Chem ch 8-end
if the sign δ- is used to mark an atom in a covalent bond, it means that
*this atom is more electronegative*this atom has a partial negative charge*this atom has a higher electron density
A dipeptide is produced when the ___ group of one amino acid reacts with the ___ group The resulting bond between the two is known as a ___ bind
-COOH; -NH2 ; peptide
Which of the following statements correctly describes true recycling?
-True recycling involves a closed loop -True recycling requires synergy by many diff people -True recycling needs to be marked in order to have a consumer base for the products
The pKa for an acid is equal to ___, where Ka is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the acid in aqueous solution.
-logKa
A 12 ounce can of diet soda contains approximately 12 mg of sodium. How many moles of sodium can be found in the can?
0.000522 moles
If 1 cup of butter is equivalent to 226 g of butter, and 1 cup is equivalent to 250 mL, what is the density of butter in g/mL?
0.90 g/mL
volume of 1 cm^3 is equal to
1 L
The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is ________ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13.
1,000 times greater
Food items in the table below, rank them in order of increasing density, starting w least dense food at the bottom.
1. Butter 2. Brown Sugar. 3. Chocolate Chips 4. Cake Flour
Place the steps that show how CO2 produces an aqueous solution in water (1st at top)
1. CO2 (g) 2. CO2 (aq) 3. H2CO3
Rank the following bonds from most to least polar
1. H-F 2. P-O 3. C-O 4. C-H
Which of the following options correctly describes the recycling of PET?
1. PET can be separated from other polymers by density 2. Recycling PET can be converted into polyester fabrics
Which of the following statements correctly describe the word plastic?
1. Plastic is sometimes used a synonym for synthetic polymer 2. Plastic is both an adj and a noun
Special soil bacteria may be used to insert foreign DNA
1. Scientists disable the bacterial gene 2. Scientists insert a different gene 3. The bacterium transfers the foreign DNA into the genome of the plant 4. The resulting transgenic plant produces the chemical coded by the new DNA
Place the artificial (synthetic) sweeteners in order of increasing sweeteners, starting with the least sweet substance at the top
1. aspartame 2. saccharin 3. sucralose
Steps for recycling plastics (number 1 at top)
1. collection of plastic 2. transport plastic 3. sorting 4. melting 5. manufacture of new products
Which of the following describe the fates of plastics that are not recycled?
1. placed in ocean 2. landfill 3. incinerator
Which of the following options correctly describe macronutrients?
1. supply all of the energy and most of the raw material for body repair and synthesis 2. carbs are macronutrients
1 cup all purpose flour is equivalent to 130 grams of flour
1/4 cup 32.5 g 1 1/2 195 g 3 3/4 cup 488 1/3 43.3
If a body needs approximately 1 Cal/kg of body weight per hour, about how many calories would a 75-kg (165 pounds) man need per day?
1800 Cal/day
The partial pressure of O2 in the air is around 0.21 atm. What is the molar concentration of O2 in a sample of river water at normal atmospheric pressure
2.7 x 10 4 mol/L
A 4-L sample of water contains 80 µg of lead. What is this lead concentration, in parts per billion (ppb)?
20
Which of the following correctly describes proteins?
20 diff monomers can be combined Monomers are joined through condensation polymerization
Polyethylene can be represented by this drawing. A molecule of polyethylene has n = 1000. What is the molar mass of this molecule? The atomic masses are: C = 12.01 g/mol; H = 1.01 g/mol.
28,060 g/mol
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the hydrogen and oxygen in a ___ ratio. Carbohydrate molecules are usually built of ___containing carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.
2:1; rings
For the incomplete structure shown, carbon "a" should have ___ hydrogen atoms attached to it, whereas carbon "b" should have ___ hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
2; 3
PVS,PP, and PS can be oriented how many different ways?
3
A 120-pound person uses 3 Calories per minute walking at a 20 min/mile pace. Approximately, how many miles would a person have to walk to burn off a scoop of ice cream (175 Calories)?
3.0 miles
How many joules are required to heat 2.0 L of water from 20°C to its boiling point of 100°C? The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g•°C and the density of water is 1 g/mL.
6.7 × 105 J
a cookie recipe calls for 1/2 cup of butter, 1 cup of sugar, 2 eggs
60 cookies
What is the proof of an alcoholic beverage that contains 35 percent Alcohol by Volume (%ABV)?
70
Which of the following are correct representations of a benzene ring?
A , D A (hexagon w 3 lines) D (hexagon w solid lines inside it)
Which of the marked carbon atoms in the structure atom in the structure shown are chiral centers?
A - The first point C - The down point
What structures shown represent fatty acids ?
A CH2(CH2)14CO2H, C (really long) CH3CH2CH... etc
correctly describe the two important structural features of fatty acids?
A carboxylic acid group at the end of the hydrocarbon chain hydrocarbon chain typically is made of 12-24 carbon atoms
Select the true statement about conjugate bases.
A conjugate base is one dissociation product of any acid
Which of the following statements correctly describe how drugs may affect the body's functions?
A drug may bind to the receptor that controls the transport A drug that binds tot he active site of a receptor blocks the natural substrate from binding to the same site
What is the relationship between compound Y and each of the other structures shown.
A identical to Compound Y B different, unrelated compound C isomer of Compound Y
Which of the following is an example of genetic engineering?
A scientist replaces a gene in a plant with a new gene of particular interest
Select the correct statement regarding weak and strong acids.
A weak acid will partially dissociate in water.
identify the nucleotide sequence that is complementary to the following DNA sequence TACGGCTTAAG
ATGCCGAATTC
Which compound is the result of ethanol metabolism in the body?
Acetaldehyde
A chef tastes a soup and finds that it is too acidic. What can the chef do to make it less acidic but still the same consistency without throwing out the whole pot of soup?
Add baking soda in small amounts
Within the DNA double helix each base is hydrogen-bonded to another specific base.
Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cyosine
There are four different nitrogen-containing bases in DNA.
Adenine and guanine - consist of a six-membered ring and a five-membered ring of atoms fused together Cytosine and thymine consist of only a six-membered ring
Which of the following options correctly describe the bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine?
All contain nitrogen atoms within a ring All contain at least one six-membered ring of atoms
What is meant by the statement sat fat is bad?
All unsaturated fats are good
What functional groups are present in all amino acids?
Amino group and carboxylic acid
Which of the following is the correct structure for deoxyribose?
B
For linear n-hexane, C6H14, which molecular representation is correct?
B , large line w 4 points
Which of the following condensed formulas is a correct representation of the expanded structure shown?
B -
Which of the structures shown represent the optical isomer of compound X?
