous tissues.

I, II, and III

Which is/are concerns about genetically modified food crops? I. GM plants will spread into the wild II. GM crops threaten the natural balance III. Use of genetically engineered crops will force pests to evolve IV. GM crops may stop producing food because of damage to their genes

I, II, and III only

Glycolysis I. is stage one of cellular respiration. II. converts glucose to smaller high energy compounds. III. requires oxygen to operate. IV. is utilized by muscles for immediate energy.

I, II, and IV

What are the three types of units that must be present in a deoxyribonucleotide used in forming DNA? I. base II. deoxyribose III. ribose IV. phosphate V. water

I, II, and IV

DNA has four different nitrogen-containing bases. Which of the following are other structural characteristics of DNA? I. The bases are attached to the phosphate groups II. The bases are attached to the sugar molecule, deoxyribose III. The bases A and T are complementary, and C and G are complementary IV. The bases A and C are complementary, and T and G are complementary

II and III

Why is it desirable to produce optically pure drugs?

If only one isomer is active, half the drug dose will have no effect for the condition being treated One isomer may have completely different effects that are undesirable

Henry's Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a given volume of solution will ___ when the pressure increases.

Increase

What is the role of insulin in the body?

Insulin regulates blood sugar levels

the a-helix and B-pleated sheet depend on the tendency of the protein backbone to form ___

Intramolecular hydrogen bonds

How does the tongue detect taste?

Ions passing through an ion channel may trigger a signal to the brain molecules in the food may interact with the taste

Which if the following are essential amino acids?

Isoleucine, lysine, leucine, histidine

Why is water a good solvent for cooking?

It has the ability to absorb significant amounts of heat before changing phase

Which of the following scientists were major contributors to the research that led to the discovery of the structure of DNA?

James Watson Franklin Crick

which of the following options correctly describe the levels and the roles of the minerals K + and Na + in the body?

K+ and Na+ have similar chemical properties and physical functions within a cell the concentration of K+ is greater than that of Na+ K+ and Na+ are important for the rhythmic beating of the heart

Which of the following are strong bases?

KOH NaOH

each polymer type with its appropriate physical properties

LDPE translucent, soft HDPE rigid, tough, dense PV rigid, resistant to most chemicals PP opaque PETE transparent, shatter-resistent

Which of the following correctly identify possible disadvantages of large-scale traditional chemical production compared to enzyme-driven syntheses?

Large quantities of waste may be produced high temp may be required toxic chemicals may be required large amounts of solvents may be required

What forces cause polyethylene to be a solid material?

London dispersion forces

The solubility of carbon dioxide in water decreases as the temperature increases. Which temperature and pressure combination would yield the most dissolved carbon dioxide into water?

Low temperature, high pressure

Which concentration is consistent with a basic solution?

MOH- = 3.4 × 10-3 M

minerals may be classified according to how much of them you need in your diet. Match the following elements with their appropriate classification.

Macrominerals - Ca, P, cl, K, S Microminerals- Fe, Cu, Zn Trace minerals - I, F, Se, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni

Match each type of chemical formula to the correct description.

Molecular formula - gives the ratio of elements in the compound structural formula - shows the placement of all atoms in the compound

Which of the following correctly reflects the relationship between molecular shape and the strength of dispersion forces?

Molecules with a large surface area have more points of contact

Which of the following correctly describes steps in the processing of coffee?

More flavor is extracted from finely ground beans. Roasting of coffee beans improves the flavor of coffee

Which is an amine group?

NH2

Every amino acid has four groups attached to a central carbon atom. What are the four groups?

NH2, COOH, side chain, H

which of the following is molecules is polar

NH3

which of the following gasses produce acidic solutions?

NO2 SO2 CO2

Salt in the food we eat releases ions when it dissolves in saliva, activating ___ ion channels

Na ; electron

Two amino acids combine to form a dipeptide when the amino group of one reacts with the acid group of the other. Which structure is correct?

No - for the majority of people, aspartame is a safe alternative to sugar

Match each of the following types of side groups found in proteins with the type(s) of interaction(s) that they may have with other side chains.

Nonpolar side chains - group tightly to avoid interactions w water side group containing acidic or base sites - often become charged ions and attract their opposites in salt bridges polar noncharged side groups - may form hydrogen bonds

Match each amino acid side chain to the correct classification

Nonpolar- R=ch2 hexagon R= -CH3 Polar- R= CH3 hexagon OH r= -(CH2)2COOH R=-CH2OH

The central carbon atom in the structure shown is bonded to four different groups. This molecule is ___ and is ____ on its mirror image. The central carbon atom is therefore chiral.

Not symmetrical ; not superimposable

The equation shown below represents the chlorination of methane under the action of sunlight CH4(g)... (a lot more im not typing

Numerator - (HCl) (CH3 Cl) Denominator - (CH4) (Cl2)

Which of these synthetic polymers is most closely related to the natural protein polymers?

Nylon

Structural features of nylon?

Nylon is an alternating copolymer Nylon is formed from two different monomers Adipic acid is a monomer of nylon

Match each bond w the appropriate difference in electronegativity.

O-H 1.4 F-H 1.9 S-Cl 0.5 Si-F 2.2

Which compound cannot exist as a pair of optical isomers?

OH on top and to the right only CH3

The root of the word monomer means

One Unit

What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water?

Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system

Match each polymer correctly with the monomer used

PE-ethylene PVC- vinyl chloride PS0 Styrene PP-proplene PETE- Ethylene glycol

Which synthetic polymer is used to make shatter-resistant bottles and fleece fabric?

PET

Describes the application of the big six-polymers?

PS is used to fabricate food wrap PP is used in the manufacture of carpeting

Incineration of plastics can be used to generate energy. One of the "big six" plastics releases hydrochloric acid, HCl, when incinerated. Which one?

PVC

Which of the following options correctly identify factors that make the insertion of foreign DNA more complicated for a scientist?

Plants have thick cell walls that help to protect them from foreign DNA Many organisms have chemical mechanisms that detect and destroy foreign DNA

Rings of DNA that exist in bacteria in addition to their chromosomes are called ___.

Plasmids

The term ___ is sometimes used as a synonym for synthetic polymer

Plastic

Which of the following options correctly describes plastics in landfills?

Plastics are not readily biodegradable

The statement "like dissolves in like" means

Polar substances will dissolve most readily in polar solvents

Which of the following options correctly describe a polymer?

Polymers have high molecular mass A polymer is made up of repeating units called monomers The prefix poly indicates that a polymer is made up of many smaller units

Which of the following is not a correct pairing of a biological macromolecule class with one of its functions?

Polysaccharides; catalysis

Match each level of protein structure to the appropriate description.

Primary structure - unique identity and sequence of the amino acids that make up each protein Secondary structure - The folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain Tertiary structure - The overall molecular shape of the protein

Match each macromolecule to its important functions in living systems.

Proteins - structural features; enzymes Polysaccharides - energy storage and production nucleic acids - blueprint of life ; genetic code lipids - structure of cell membrane

Which of the following options correctly describes the properties and function of receptor sites in the body?

Receptor sites often control the passage of the substances across a cell membrane The active site on a receptor has a specific dimensional shape the ability of a substrate to bind to a particular

Match each recycling term w the appropriate definition

Recycled content products- products created from materials that would have otherwise been found in the waste system Postconsumer content-Material that was perviously used industrially Preconsumer content-waste remaining from the manufacturing process Recyclable products- products that are not necessarily made from recycled materials but can be recycled

Why are many drugs administered as salts rather than as the corresponding neutral compounds?

Salts have greater water solubility and stability than the neutral compound

Match each type of human seclection

Selection by human agriculture - Plants are selected that look and taste better Selection in mature - Plants are selected that are more self-sufficient Selection by both human agriculture and nature - selection results in changes in the genome of the plants

Match each substance correctly with the type of polymer it represents.

Silk- natural Polyethylene- synthetic

Which of the following are common applications of synthetic polymers?

Soft drink, cell phone case, sports equipment

The quanity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree is called its

Specific heat

Which statement correctly describes starch and cellulose?

Starch and cellulose are both made from glucose but have different linkages

Which of the following is not a class of biological macromolecule?

Steroids

Which is the easiest method to cooking a steak to be medium rare with seared edges?

Stovetop

Which of the two processes listed is reversible?

Stretching

Classify each type of acid correctly in terms of its behavior in aqueous solution.

Strong acid - dissociates completely Keq<1 weak acid - dissociates to a small extent Keq>1

Which of the following are artificial , low-calorie sweeteners commonly used in the United States?

Sucralose Saccharin Aspartame

Which of the following correctly describe the active site of an enzyme?

The active site is often a crevice accelerates a desired reaction binds only specific reactants

Which of the following correctly describes the sequences of bases in a strand of DNA?

The backbone of DNA strand determines its directionality A piece of DNA with the base sequence ATCCG is not the same as a piece with the sequence GCCTA the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA determines the sequence of bases in its complementary pair.

Many processes in biological systems involve the binding of a particular molecule or ion

The binding process is generally reversible In this type of process there is an equilibrium between the complex AB and the unbound

All of the energy we need to run our bodies comes from the food we eat. Which statement is false concerning this energy consumption?

The body converts glucose into carbon dioxide and water in one fast reaction

Which of the following structural features make a carbon atom chiral?

The carbon is bonded to four different groups

Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?

The complex set of chemical process that are essential in mainating life

What is directed evolution?

The creation of an environment such that an organism must evolve a new trait to survive

Only three of the statements below about the chemical components of DNA and RNA are true. Select the false statement.

The double helix is stabilized by covalent bonds between the strands

What is an advantage of sous vide cooking?

The food is cooked at the same temperature at which it will be eaten

Which of the following correctly describe the use of genetic engineering in the synthesis of human insulin?

The gene for humans insulin was placed in a plasmid E. Coli was coaxed into making humans insulin

Why is grass not a viable food source for humans?

The human digestive system is unable to break down the B-linkages that characterize cellulose

The label on a popular brand of margarine states it is made from partially hydrogenated corn oil. Which statement is false?

The margarine has the same amount of unsaturated fat (C

Which statement describes how curing meat works?

The meat is salted and this draws out water through osmosis

Which of the following structural properties are associated with LDPE?