B -- CH3 on top
Which of the following are common functions of proteins?
Binding DNA to protect the DNA molecules enzymes binding DNA to send a signal Transport of specific substances through cell membranes
What physical property is used in distillation to separate components?
Boiling point
Which of the following do proteins and nylon have in common?
Both polymers are copolymers The Monomers of both polymers are linked through amide linkage Both polymers are formed through condensation
Match each element to the number of covalent bonds it usually forms in a neutral compound.
C - 4bonds H - 1 bond O - 2 bonds N - 3 bonds
Henry's Law
C is concentration of the gas in moles per liter. P is the pressure measured in atmospheres K is called the Henry's Law
Which equation correctly shows the breakdown of glucose by the body?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy Correct
Cranberries naturally contain benzoic acid. The chemical equation for the addition of benzoic acid to water is shown. C7H6O2 + H2O (Equilibrium arrow) C7H5O2- + H3O+ Which is the conjugate base?
C7H5O2-
For this line-angle drawing, which condensed structural formula is correct?
CH3CH(OH)CH2CH3
What chemicals replaced CFCs as polymer blowing agents?
CO2 and pentane
In the process of spherification of alginate ___
Ca 2 ions are used to connect the carbs chains into a gel sphere
The major elements in the human body are C, H, O, N, P and
Ca, Mg, Na.
Which is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium
What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?
Carbon Dioxide
Which of the following account for the large number of organic compounds in existence?
Carbon readily forms bonds to other nonmetals Carbon can form both single and double bonds to other elements carbon can be bound in multiple ways to other carbon atoms
Which of the following options correctly describe a condensed structural formula?
Carbon-to-hydrogen bonds are not drawn out explicitly. In the condensed formula CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
Which would be classified as a natural polymer?
Cellulose
Which of the following options correctly describe possible disadvantages of the plant domestication?
Certain plants are now unable to survive without human assistance Disease resistance that was not immediately required may have been lost.
How does a change in the primary structure of protein affect its properties?
Changing the primary structure may have a profound effect on its properties
Compounds that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are called ___ isomers
Chiral
Which is not a form of chlorine used to disinfect water?
Chloroform
Glycerol
Combines with fatty acids to produce triglycerides is an alcohol is used in manufacturing soaps and lotions
When contrasted with other materials such as steel, synthetic polymers offer ___ strength at a __ mass
Comparable, lower
During the distillation process, the distillate is cooled in the ___.
Condenser
How do conventional ovens cook food differently than microwave ovens?
Conventional ovens heat the air surrounding the food and microwave ovens do not heat the air
The condenser in the distillation process ____.
Cools the distillate
Which of the following would be classified as trace minerals required by the body for good health?
Cr, I, Se
What is the primary raw material used to synthesize polymers?
Crude Oil
Which raw material serves as the source for most polymers?
Crude Oil
Correctly describe polystyrene ?
Crystal polystyrene is hard and brittle expandable polystyrene is light and a good
Match each polymer region to the correct description
Crystalline region- regular pattern amorphous regions- disordered and random
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized in the skin using the energy of sunlight?
D
A strand of ___ is formed when many nucleotides are joined together through a condensation
DNA
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of the ___ in an organism.
DNA
When scientists modify DNA within a cell what changes are observed in the cell?
Different proteins will be synthesized by the genes the chemistry of the cell changes
The intermolecular forces that cause polyethylene to be a solid material are ___ forces.
Dispersion
Vitamins are lipid-soluble?
E D K A
Which of the following correctly describe the process of cell division?
Each chromosome is rapidly duplicated during cell division rapidly dividing cells are more susceptible to controlling and passing on DNA damaged by ionizing radiation
Which of the following correctly describe electronegativity and its trends?
Electronegativity increases from left to right on the periodic table The higher the electronegativity value of an element, the more strongly it attracts electrons to itself The element w the highest elec. is fluorine
Match each monomer structure correctly
Ethylene- 4 Hs Vinyl Chloride- 3 Hs 1 Cl Propylene- 3 Hs 1 CH3 Styrene 3 Hs 1 C6H5
Higher altitudes have lower atmospheric pressure and it takes more energy to have the vapor pressure of the liquid reach and exceed the external air pressure.
False
True or false: A DNA strand is identical in both directions
False
Fats, Oils
Fats- derived from an animal sources & solid at room temp Oils- Liquid at room temp mostly from a plant source
Which of the following compounds are found in chocolate ?
Flavonols, potassium, tryptophan
Match each component of chocolate to the correct description.
Flavonols-antioxidants Trptophan-precursor for serotonin, which improves mood Anadamide-neutransmitter that targets the same brain receptors as THC K and Mg- essential elements for the body
Which of the following physical properties is associated with a polymer that possesses amorphous regions?
Flexibility
Which compound is the result of methanol metabolism in the body?
Formaldehyde
Polystyrene is used to make Styrofoam® cups. For this usage, which property is most important?
Good insulator
Which of the following are reasons that farmers might suggest for gene modification of crops?
Greater herbicide resistance of the crop Improved nutritional quality greater disease resistance of the crop greater pest resistance of the crop
Which two ions produced from food we eat commonly activate ion
H & Na
Which compound should be the most soluble in water?
H-O and an H above an O
The conjugate base of H2CO3 has a formula
HCO3
Adipic acid, one of the monomers used to make nylon, has a total of six carbon atoms with two carboxylic acid functional groups. Which structure is correct?
HOOC (CH2)4 COOH
Various hydrogen phosphate ions are important for maintaining the PH in tissue fluid. Given the equation below, identify each species correctly according to its role in the reaction.
HPO42(aq) reacting base H2O(I) reacting acid H2PO4(aq) conjugate acid OH(aq) conjugate abse
What do the letters HDPE represent?
High density polyethylene
The pressure on the beverage is ___ than atmospheric pressure. When the can is opened, the pressure on the liquid ___ and dissolved
Higher, decreases
Which atoms does a hydroxyl functional group contain?
Hydrogen and oxygen
Match the interaction of each optical isomer in a pair with the correct description and designation.
I isomer - counterclockwise rotation of polarized light d isomer clockwise rotation of polarized light
Radioisotopes and ionizing radiation I. allow us to develop high resolution images of some tissues. II. were hypothesized for medical use over a century ago. III. can induce apoptosis in cancerous tissues. IV. are always selective for cancerous tissues.