The polyethylene chain is branched Molecules of the polymer consist of 500 monomeric units

Which of the following options correctly describe natural selection both in the wild and in human agriculture?

The process is a somewhat random route to modifying the gene pool These are slow ways of modifying the gene pool

Which of the following correctly describe the production of (PHB) by bioengineered organisms?

The process uses materials of low toxicity is extremely efficient less energy is used in the process

Consider the process of condensation polymerization. Which statement is false?

The product contains all of the atoms of the starting materials

Ceviche is cooked using an acid. Which statement describes what happens to the protein when the acid is added?

The protein is denatured

In what way does the structural formula of a compound differ from its molecular formula?

The structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds

The term "pharmacophore" was originally described by the Nobel Prize winner Paul Ehrlich more than 100 years ago. What is the meaning of this term?

The three dimensional arrangement of a drug responsible for its biological activity

Garlic and onions are often sautéed in butter before being used in recipes. Why do chefs do this?

Their flavors and/or odors are fat-soluble

In chemistry, ____ is concerned with the study of the relative energies of reactants and products, while ____ studies how fast reactants are converted to products.

Thermodynamics; kinetics

Which statement is false with respect to carbohydrates?

They are the cause of obesity and should be eliminated from a healthful diet

Which statement is true about microwaves?

They have a longer wavelength than visible light

A bartender wants to make a signature drink that has three layers. Which statement describes the qualities that must be present for this layering to occur?

Three liquids with different densities

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) must be supplied daily in the diet. Why?

To keep you from getting scurvy

Which of the following options describes why DNA is tightly coiled in a regulated way within chromosomes?

To protect the genetic information To organize the genetic information To save space

Reverse osmosis is illustrated in this diagram. What is this process used for?

To remove dissolved salts from sea water

Recycling a synthetic polymer can be more energetically costly than syn.

True

True or False: Corn can be genetically modified in such a way that it can be "taught" how to make its own chemical pesticide

True

True or False: Transgenic plants have been used to produce both drugs and vaccines.

True

A diet that is deficient in certain vitamins (or amino acids required for synthesis of the vitamin) may lead to serious problems. Match the vitamin/amino acid dietary deficiency with the condit

Tryptophan deficiency - pellagra Vitamin C deficiency - scurvy

Correctly describe amino acids?

Twenty amino acids occur naturally an amino acid has an amine group and a carboxylic acid functional group

One special amino acid (cysteine) contains a thiol group (-SH) in the side chain. Which of the following options correctly describe how thiols interact with a protein?

Two -SH may react together and form a disulfide bond Two 0SH groups may react together and form a covalent bond

Valine and lysine are both amino acids. Structurally how could you distinguish between them?

Valine and lysine have different side chains

A modified plasmid used to carry DNA back into bacterial host is called ___ A ___ is a modified plasmid that is used to carry DNA back into the bacterial host.

Vector

Some smoothie bars have the option to add extra vitamin C to smoothies that already contain the daily recommended value. Vitamin C is a polar molecule. Why is it unnecessary to add more than 100 percent of vitamin C recommended values to a food?

Vitamin C is water-soluble and excess is passed as urine

classify each vitamin correctly according to its solubility

Vitamin E - fat soluble Vitamin C - Water soluble

Structurally, how are water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins different?

Water-soluble vitamins contain polar groups, such as OH and fat-soluble do not

Vitamins are classed as being a water, or fat-soluble

Water-soluble: Vitamins that contain several OH groups in the molecular structure Fat-soluble: Vitamins that contain almost exclusively C and H atoms

What concerns might be raised by the possibility of GM plants spreading into the wild?

Will create super insects

Which is not true concerning the discovery and development of the penicillin antibiotics?

World War I gave added impetus for the development of the penicillin antibiotics

Oxygen can be converted to ozone in the reversible process

X O3 Y O2 a 2 b 3

a strong base is

a base that dissociates completely in water

Which of the following options correctly describe a line-angle drawing of a n organic compound ?

a line-angle drawing allows one to focus on the carbon backbone of the molecules a carbon atom is assumed to occupy each vertex position The carbon backbone of the molecule is drawn as a zigzag line

In the process of fermentation

a micro-organism such as yeast is required glucose and other sugars are converted to ethanol

Today, human insulin for treating diabetes is generated by

a strain of bacteria.

In general, hydrogen bonds are

about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds

Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the ____ of the reaction.

activation energy

The ____ site of an enzyme has a specific three-dimensional shape,

active

The site on an enzyme or receptor that binds to its natural substrate is called the ___ site. The ability of a substrate to bind to this site is related to its functional groups and its three-dimensional ____

active ; shape

A catalytic effect or acceleration of a reaction can occur in the ________ of an enzyme.

active site

Five of the "big six" polymers undergo ___ polymerization

addition

Which functional group does this molecule contain?

alcohol

Which of the following statements correctly describe organic compounds?

all organic compounds contain carbon atoms organic compounds may contain nitrogen or oxygen atoms

An amino acid that has a lost of a -H atom and an -OH group in the process of bonding together is called a(n) ____

amino acid residue

A protein is a linear polymer composed of

amino acid-amino acid

A recipe, like a chemical reaction, specifies the ___

amounts

A molecule such as lecithin has both polar and nonpolar portions and is referred to as ____ molecule

amphiphilic

Which of the following options correctly describe plasmids?

are found in small single-celled bacteria addition to their chromosomes are rings of DNA

Which of the following options correctly describe nucleotides?

are monomeric units that can polymerize to form DNA Covalently bonded combination of a nitrogen base, phosphate group, and deoxyribose sugar.