I, II, and III
Which is/are concerns about genetically modified food crops? I. GM plants will spread into the wild II. GM crops threaten the natural balance III. Use of genetically engineered crops will force pests to evolve IV. GM crops may stop producing food because of damage to their genes
I, II, and III only
Glycolysis I. is stage one of cellular respiration. II. converts glucose to smaller high energy compounds. III. requires oxygen to operate. IV. is utilized by muscles for immediate energy.
I, II, and IV
What are the three types of units that must be present in a deoxyribonucleotide used in forming DNA? I. base II. deoxyribose III. ribose IV. phosphate V. water
I, II, and IV
DNA has four different nitrogen-containing bases. Which of the following are other structural characteristics of DNA? I. The bases are attached to the phosphate groups II. The bases are attached to the sugar molecule, deoxyribose III. The bases A and T are complementary, and C and G are complementary IV. The bases A and C are complementary, and T and G are complementary
II and III
Why is it desirable to produce optically pure drugs?
If only one isomer is active, half the drug dose will have no effect for the condition being treated One isomer may have completely different effects that are undesirable
Henry's Law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a given volume of solution will ___ when the pressure increases.
Increase
What is the role of insulin in the body?
Insulin regulates blood sugar levels
the a-helix and B-pleated sheet depend on the tendency of the protein backbone to form ___
Intramolecular hydrogen bonds
How does the tongue detect taste?
Ions passing through an ion channel may trigger a signal to the brain molecules in the food may interact with the taste
Which if the following are essential amino acids?
Isoleucine, lysine, leucine, histidine
Why is water a good solvent for cooking?
It has the ability to absorb significant amounts of heat before changing phase
Which of the following scientists were major contributors to the research that led to the discovery of the structure of DNA?
James Watson Franklin Crick
which of the following options correctly describe the levels and the roles of the minerals K + and Na + in the body?
K+ and Na+ have similar chemical properties and physical functions within a cell the concentration of K+ is greater than that of Na+ K+ and Na+ are important for the rhythmic beating of the heart
Which of the following are strong bases?
KOH NaOH
each polymer type with its appropriate physical properties
LDPE translucent, soft HDPE rigid, tough, dense PV rigid, resistant to most chemicals PP opaque PETE transparent, shatter-resistent
Which of the following correctly identify possible disadvantages of large-scale traditional chemical production compared to enzyme-driven syntheses?
Large quantities of waste may be produced high temp may be required toxic chemicals may be required large amounts of solvents may be required
What forces cause polyethylene to be a solid material?
London dispersion forces
The solubility of carbon dioxide in water decreases as the temperature increases. Which temperature and pressure combination would yield the most dissolved carbon dioxide into water?
Low temperature, high pressure
Which concentration is consistent with a basic solution?
MOH- = 3.4 × 10-3 M
minerals may be classified according to how much of them you need in your diet. Match the following elements with their appropriate classification.
Macrominerals - Ca, P, cl, K, S Microminerals- Fe, Cu, Zn Trace minerals - I, F, Se, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni
Match each type of chemical formula to the correct description.
Molecular formula - gives the ratio of elements in the compound structural formula - shows the placement of all atoms in the compound
Which of the following correctly reflects the relationship between molecular shape and the strength of dispersion forces?
Molecules with a large surface area have more points of contact
Which of the following correctly describes steps in the processing of coffee?
More flavor is extracted from finely ground beans. Roasting of coffee beans improves the flavor of coffee
Which is an amine group?
NH2
Every amino acid has four groups attached to a central carbon atom. What are the four groups?
NH2, COOH, side chain, H
which of the following is molecules is polar
NH3
which of the following gasses produce acidic solutions?
NO2 SO2 CO2
Salt in the food we eat releases ions when it dissolves in saliva, activating ___ ion channels
Na ; electron
Two amino acids combine to form a dipeptide when the amino group of one reacts with the acid group of the other. Which structure is correct?
No - for the majority of people, aspartame is a safe alternative to sugar
Match each of the following types of side groups found in proteins with the type(s) of interaction(s) that they may have with other side chains.
Nonpolar side chains - group tightly to avoid interactions w water side group containing acidic or base sites - often become charged ions and attract their opposites in salt bridges polar noncharged side groups - may form hydrogen bonds
Match each amino acid side chain to the correct classification
Nonpolar- R=ch2 hexagon R= -CH3 Polar- R= CH3 hexagon OH r= -(CH2)2COOH R=-CH2OH
The central carbon atom in the structure shown is bonded to four different groups. This molecule is ___ and is ____ on its mirror image. The central carbon atom is therefore chiral.
Not symmetrical ; not superimposable
The equation shown below represents the chlorination of methane under the action of sunlight CH4(g)... (a lot more im not typing
Numerator - (HCl) (CH3 Cl) Denominator - (CH4) (Cl2)
Which of these synthetic polymers is most closely related to the natural protein polymers?
Nylon
Structural features of nylon?
Nylon is an alternating copolymer Nylon is formed from two different monomers Adipic acid is a monomer of nylon
Match each bond w the appropriate difference in electronegativity.
O-H 1.4 F-H 1.9 S-Cl 0.5 Si-F 2.2
Which compound cannot exist as a pair of optical isomers?
OH on top and to the right only CH3
The root of the word monomer means
One Unit
What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water?
Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system
Match each polymer correctly with the monomer used
PE-ethylene PVC- vinyl chloride PS0 Styrene PP-proplene PETE- Ethylene glycol
Which synthetic polymer is used to make shatter-resistant bottles and fleece fabric?
PET
Describes the application of the big six-polymers?
PS is used to fabricate food wrap PP is used in the manufacture of carpeting
Incineration of plastics can be used to generate energy. One of the "big six" plastics releases hydrochloric acid, HCl, when incinerated. Which one?
PVC
Which of the following options correctly identify factors that make the insertion of foreign DNA more complicated for a scientist?
Plants have thick cell walls that help to protect them from foreign DNA Many organisms have chemical mechanisms that detect and destroy foreign DNA
Rings of DNA that exist in bacteria in addition to their chromosomes are called ___.
Plasmids
The term ___ is sometimes used as a synonym for synthetic polymer
Plastic
Which of the following options correctly describes plastics in landfills?
Plastics are not readily biodegradable
The statement "like dissolves in like" means
Polar substances will dissolve most readily in polar solvents
Which of the following options correctly describe a polymer?
Polymers have high molecular mass A polymer is made up of repeating units called monomers The prefix poly indicates that a polymer is made up of many smaller units
Which of the following is not a correct pairing of a biological macromolecule class with one of its functions?
Polysaccharides; catalysis
Match each level of protein structure to the appropriate description.
Primary structure - unique identity and sequence of the amino acids that make up each protein Secondary structure - The folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain Tertiary structure - The overall molecular shape of the protein
Match each macromolecule to its important functions in living systems.
Proteins - structural features; enzymes Polysaccharides - energy storage and production nucleic acids - blueprint of life ; genetic code lipids - structure of cell membrane
Which of the following options correctly describes the properties and function of receptor sites in the body?
Receptor sites often control the passage of the substances across a cell membrane The active site on a receptor has a specific dimensional shape the ability of a substrate to bind to a particular
Match each recycling term w the appropriate definition
Recycled content products- products created from materials that would have otherwise been found in the waste system Postconsumer content-Material that was perviously used industrially Preconsumer content-waste remaining from the manufacturing process Recyclable products- products that are not necessarily made from recycled materials but can be recycled
Why are many drugs administered as salts rather than as the corresponding neutral compounds?
Salts have greater water solubility and stability than the neutral compound
Match each type of human seclection
Selection by human agriculture - Plants are selected that look and taste better Selection in mature - Plants are selected that are more self-sufficient Selection by both human agriculture and nature - selection results in changes in the genome of the plants
Match each substance correctly with the type of polymer it represents.
Silk- natural Polyethylene- synthetic
Which of the following are common applications of synthetic polymers?
Soft drink, cell phone case, sports equipment
The quanity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree is called its
Specific heat
Which statement correctly describes starch and cellulose?
Starch and cellulose are both made from glucose but have different linkages
Which of the following is not a class of biological macromolecule?
Steroids
Which is the easiest method to cooking a steak to be medium rare with seared edges?
Stovetop
Which of the two processes listed is reversible?
Stretching
Classify each type of acid correctly in terms of its behavior in aqueous solution.
Strong acid - dissociates completely Keq<1 weak acid - dissociates to a small extent Keq>1
Which of the following are artificial , low-calorie sweeteners commonly used in the United States?
Sucralose Saccharin Aspartame
Which of the following correctly describe the active site of an enzyme?
The active site is often a crevice accelerates a desired reaction binds only specific reactants
Which of the following correctly describes the sequences of bases in a strand of DNA?
The backbone of DNA strand determines its directionality A piece of DNA with the base sequence ATCCG is not the same as a piece with the sequence GCCTA the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA determines the sequence of bases in its complementary pair.
Many processes in biological systems involve the binding of a particular molecule or ion
The binding process is generally reversible In this type of process there is an equilibrium between the complex AB and the unbound
All of the energy we need to run our bodies comes from the food we eat. Which statement is false concerning this energy consumption?
The body converts glucose into carbon dioxide and water in one fast reaction
Which of the following structural features make a carbon atom chiral?
The carbon is bonded to four different groups
Which of the following statements correctly defines metabolism?
The complex set of chemical process that are essential in mainating life
What is directed evolution?
The creation of an environment such that an organism must evolve a new trait to survive
Only three of the statements below about the chemical components of DNA and RNA are true. Select the false statement.
The double helix is stabilized by covalent bonds between the strands
What is an advantage of sous vide cooking?
The food is cooked at the same temperature at which it will be eaten
Which of the following correctly describe the use of genetic engineering in the synthesis of human insulin?
The gene for humans insulin was placed in a plasmid E. Coli was coaxed into making humans insulin
Why is grass not a viable food source for humans?
The human digestive system is unable to break down the B-linkages that characterize cellulose
The label on a popular brand of margarine states it is made from partially hydrogenated corn oil. Which statement is false?
The margarine has the same amount of unsaturated fat (C
Which statement describes how curing meat works?
The meat is salted and this draws out water through osmosis
Which of the following structural properties are associated with LDPE?
The polyethylene chain is branched Molecules of the polymer consist of 500 monomeric units
Which of the following options correctly describe natural selection both in the wild and in human agriculture?
The process is a somewhat random route to modifying the gene pool These are slow ways of modifying the gene pool
Which of the following correctly describe the production of (PHB) by bioengineered organisms?
The process uses materials of low toxicity is extremely efficient less energy is used in the process
Consider the process of condensation polymerization. Which statement is false?
The product contains all of the atoms of the starting materials
Ceviche is cooked using an acid. Which statement describes what happens to the protein when the acid is added?
The protein is denatured
In what way does the structural formula of a compound differ from its molecular formula?
The structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds
The term "pharmacophore" was originally described by the Nobel Prize winner Paul Ehrlich more than 100 years ago. What is the meaning of this term?
The three dimensional arrangement of a drug responsible for its biological activity
Garlic and onions are often sautéed in butter before being used in recipes. Why do chefs do this?
Their flavors and/or odors are fat-soluble
In chemistry, ____ is concerned with the study of the relative energies of reactants and products, while ____ studies how fast reactants are converted to products.
Thermodynamics; kinetics
Which statement is false with respect to carbohydrates?
They are the cause of obesity and should be eliminated from a healthful diet
Which statement is true about microwaves?
They have a longer wavelength than visible light
A bartender wants to make a signature drink that has three layers. Which statement describes the qualities that must be present for this layering to occur?
Three liquids with different densities
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) must be supplied daily in the diet. Why?
To keep you from getting scurvy
Which of the following options describes why DNA is tightly coiled in a regulated way within chromosomes?
To protect the genetic information To organize the genetic information To save space
Reverse osmosis is illustrated in this diagram. What is this process used for?
To remove dissolved salts from sea water
Recycling a synthetic polymer can be more energetically costly than syn.
True
True or False: Corn can be genetically modified in such a way that it can be "taught" how to make its own chemical pesticide
True
True or False: Transgenic plants have been used to produce both drugs and vaccines.
True
A diet that is deficient in certain vitamins (or amino acids required for synthesis of the vitamin) may lead to serious problems. Match the vitamin/amino acid dietary deficiency with the condit
Tryptophan deficiency - pellagra Vitamin C deficiency - scurvy
Correctly describe amino acids?
Twenty amino acids occur naturally an amino acid has an amine group and a carboxylic acid functional group
One special amino acid (cysteine) contains a thiol group (-SH) in the side chain. Which of the following options correctly describe how thiols interact with a protein?
Two -SH may react together and form a disulfide bond Two 0SH groups may react together and form a covalent bond
Valine and lysine are both amino acids. Structurally how could you distinguish between them?
Valine and lysine have different side chains
A modified plasmid used to carry DNA back into bacterial host is called ___ A ___ is a modified plasmid that is used to carry DNA back into the bacterial host.
Vector
Some smoothie bars have the option to add extra vitamin C to smoothies that already contain the daily recommended value. Vitamin C is a polar molecule. Why is it unnecessary to add more than 100 percent of vitamin C recommended values to a food?