Correctly describe micronutrients?

are substances that are required in minuscule amounts are substances that are essential to life vitamins are micronutrients

The artificial sweetener composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine is called ___

aspartame

The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, described making a tea that was effective against fever by boiling willow bark. Years later, the active ingredient was isolated and chemically modified to produce the drug we now know as

aspirin

Match each region of the tongue to the principal taste receptors

at back- bitter sides-sour center-not many pink- at the front

a substance that relases OH ions in water is called

base

Enzymes are

biochemical catalysts that influence the rate of chemical reactions.

Which of the following correctly describe the key features of sickle-cell?

blood cells cannot pass through the tiny openings of capillaries may clog organs so badly that blood supply to the organs is reduced the change of single glutamic acid to valine in the primary

The alcoholic mixture produced by fermentation of sugars can be distillied, a process that separates liquids based on their ____.

boiling points; higher

The properties of LDPE can be changed by modifying the ___ of the polyethylene chain

branching

Which of the compounds shown exists as a pair of optical isomers?

c - CH2 CH3 on top

Minerals required for proper metabolism include ____

calcium , iron

Which compound is insoluble in water?

calcium carbonate

The "big six" polymers are all classified as thermoplastics because they

can be melted and shaped.

A buffer system in which (acid) = (conjugate base)

can resist addition of acid or base up to 1 pH unit on either side of the pK4 value has a pH = pK of the acid

Correctly describe essential amino acids

cannot be synthesized by the body these amino acids are required for protein synthesized essential amino acids are naturally occurring compounds

In a line-angle drawling such as the one shown, each vertex (the point where two lines intersect, or a line begins or ends) represents a ____ atom

carbon

What si the function of hemoglobin, found in red blood cells?

carries O2 from the lungs to the tissues of the body

Protein enzymes act as

catalysts

Minerals are ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. The metals exist in the body as ___ and nonmetals typically are present as ____

cations ; anions

Some steroids are more soluble in water than others. Based on your understanding of the solubility of molecular compounds in water, decide which compound is the most soluble.

check chegg

any object that is not superimposable on its mirror image shows "handedness" and is described as being ____

chiral

Which is not a polymer of glucose?

cholesterol

a rod-shaped compact coil of DNA and specialized proteins found within the nucleus of a cell is called ___.

chromosome

Compounds that work in conjunction with enzymes to enhance their activity are called ___

coenzymes

Select the formula for the equilibrium constant for the association of epinephrine and its receptor.

complex/(receptor)(epine.)

Many reactions are reversible and will reach a state of dynamic chemical equilibrium, in which___

concentrations of reactants and products remain unchanged

A structural formula in which carbon-to-hydrogen bonds are not shown explicitly is called ___ structural formula

condensed

The secondary structure of a protein is the

conformation of amino acids in a segment of polypeptide.

When an acid dissociates in aqueous solution as represented by the genial equation below its HA(aq)+H2O....

conjegate base

When an acid dissociates in aqueous solution as represented by the general equation below it forms ___. HA(aq)+H2O(I) -- H3O+(aq)+A(aq)

conjugate base

Which of the following options correctly describe the mineral calcium?

constituent of bones and teeth is required for the transmission of nerve impulses is required for blood clotting

isomers

contain the same elements have their atoms bonded in different ways have different physical properties

unsaturated fatty acid

contains at least one c=c bond between carbon atoms in the hydro. chain

Which of the following options correctly describes hemoglobin?

contains iron, which binds to oxygen molecules the binding of O2 to hemoglobin is influenced by pH changes as well is a transport protein

Correctly describe molecular polarity?

contains only nonpolar bonds is nonpolar overall molecular polarity depends on the geometry of the molecule a molecule that contains polar and nonpolar covalent bonds could be polar or nonpolar

saturated fatty acid

contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain

If the reaction quotient, Q, is equal to the equilibrium constant, Keq, the reaction will

continue both forward and reverse reactions to keep the ratio of reactants and products the same.

If the reaction quotient, Q, is less than the equilibrium constant, Keq, the reaction will

continue the forward reaction to convert reactants into products.

A consequence of water's high value for heat capacity is that it is very effective at _____ In addition, the temperature in coastal areas are .. due to water's ability to ____ heat

cooling; store

A polymer that is made from two different monomers is known as a

copolymer.