Vitamin C is water-soluble and excess is passed as urine
classify each vitamin correctly according to its solubility
Vitamin E - fat soluble Vitamin C - Water soluble
Structurally, how are water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins different?
Water-soluble vitamins contain polar groups, such as OH and fat-soluble do not
Vitamins are classed as being a water, or fat-soluble
Water-soluble: Vitamins that contain several OH groups in the molecular structure Fat-soluble: Vitamins that contain almost exclusively C and H atoms
What concerns might be raised by the possibility of GM plants spreading into the wild?
Will create super insects
Which is not true concerning the discovery and development of the penicillin antibiotics?
World War I gave added impetus for the development of the penicillin antibiotics
Oxygen can be converted to ozone in the reversible process
X O3 Y O2 a 2 b 3
a strong base is
a base that dissociates completely in water
Which of the following options correctly describe a line-angle drawing of a n organic compound ?
a line-angle drawing allows one to focus on the carbon backbone of the molecules a carbon atom is assumed to occupy each vertex position The carbon backbone of the molecule is drawn as a zigzag line
In the process of fermentation
a micro-organism such as yeast is required glucose and other sugars are converted to ethanol
Today, human insulin for treating diabetes is generated by
a strain of bacteria.
In general, hydrogen bonds are
about 1/10 as strong as typical covalent bonds
Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the ____ of the reaction.
activation energy
The ____ site of an enzyme has a specific three-dimensional shape,
active
The site on an enzyme or receptor that binds to its natural substrate is called the ___ site. The ability of a substrate to bind to this site is related to its functional groups and its three-dimensional ____
active ; shape
A catalytic effect or acceleration of a reaction can occur in the ________ of an enzyme.
active site
Five of the "big six" polymers undergo ___ polymerization
addition
Which functional group does this molecule contain?
alcohol
Which of the following statements correctly describe organic compounds?
all organic compounds contain carbon atoms organic compounds may contain nitrogen or oxygen atoms
An amino acid that has a lost of a -H atom and an -OH group in the process of bonding together is called a(n) ____
amino acid residue
A protein is a linear polymer composed of
amino acid-amino acid
A recipe, like a chemical reaction, specifies the ___
amounts
A molecule such as lecithin has both polar and nonpolar portions and is referred to as ____ molecule
amphiphilic
Which of the following options correctly describe plasmids?
are found in small single-celled bacteria addition to their chromosomes are rings of DNA
Which of the following options correctly describe nucleotides?
are monomeric units that can polymerize to form DNA Covalently bonded combination of a nitrogen base, phosphate group, and deoxyribose sugar.
Correctly describe micronutrients?
are substances that are required in minuscule amounts are substances that are essential to life vitamins are micronutrients
The artificial sweetener composed of aspartic acid and phenylalanine is called ___
aspartame
The father of modern medicine, Hippocrates, described making a tea that was effective against fever by boiling willow bark. Years later, the active ingredient was isolated and chemically modified to produce the drug we now know as
aspirin
Match each region of the tongue to the principal taste receptors
at back- bitter sides-sour center-not many pink- at the front
a substance that relases OH ions in water is called
base
Enzymes are
biochemical catalysts that influence the rate of chemical reactions.
Which of the following correctly describe the key features of sickle-cell?
blood cells cannot pass through the tiny openings of capillaries may clog organs so badly that blood supply to the organs is reduced the change of single glutamic acid to valine in the primary
The alcoholic mixture produced by fermentation of sugars can be distillied, a process that separates liquids based on their ____.
boiling points; higher
The properties of LDPE can be changed by modifying the ___ of the polyethylene chain
branching
Which of the compounds shown exists as a pair of optical isomers?
c - CH2 CH3 on top
Minerals required for proper metabolism include ____
calcium , iron
Which compound is insoluble in water?
calcium carbonate
The "big six" polymers are all classified as thermoplastics because they
can be melted and shaped.
A buffer system in which (acid) = (conjugate base)
can resist addition of acid or base up to 1 pH unit on either side of the pK4 value has a pH = pK of the acid
Correctly describe essential amino acids
cannot be synthesized by the body these amino acids are required for protein synthesized essential amino acids are naturally occurring compounds
In a line-angle drawling such as the one shown, each vertex (the point where two lines intersect, or a line begins or ends) represents a ____ atom
carbon
What si the function of hemoglobin, found in red blood cells?
carries O2 from the lungs to the tissues of the body
Protein enzymes act as
catalysts
Minerals are ions or ionic compounds that have a wide range of physiological functions. The metals exist in the body as ___ and nonmetals typically are present as ____
cations ; anions
Some steroids are more soluble in water than others. Based on your understanding of the solubility of molecular compounds in water, decide which compound is the most soluble.
check chegg
any object that is not superimposable on its mirror image shows "handedness" and is described as being ____
chiral
Which is not a polymer of glucose?
cholesterol
a rod-shaped compact coil of DNA and specialized proteins found within the nucleus of a cell is called ___.
chromosome
Compounds that work in conjunction with enzymes to enhance their activity are called ___
coenzymes
Select the formula for the equilibrium constant for the association of epinephrine and its receptor.
complex/(receptor)(epine.)
Many reactions are reversible and will reach a state of dynamic chemical equilibrium, in which___
concentrations of reactants and products remain unchanged
A structural formula in which carbon-to-hydrogen bonds are not shown explicitly is called ___ structural formula
condensed
The secondary structure of a protein is the
conformation of amino acids in a segment of polypeptide.
When an acid dissociates in aqueous solution as represented by the genial equation below its HA(aq)+H2O....
conjegate base
When an acid dissociates in aqueous solution as represented by the general equation below it forms ___. HA(aq)+H2O(I) -- H3O+(aq)+A(aq)
conjugate base
Which of the following options correctly describe the mineral calcium?
constituent of bones and teeth is required for the transmission of nerve impulses is required for blood clotting
isomers
contain the same elements have their atoms bonded in different ways have different physical properties
unsaturated fatty acid
contains at least one c=c bond between carbon atoms in the hydro. chain
Which of the following options correctly describes hemoglobin?
contains iron, which binds to oxygen molecules the binding of O2 to hemoglobin is influenced by pH changes as well is a transport protein
Correctly describe molecular polarity?
contains only nonpolar bonds is nonpolar overall molecular polarity depends on the geometry of the molecule a molecule that contains polar and nonpolar covalent bonds could be polar or nonpolar
saturated fatty acid
contains only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain
If the reaction quotient, Q, is equal to the equilibrium constant, Keq, the reaction will
continue both forward and reverse reactions to keep the ratio of reactants and products the same.