Domestication of the teosinte plant let to the modern day___

corn

Which of the following are common consumer goods derived from GMOs?

cotton high frutose corn soybean

Genetic engineering may be advantageous for reasons other than crop production for human consumption.

creation of plants that absorb toxic metals from contaminated soil creation of bacteria to detect and remediate radioactive contamination

Match each type of gene manipulation listed

crossbreeding - a somewhat random process that takes a long time genetic engineering - a fast process with high control of the outcome

Which of the following are different forms of polystyrene?

crystal, expandable

The repeating head-to-tail monomer arrangement is the most common for PVC,PP, and PS this arrangement provides more ____

crystalline

regions of the polymer that are very ordered are called ___ regions, whereas regions of the polymer that are very disordered are called ___ regions

crystalline, amorphous

The ____ of a substance is its mass per unit volume

density

the genetic code of an organism is carried by DNA, or

deoxyribonucleic acid

X-ray diffraction is a method for

determining the position of atoms in a crystal.

X-ray ___ is an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of X-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of the ___ in the crystal.

diffractions ; atoms

A ____ is a compound formed two amino acids

dipeptide

What type of forces are a result of an attraction between molecules due to a distortion in the electron cloud

dispersion forces

Plastics in landfills are problematic because they

do not readily biodegrade

ethanol has a polar OH group allowing it to dissolve readily

dual polarity

The octet rule is applied to bonding in carbon containing compounds. In accordance with the octet rule,

each bonded carbon atom shares electrons so that it has exactly eight outer valence electrons.

Some "low-carb" diets promote the consumption of protein because

eating protein increases glucagon levels

Match each system of communication with its appropriate function in the body

electrical impulses- travel along nerves to the appropriate target chemical messengers- circulate in the blood to the appropriate target organ

An emulsion such as mayonnaise can be stabilized by adding an ___ agent

emulsfying

Mayonnaise is an example of an ___, in which a nonpolar substance is dispersed in a polar solvent.

emulsion; egg yolk

During the process of cellular respiration

energy is produced and stored in the form of ATP glucose is converted to CO2 the first stage pf the process is anaerobic, requiring no O2

Large-scale chemical synthesis may be carried out using traditional methods

enzyme-based synthesis - reactions are carried out at low temp, require fewer toxic reagents, and produce less waste traditional chemical synthesis - reactions are often carried out at high temperatures, may require toxic chemicals, and produce very large amounts of waste

proteins that act as biochemical catalysts are called ____

enzymes

Many reactions are reversible and will achieve chemical ____, which is the point at which is the point at which a balance of products and reactants is reached.

equilibrium

Correctly describe describe vitamins?

essential proper metabolic functioning organic compounds with a wide range of physiological essential for preventing disease

yeast is a micro-organism that plays a central role in fermentation, in which sugars are converted to ____ and ____

ethanol ; CO2

Match each metabolic products and adverse effects if each alcohol that maybe found in alc beverages

ethanol- causes dehydration, has a diuretic effect, may cause an electrolyte imbalance, metabolized to acetaldehyde methanol- causes blindness, metabolite damages the optic nerve, metabolized to formic acid

Methanol is often unwanted.. if proper equipment is not used. Which of the following describe the steps of the adverse effects of methanol?

even smaller amount of methanol can cause blindness can be covered to formic acid, attacks optic nerve

Consumption of vitamins in excessive quantities may lead to serious problems. Match the problems listed below to the vitamin that, when consumed in excess, leads to the given problem.

excessive consumption of vitamin A - blurred vision and liver damage excessive consumption of vitamin D - heart and kidney damage

The equilibrium constant for a reaction K aq , ____

expresses how far the reaction favors either the reactions or the products indicates the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium Indicates whether products or reactions will be present in greater concentration at equilibrium

the brix scale

expresses the sugar content of an aqueous solution

Hydrophobic molecules can be used to create a permanent emulsion.

false

Plants are easier to genetically engineer than bacteria due to their simpler cellular structure.

false

Lipids include

fats, oils, triglycerides, steroids

Both brewing and baking of breads involves ___

fementation

The process which yeast converts sugars to alcohol

fermentation

processed foods are

foods that have been altered from their natural state by various techniques

What name is given to an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is largely

functional group

The distinctive arrangements of atoms that impart characteristic chemical properties to the molecules that contain them are called

functional groups

In polymer manufacturing, a blowing agent is a

gas or substance

A foam is formed when a ___ is trapped in a ___

gas; liquid or solid

The DNA materials contained in a(n) _________codes for the production of a protein.

gene

Humans have been manipulating ___ throughout history.

genes

Transgenic crops are the result of genetic engineering where an organism results from the transfer of ____ across _____

genes ; species

The complete set of inheritable traits of an organism is known as the ____ of the organism

genome

Which is a monosaccharide?

glucose

the compound shown here, named ___, is a component of all triglycerides

glycerol

First stage of cellular respiration

glycolysis

Amino acids are compounds that contain both amine and organic acid functional groups. Which compound is an amino acid?

has NH2 in it

Mayonnaise is an example of an emulsion, which

has a nonpolor substance dispersed in a polar substance

Lecithin, found in egg yolks

has both polar and nonpolar portions can interact w polar and nonpolar molecules is an emulsifying agent

Lecithin is an amphiphilic molecule.

has both polar and nonpolar portions is attracted to both polar and non can stabilize a mixture of polar and non

the greater the concentration of sugar in a solution the _____ its specific gravity

higher ; higher

Food cooks when heated because the spontaneous flow of heat is always from an object at____ temp to an object at ____ temp

higher, lower

The body's chemical messengers, called ________, are produced in the endocrine glands.

hormones

chemical messengers produced by the body's endocrine glands are called ____

hormones

Fatty acids include a nonpolor ___ chain and a polar ___ group

hydrocarbon; carboxylic acid

which of the following is the strongest type of intermolecular force

hydrogen bond

The difference between water and H2S is that water can form ____ between its molecules, where H2S cannot

hydrogen bonds

What forces hold the two strands of DNA together?

hydrogen bonds

All ___ bonds are much weaker then ___

hydrogen, covalent

A ___ is an instrument that measures changes in the density of food

hydrometer

Which of these statements are correct for addition polymerization only? i. Monomer units chemically bond together ii. Product contains all the atoms of the starting material iii. There is generally just one monomer

i and ii

The primary structure of a protein is the

identity and sequence of amino acids present

Scooping flour from a bag or jar using a cup may give a different transferring it into the cup with a spoon because

if the flour is packed more firmly there will be a greater mass

The fermentation process used in both brewing and baking of breads is identical expect

in baking the ethanol produced evaporates

a recipe can be described ...

ingredient quantities can be changed, but only in proportion to each other

A foam may be produced by ____

injecting a gas into a thickened liquid at higher pressure

Which of the following options correctly describe insulin and glucagon>

insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on blood glucose levels Both are hormones that control glucose production and storage in the body

The force or attraction that occurs between molecules

intermolecular

Dispersion forces are a type of ___ force that causes an attraction between molecules that result from a distortion of the __ cloud

intermolecular, electron

Which of the following options correctly describe the genome?

is a complete set of inheritable traits of ab organism Is a guidebook on how to grow and reproduce Inside each cell is a complete set of instructions on how to grow and reproduce

Electronegativity

is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond.

Which of the following options correctly describe deoxyribose?

is a monosaccharide has the chemical formula C5H10O4

Which of the following options correctly describe and interpret the illustration?

is a polar covalent bond the o-h bond are closer to O, giving it a partial neg. charge

Correctly describe the mineral iodine?

is a trace mineral most of the body's iodine is found in the thyroid gland most of the body's iodine is incorporated into the hormone thyroxine

Correctly describe aspartame?

is an artificial sweeter is a dipeptide

The pKa for an acid ___

is calculated as -log Ka is measure of the relative strength of the acid

A phenyl group ____

is composed of 6-mebered ring of carbon atoms has the formula -C6H5

Correctly describe the effects of excess aspartame on individuals with phenylketonuria?

is converted into pyretic acid may lead to severe mental retardation

The reaction quotient Q ___

is equal to Keq at equlilbrium expresses some ration of (products)/(reactants) at any time in the reaction

CO2 produces an acidic solution when dissolved in water because

it reacts w the H20 to give H2CO3

Water is said to have a high ___ heat

latent

Plasticizer such as DEHP is not chemically bonded to the plastic that contains it, it will slowly ___ the environment over time

leach

Physical properties of a polymer can be drastically altered by changing the ___ of the polymer chain

length

When a mixture of polymers is melted together the resulting product is ___ valuable than a homogeneous recycled plastic. The properties of the mixed material are ___, resulting

less, lower grade

Triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids are classified as

lipids

Which of the following are possible effects of ethanol?

loss may occur as frequency of urination increases water is sent directly from kidneys to the bladder + dehydration converts stored glycogen into glucose in the liver

The alcoholic solution produced The compounds with ___ boiling points

lower;greater

malnutrition, undernourishment

m-caused by a diet lacking in proper nutrients u-caused by the consumption of insufficient calories to meet metabolic needs

A polymer is a large molecule

made up of long chains of atoms covalently bonded together

A structure-activity-relationship study

makes a series of small structural changes to the drug then compares it to its activity with the enzyme.

Correctly describe the functions of proteins in the human body?

many hormones are proteins are a major component of muscle main component of hair

Which of the following statements correctly define density ?

mass/volume The density of a substance does not depend on the size of the sample

Side chains of amino acids

may be polar or nonpolar

Match each type of carbohydrate with its appropriate description.

monosaccharide -a single sugar disaccharide - a double sugar

The process being depicted in the illustration is called ___. In this process the seemingly random arrangement of polymer chains ____in the

necking, aligns

when a hydrogen bond is covalently bonded to _____, O, or Fl...

nitrogen,

all DNA is composed of ___ - containing bases, sugars, and ___ groups

nitrogen; phosphate

Match each type of amino acid side chain correctly to the way it is oriented with respect to overall protein strture

nonopolar side chains group toward - inside polar side chains group toward - the outside of the protein

Which of the following are classes of macromolecules that are biologically important?

nucleic acids lipids polysaccharides proteins

How many DNA bases in any one gene must be changed for a mutation to have a serious effect?

one

Which formula below represents a trans fatty acid?

one point then about half way through a line under it at the end an o then the very end OH

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation may be used to determine how the pH of a buffer system

pH=pKa +log (conjugate base) / (weak acid)

A buffer functions best when

pH=pKa of the weak acid component There are equal concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base

which of the following are currently used as blowing agents in the manufacture of polymers?