If the reaction quotient, Q, is less than the equilibrium constant, Keq, the reaction will
continue the forward reaction to convert reactants into products.
A consequence of water's high value for heat capacity is that it is very effective at _____ In addition, the temperature in coastal areas are .. due to water's ability to ____ heat
cooling; store
A polymer that is made from two different monomers is known as a
copolymer.
Domestication of the teosinte plant let to the modern day___
corn
Which of the following are common consumer goods derived from GMOs?
cotton high frutose corn soybean
Genetic engineering may be advantageous for reasons other than crop production for human consumption.
creation of plants that absorb toxic metals from contaminated soil creation of bacteria to detect and remediate radioactive contamination
Match each type of gene manipulation listed
crossbreeding - a somewhat random process that takes a long time genetic engineering - a fast process with high control of the outcome
Which of the following are different forms of polystyrene?
crystal, expandable
The repeating head-to-tail monomer arrangement is the most common for PVC,PP, and PS this arrangement provides more ____
crystalline
regions of the polymer that are very ordered are called ___ regions, whereas regions of the polymer that are very disordered are called ___ regions
crystalline, amorphous
The ____ of a substance is its mass per unit volume
density
the genetic code of an organism is carried by DNA, or
deoxyribonucleic acid
X-ray diffraction is a method for
determining the position of atoms in a crystal.
X-ray ___ is an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of X-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of the ___ in the crystal.
diffractions ; atoms
A ____ is a compound formed two amino acids
dipeptide
What type of forces are a result of an attraction between molecules due to a distortion in the electron cloud
dispersion forces
Plastics in landfills are problematic because they
do not readily biodegrade
ethanol has a polar OH group allowing it to dissolve readily
dual polarity
The octet rule is applied to bonding in carbon containing compounds. In accordance with the octet rule,
each bonded carbon atom shares electrons so that it has exactly eight outer valence electrons.
Some "low-carb" diets promote the consumption of protein because
eating protein increases glucagon levels
Match each system of communication with its appropriate function in the body
electrical impulses- travel along nerves to the appropriate target chemical messengers- circulate in the blood to the appropriate target organ
An emulsion such as mayonnaise can be stabilized by adding an ___ agent
emulsfying
Mayonnaise is an example of an ___, in which a nonpolar substance is dispersed in a polar solvent.
emulsion; egg yolk
During the process of cellular respiration
energy is produced and stored in the form of ATP glucose is converted to CO2 the first stage pf the process is anaerobic, requiring no O2
Large-scale chemical synthesis may be carried out using traditional methods
enzyme-based synthesis - reactions are carried out at low temp, require fewer toxic reagents, and produce less waste traditional chemical synthesis - reactions are often carried out at high temperatures, may require toxic chemicals, and produce very large amounts of waste
proteins that act as biochemical catalysts are called ____
enzymes
Many reactions are reversible and will achieve chemical ____, which is the point at which is the point at which a balance of products and reactants is reached.
equilibrium
Correctly describe describe vitamins?
essential proper metabolic functioning organic compounds with a wide range of physiological essential for preventing disease
yeast is a micro-organism that plays a central role in fermentation, in which sugars are converted to ____ and ____
ethanol ; CO2
Match each metabolic products and adverse effects if each alcohol that maybe found in alc beverages
ethanol- causes dehydration, has a diuretic effect, may cause an electrolyte imbalance, metabolized to acetaldehyde methanol- causes blindness, metabolite damages the optic nerve, metabolized to formic acid
Methanol is often unwanted.. if proper equipment is not used. Which of the following describe the steps of the adverse effects of methanol?
even smaller amount of methanol can cause blindness can be covered to formic acid, attacks optic nerve
Consumption of vitamins in excessive quantities may lead to serious problems. Match the problems listed below to the vitamin that, when consumed in excess, leads to the given problem.
excessive consumption of vitamin A - blurred vision and liver damage excessive consumption of vitamin D - heart and kidney damage
The equilibrium constant for a reaction K aq , ____
expresses how far the reaction favors either the reactions or the products indicates the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium Indicates whether products or reactions will be present in greater concentration at equilibrium
the brix scale
expresses the sugar content of an aqueous solution
Hydrophobic molecules can be used to create a permanent emulsion.
false
Plants are easier to genetically engineer than bacteria due to their simpler cellular structure.
false
Lipids include
fats, oils, triglycerides, steroids
Both brewing and baking of breads involves ___
fementation
The process which yeast converts sugars to alcohol
fermentation
processed foods are
foods that have been altered from their natural state by various techniques
What name is given to an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that is largely
functional group
The distinctive arrangements of atoms that impart characteristic chemical properties to the molecules that contain them are called
functional groups
In polymer manufacturing, a blowing agent is a
gas or substance
A foam is formed when a ___ is trapped in a ___
gas; liquid or solid
The DNA materials contained in a(n) _________codes for the production of a protein.
gene
Humans have been manipulating ___ throughout history.
genes
Transgenic crops are the result of genetic engineering where an organism results from the transfer of ____ across _____
genes ; species
The complete set of inheritable traits of an organism is known as the ____ of the organism
genome
Which is a monosaccharide?
glucose
the compound shown here, named ___, is a component of all triglycerides
glycerol
First stage of cellular respiration
glycolysis
Amino acids are compounds that contain both amine and organic acid functional groups. Which compound is an amino acid?
has NH2 in it
Mayonnaise is an example of an emulsion, which
has a nonpolor substance dispersed in a polar substance
Lecithin, found in egg yolks
has both polar and nonpolar portions can interact w polar and nonpolar molecules is an emulsifying agent
Lecithin is an amphiphilic molecule.
has both polar and nonpolar portions is attracted to both polar and non can stabilize a mixture of polar and non
the greater the concentration of sugar in a solution the _____ its specific gravity
higher ; higher
Food cooks when heated because the spontaneous flow of heat is always from an object at____ temp to an object at ____ temp
higher, lower
The body's chemical messengers, called ________, are produced in the endocrine glands.
hormones
chemical messengers produced by the body's endocrine glands are called ____
hormones
Fatty acids include a nonpolor ___ chain and a polar ___ group
hydrocarbon; carboxylic acid
which of the following is the strongest type of intermolecular force
hydrogen bond
The difference between water and H2S is that water can form ____ between its molecules, where H2S cannot
hydrogen bonds
What forces hold the two strands of DNA together?
hydrogen bonds
All ___ bonds are much weaker then ___
hydrogen, covalent
A ___ is an instrument that measures changes in the density of food
hydrometer
Which of these statements are correct for addition polymerization only? i. Monomer units chemically bond together ii. Product contains all the atoms of the starting material iii. There is generally just one monomer
i and ii
The primary structure of a protein is the
identity and sequence of amino acids present
Scooping flour from a bag or jar using a cup may give a different transferring it into the cup with a spoon because
if the flour is packed more firmly there will be a greater mass
The fermentation process used in both brewing and baking of breads is identical expect
in baking the ethanol produced evaporates
a recipe can be described ...
ingredient quantities can be changed, but only in proportion to each other
A foam may be produced by ____
injecting a gas into a thickened liquid at higher pressure
Which of the following options correctly describe insulin and glucagon>
insulin and glucagon have opposite effects on blood glucose levels Both are hormones that control glucose production and storage in the body
The force or attraction that occurs between molecules
intermolecular
Dispersion forces are a type of ___ force that causes an attraction between molecules that result from a distortion of the __ cloud
intermolecular, electron
Which of the following options correctly describe the genome?
is a complete set of inheritable traits of ab organism Is a guidebook on how to grow and reproduce Inside each cell is a complete set of instructions on how to grow and reproduce
Electronegativity
is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond.
Which of the following options correctly describe deoxyribose?
is a monosaccharide has the chemical formula C5H10O4
Which of the following options correctly describe and interpret the illustration?
is a polar covalent bond the o-h bond are closer to O, giving it a partial neg. charge
Correctly describe the mineral iodine?
is a trace mineral most of the body's iodine is found in the thyroid gland most of the body's iodine is incorporated into the hormone thyroxine
Correctly describe aspartame?
is an artificial sweeter is a dipeptide
The pKa for an acid ___
is calculated as -log Ka is measure of the relative strength of the acid
A phenyl group ____
is composed of 6-mebered ring of carbon atoms has the formula -C6H5
Correctly describe the effects of excess aspartame on individuals with phenylketonuria?
is converted into pyretic acid may lead to severe mental retardation
The reaction quotient Q ___
is equal to Keq at equlilbrium expresses some ration of (products)/(reactants) at any time in the reaction
CO2 produces an acidic solution when dissolved in water because
it reacts w the H20 to give H2CO3
Water is said to have a high ___ heat
latent
Plasticizer such as DEHP is not chemically bonded to the plastic that contains it, it will slowly ___ the environment over time
leach
Physical properties of a polymer can be drastically altered by changing the ___ of the polymer chain
length
When a mixture of polymers is melted together the resulting product is ___ valuable than a homogeneous recycled plastic. The properties of the mixed material are ___, resulting
less, lower grade
Triglycerides and related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids are classified as
lipids
Which of the following are possible effects of ethanol?
loss may occur as frequency of urination increases water is sent directly from kidneys to the bladder + dehydration converts stored glycogen into glucose in the liver
The alcoholic solution produced The compounds with ___ boiling points
lower;greater
malnutrition, undernourishment
m-caused by a diet lacking in proper nutrients u-caused by the consumption of insufficient calories to meet metabolic needs
A polymer is a large molecule
made up of long chains of atoms covalently bonded together
A structure-activity-relationship study
makes a series of small structural changes to the drug then compares it to its activity with the enzyme.
Correctly describe the functions of proteins in the human body?
many hormones are proteins are a major component of muscle main component of hair
Which of the following statements correctly define density ?
mass/volume The density of a substance does not depend on the size of the sample
Side chains of amino acids
may be polar or nonpolar
Match each type of carbohydrate with its appropriate description.
monosaccharide -a single sugar disaccharide - a double sugar
The process being depicted in the illustration is called ___. In this process the seemingly random arrangement of polymer chains ____in the
necking, aligns
when a hydrogen bond is covalently bonded to _____, O, or Fl...
nitrogen,
all DNA is composed of ___ - containing bases, sugars, and ___ groups
nitrogen; phosphate
Match each type of amino acid side chain correctly to the way it is oriented with respect to overall protein strture
nonopolar side chains group toward - inside polar side chains group toward - the outside of the protein
Which of the following are classes of macromolecules that are biologically important?
nucleic acids lipids polysaccharides proteins
How many DNA bases in any one gene must be changed for a mutation to have a serious effect?
one
Which formula below represents a trans fatty acid?
one point then about half way through a line under it at the end an o then the very end OH
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation may be used to determine how the pH of a buffer system
pH=pKa +log (conjugate base) / (weak acid)
A buffer functions best when
pH=pKa of the weak acid component There are equal concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base
which of the following are currently used as blowing agents in the manufacture of polymers?
pentane, carbon dioxide
A dipeptide is formed from two amino acids that are linked through a ___ bond, which is an example of an amide functional group
peptide
Which synthetic polymer is a copolymer?
pet
A substance, natural or synthetic, that is intended to prevent, alleviate, or cure an illness is called
pharmaceutical
A substance, natural or synthetic, that is intended to prevent, alleviate, or cure an illness is called ___
pharmaceutical
Nucleic acids such as DNA contain ___ groups, which can have the form PO4, ....
phosphate
Which of the following correctly describes the use of X-ray analysis to determine the structure of a crystalline material?
photons interact with the electrons of the atoms in the crystal are only scattered at certain angles that are related to the distance between atoms
A compound that is added in small amounts to make a polymer more soft and pliable is called ___
plasticizer
The molecules that are added to polymers to make them softer and more pliable are known as
plasticizers
Water is a polar molecule because it contains ______ covalent bonds and adapts ___ shape
polar, bent
When the ________ molecules of ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, the ethanol molecules ________.
polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules
Side chains that are _____ interact strongly with water, while ____ side chains are hydrophobic
polar; non polar
A molecule made up of many repeating units linked together is called a ____, while the repeating units are called _____
polymer, monomers
Becayse heat transferred is used to change the ____ energy of the molecules by breaking or forming intermolecular attractions. Since there is no change in ____energy of the molecules during this process
potential, kinetic
The unique identity and sequence of the amino acids in a protein defines its ___ structure
primary
the unique identity and sequence of the amino acids in a protein are defines its ___ structute
primary
The identity and sequence of the amino acids present in a protein is its
primary structure.
The level of protein structure directly determined by the sequence of nucleotides on DNA is
primary.
Yellow rice is genetically engineered to
produce beta carotene (Vitamin A).