pentane, carbon dioxide

A dipeptide is formed from two amino acids that are linked through a ___ bond, which is an example of an amide functional group

peptide

Which synthetic polymer is a copolymer?

pet

A substance, natural or synthetic, that is intended to prevent, alleviate, or cure an illness is called

pharmaceutical

A substance, natural or synthetic, that is intended to prevent, alleviate, or cure an illness is called ___

pharmaceutical

Nucleic acids such as DNA contain ___ groups, which can have the form PO4, ....

phosphate

Which of the following correctly describes the use of X-ray analysis to determine the structure of a crystalline material?

photons interact with the electrons of the atoms in the crystal are only scattered at certain angles that are related to the distance between atoms

A compound that is added in small amounts to make a polymer more soft and pliable is called ___

plasticizer

The molecules that are added to polymers to make them softer and more pliable are known as

plasticizers

Water is a polar molecule because it contains ______ covalent bonds and adapts ___ shape

polar, bent

When the ________ molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, the ethanol molecules ________.

polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules

Side chains that are _____ interact strongly with water, while ____ side chains are hydrophobic

polar; non polar

A molecule made up of many repeating units linked together is called a ____, while the repeating units are called _____

polymer, monomers

Becayse heat transferred is used to change the ____ energy of the molecules by breaking or forming intermolecular attractions. Since there is no change in ____energy of the molecules during this process

potential, kinetic

The unique identity and sequence of the amino acids in a protein defines its ___ structure

primary

the unique identity and sequence of the amino acids in a protein are defines its ___ structute

primary

The identity and sequence of the amino acids present in a protein is its

primary structure.

The level of protein structure directly determined by the sequence of nucleotides on DNA is

primary.

Yellow rice is genetically engineered to

produce beta carotene (Vitamin A).

This means that the ____ will be present in much greater concentration that the ____ at equilibrium

products ; reactants

The equilibrium constant for any reversible chemical system expresses the ration of ____ at equilibrium.

products/ reactants

If Q is less than K eq for the reaction, the concentrations of the ____ must increase to reach equilibrium

products; reactants

A ___ is a polyamide or polypeptide; this is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers

protein

Correctly describe protein complementarity?

protein complementarity is a process that involves combining foods that complement essential amino acids content The total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids for protein synthesis

when determining food readiness, methods such as dropping cooked sugar mixture into water to determine its cooking stage are ____

qualitative ; quantitative

A mixture containing equal amounts of the two optical isomers of a given compound is calls a ____ mixture

racemic

In order for a drug to show a particular biological activity, the three-dimensional .... must fit the shape of the binding site on an asymmetrical ____

receptor

One way in which our tongue detects taste is by the direct interaction of molecules in the food we eat with taste ____

receptors

Match each of the four R's

reduce- manufacturer produces a plastic bottle that contains less material Reuse- consumer uses a plastic grocery bag Recycle- consumer separates plastic from other trash Recover- facility burns the plastic to convert chemical energy

a refractometer measures the extent to which a solution refracts lights,

refractive index, increases

Most common monomer arrangement for PVC, PP, and PS?

repeating head-tail

The process of cell reproduction in which the cell must copy and transmit its genetic information to its progeny is known as ____.

replication

once incorporated into the peptide chain, the amino acids are known as amino acid

residues

Which of the following vitamins shown are water-soluble?

riboflavin pantothenic acid

Common applications of nylon?

ropes, camping equ, hosiery

Match each type of fatty acid

saturated- contains only single bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain Monounsaturated-contains C=C bonds in the hydro chain polyunsaturated- contains two or more c=c bonds in the hydro chian

The ____ structure describes the folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain

secondary

Genetic modifications that develop in response to changes in environment or to domestication by humans are examples of ____

selection

the identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the sequence of the amino acids in the peptide chain

sequence

The fact that carbon (C) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C — N bond, the

shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom.

The tertiary structure of a protein results from interaction between the ___ of the amino acid residues.

side chains

The tertiary structure of a protein results from interactions between the ___ of the amino acid residues.

side chains

Nylon was originally intended as a substitute for which natural textile?

silk

Match each state of matter

solids- fixed shape and volume particles close together and organized liquid- takes the shape of the container, particles more fluidly but are still attracted gas- takes the shape of the container, volume determined by container, particles far apart w few attractions

The term ____ is used to describe processes that produce less material and therefore less waste

source reduction

match each polysaccharide with the correct desciption.

starch - can be digested by humans has a-linkages between glucose units cellulose - has B-linkages between glucose units cannot be digested by humans

Sodium chloride is an example of a

strong electrolyte.

The backbone structure of DNA is

sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate

The nitrogen-containing bases in DNA are attached by covalent bonds to a

sugar.

The abbreviation STP indicates standard ..

temperature and pressure

The level of protein structure that involves interactions among amino acid side chains is

tertiary

Structure (c) is considered a better representation for benzene than structure (b) becuase

the bonds in benzene are equal in length and its electrons are uniformly distributed around the ring

Which of the following options correctly describe the formation of a disaccharide?

the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharide units is a condensation reaction A C-O-C linkage is created when the two monosaccharides are joined together

The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is

the minimum amount of energy required daily for your body to function.

Which of the following correctly describe the tertiary structure of a protein?

the overall molecular shape of a protein is described by is defined by interactions between amino acids far apart in sequence, but close in space

Ethanol, like other alcohols, has dual polarity because

the polar -OH group can interact with H2O and the carbon portion of the molecule can interact

which options correctly describe the ratio density of solution / den

the quantity can be used to monitor the conversion of sugar this ratio is called the specific gravity of the solution

Consider the buffer system ... is the conjugate base. If a small amount of strong acid such as HCl is added ____

the ratio conjugate base/conjugate acid the H3O+ ions is produced will react with CO32 ions

Isomers are compounds that have

the same chemical formulas but different molecular structures and physical properties.

The structural make-up of triglycerides?

the three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated may all be different

The boling point of a liquid is the temperature at which ____

the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure

Polymers that can be reshaped when heated are called ___ polymers

thermoplastic

Match each hormone with its principal function in the human body.

thyroxine- regulates metabolism insulin- regulates blood glucose levels adrenaline- controls the body's response to danger

Which of the following options correctly describe the use of transgenic plants for producing vaccines and drugs?

transgenic plants could provide readily available and low-cost edible vaccine These vaccines do not require refrigeration or special handling Vaccines produced within edible products would not require a trained professional to administer them

Glycerol reacts with three molecules of fatty acids to produce

triglycerides

DNA must uncoil before replication.

true

A polar covalent bond is created when

two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally.

This vapor exerts a pressure, which is called the ___ pressure. This pressure ____ as the temperature of the liquid increases. When this pressure equals the external pressure, the liquid has reached its

vapor, increases

Which of the following are micronutrients?

vitamins and minerals

Water has a high latent heat. This means that ____

water can absorb a lot of heat before changing phase

Water has a high latent heat. This means that ____

water can be absorb a lot of heat before changing phase

Why water is a polar molecule

water has bent gemo. water has polar bonds

In aqueous solution a ___ acid dissociates to a small extent only, while a ____ dissociates completely.

weak ; strong

Match each marked bond in the structure shown with the correct description.

wedged bond c - in front of the page dashed bond b -behind the plane of the page solid line bond a - in the plane of the page

What is the role of yeast in the fermentation process?

yeast provides enzymes that break down sugars

Which form of water disinfection continues to provide antibacterial protection after the water leaves the purification plant?

Chlorination

We cannot effectively clean nonpolar substances from our hands or clothing with water alone; we must add soap or detergent. The structure of a typical soap molecule is shown below. Which region of this molecule would dissolve in a nonpolar substance such as grease?

Region 1

Which is the best definition of specific heat?

The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius

Packing materials designed and used is such a way to reduce their environmental impact are called ____

sustainable

Which shows the Lewis structure of water with the correct partial charges and nonbonding electrons?

the one where the s looking thing is - and 4 dots above the O

Place the four R for increasing sustainability in order of their desirability

1. reduce 2. reuse 3. recycle 4. recover

Rank the following forces of attraction from the strongest to the weakest.

1. strongest- covalent 2. intermolecular forces

What is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?

1.0 M

The recommended daily requirement of calcium is 1,000 mg. Tap water in a Midwestern city contains approximately 150 mg Ca/L. A person living in the city who drinks two liters of water in one day would receive ________ percent of his/her RDA of calcium.

30

What of the following properties is unusual or unique about water?

All three phases of water are commonly found on Earth Water is a liquid at room temp. and normal atmospheric pressure

Which of the following statements correctly outline the advantages of incinerating synthetic polymers?

Combustion of synthetic polymers produce a large amount of energy Synthetic polymers are chiefly hydrocarbons and are therefore readily combustible

The correct condensed molecule formula of water?

H20

Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of two protons from trihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric acid)?

H3PO4 → 2H+ + HPO4 2¯

Match each type of polyethylene correctly to its common applications

HDPE- opaque containers, heavy duty pipes, milk containers, fencing, LDPE- grocery bags, bubble wrap, plastic food wrap

Match each of the polyethylene correctly to its physical properties

HDPE_ more ordered structure, opaque, greater rigidity, higher melting point, stronger LDPE irregular tangle of polymer chains, lower melting point, transparent, less strength, stretchy

Which of the following correctly describe landfills?

Landfills can leak unwanted materials Landfills are space is plentiful in some regions

Which of the following correctly describe the applications of the big six polymers

PP is used in the manufacture of carpeting PS is used to fabricate food wrap

A 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose, C12H22O11, in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown. What do you predict will happen?

The bulb will not light up - sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution

if a chemical reaction is reversible, it occurs in both the forward and reverse directions

equilibrium

Arrange the phases of water from least dense to most dense (least at top)

least- gas 2nd-solid 3rd- liquid

As a result, the molecules in a solid state are ____ closely packed than in a liquid state and solid form therefore ____ denser than liquid water

less; less

What properties of polymers that make them useful for many applications?

low density, high, flexibility, and high strength

Match each polymer with the correct description of its surface and properties

portions have- 20 diffrent PET has 2 diffrent amides- link protein monomers Esters- link PET monomers


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