This means that the ____ will be present in much greater concentration that the ____ at equilibrium
products ; reactants
The equilibrium constant for any reversible chemical system expresses the ration of ____ at equilibrium.
products/ reactants
If Q is less than K eq for the reaction, the concentrations of the ____ must increase to reach equilibrium
products; reactants
A ___ is a polyamide or polypeptide; this is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers
protein
Correctly describe protein complementarity?
protein complementarity is a process that involves combining foods that complement essential amino acids content The total diet provides a complete supply of amino acids for protein synthesis
when determining food readiness, methods such as dropping cooked sugar mixture into water to determine its cooking stage are ____
qualitative ; quantitative
A mixture containing equal amounts of the two optical isomers of a given compound is calls a ____ mixture
racemic
In order for a drug to show a particular biological activity, the three-dimensional .... must fit the shape of the binding site on an asymmetrical ____
receptor
One way in which our tongue detects taste is by the direct interaction of molecules in the food we eat with taste ____
receptors
Match each of the four R's
reduce- manufacturer produces a plastic bottle that contains less material Reuse- consumer uses a plastic grocery bag Recycle- consumer separates plastic from other trash Recover- facility burns the plastic to convert chemical energy
a refractometer measures the extent to which a solution refracts lights,
refractive index, increases
Most common monomer arrangement for PVC, PP, and PS?
repeating head-tail
The process of cell reproduction in which the cell must copy and transmit its genetic information to its progeny is known as ____.
replication
once incorporated into the peptide chain, the amino acids are known as amino acid
residues
Which of the following vitamins shown are water-soluble?
riboflavin pantothenic acid
Common applications of nylon?
ropes, camping equ, hosiery
Match each type of fatty acid
saturated- contains only single bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain Monounsaturated-contains C=C bonds in the hydro chain polyunsaturated- contains two or more c=c bonds in the hydro chian
The ____ structure describes the folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain
secondary
Genetic modifications that develop in response to changes in environment or to domestication by humans are examples of ____
selection
the identity and characteristics of a peptide depend on both the identity and the sequence of the amino acids in the peptide chain
sequence
The fact that carbon (C) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C — N bond, the
shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom.
The tertiary structure of a protein results from interaction between the ___ of the amino acid residues.
side chains
The tertiary structure of a protein results from interactions between the ___ of the amino acid residues.
side chains
Nylon was originally intended as a substitute for which natural textile?
silk
Match each state of matter
solids- fixed shape and volume particles close together and organized liquid- takes the shape of the container, particles more fluidly but are still attracted gas- takes the shape of the container, volume determined by container, particles far apart w few attractions
The term ____ is used to describe processes that produce less material and therefore less waste
source reduction
match each polysaccharide with the correct desciption.
starch - can be digested by humans has a-linkages between glucose units cellulose - has B-linkages between glucose units cannot be digested by humans
Sodium chloride is an example of a
strong electrolyte.
The backbone structure of DNA is
sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate
The nitrogen-containing bases in DNA are attached by covalent bonds to a
sugar.
The abbreviation STP indicates standard ..
temperature and pressure
The level of protein structure that involves interactions among amino acid side chains is
tertiary
Structure (c) is considered a better representation for benzene than structure (b) becuase
the bonds in benzene are equal in length and its electrons are uniformly distributed around the ring
Which of the following options correctly describe the formation of a disaccharide?
the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharide units is a condensation reaction A C-O-C linkage is created when the two monosaccharides are joined together
The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is
the minimum amount of energy required daily for your body to function.
Which of the following correctly describe the tertiary structure of a protein?
the overall molecular shape of a protein is described by is defined by interactions between amino acids far apart in sequence, but close in space
Ethanol, like other alcohols, has dual polarity because
the polar -OH group can interact with H2O and the carbon portion of the molecule can interact
which options correctly describe the ratio density of solution / den
the quantity can be used to monitor the conversion of sugar this ratio is called the specific gravity of the solution
Consider the buffer system ... is the conjugate base. If a small amount of strong acid such as HCl is added ____
the ratio conjugate base/conjugate acid the H3O+ ions is produced will react with CO32 ions
Isomers are compounds that have
the same chemical formulas but different molecular structures and physical properties.
The structural make-up of triglycerides?
the three fatty acids that are used to make a triglyceride may be saturated or unsaturated may all be different
The boling point of a liquid is the temperature at which ____
the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the external pressure
Polymers that can be reshaped when heated are called ___ polymers
thermoplastic
Match each hormone with its principal function in the human body.
thyroxine- regulates metabolism insulin- regulates blood glucose levels adrenaline- controls the body's response to danger
Which of the following options correctly describe the use of transgenic plants for producing vaccines and drugs?
transgenic plants could provide readily available and low-cost edible vaccine These vaccines do not require refrigeration or special handling Vaccines produced within edible products would not require a trained professional to administer them
Glycerol reacts with three molecules of fatty acids to produce
triglycerides
DNA must uncoil before replication.
true
A polar covalent bond is created when
two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally.
This vapor exerts a pressure, which is called the ___ pressure. This pressure ____ as the temperature of the liquid increases. When this pressure equals the external pressure, the liquid has reached its
vapor, increases
Which of the following are micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
Water has a high latent heat. This means that ____
water can absorb a lot of heat before changing phase
Water has a high latent heat. This means that ____
water can be absorb a lot of heat before changing phase
Why water is a polar molecule
water has bent gemo. water has polar bonds
In aqueous solution a ___ acid dissociates to a small extent only, while a ____ dissociates completely.
weak ; strong
Match each marked bond in the structure shown with the correct description.
wedged bond c - in front of the page dashed bond b -behind the plane of the page solid line bond a - in the plane of the page
What is the role of yeast in the fermentation process?
yeast provides enzymes that break down sugars
Which form of water disinfection continues to provide antibacterial protection after the water leaves the purification plant?
Chlorination
We cannot effectively clean nonpolar substances from our hands or clothing with water alone; we must add soap or detergent. The structure of a typical soap molecule is shown below. Which region of this molecule would dissolve in a nonpolar substance such as grease?
Region 1
Which is the best definition of specific heat?
The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius
Packing materials designed and used is such a way to reduce their environmental impact are called ____
sustainable
Which shows the Lewis structure of water with the correct partial charges and nonbonding electrons?
the one where the s looking thing is - and 4 dots above the O
Place the four R for increasing sustainability in order of their desirability
1. reduce 2. reuse 3. recycle 4. recover
Rank the following forces of attraction from the strongest to the weakest.
1. strongest- covalent 2. intermolecular forces
What is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride in 500 mL of water?
1.0 M
The recommended daily requirement of calcium is 1,000 mg. Tap water in a Midwestern city contains approximately 150 mg Ca/L. A person living in the city who drinks two liters of water in one day would receive ________ percent of his/her RDA of calcium.
30
What of the following properties is unusual or unique about water?
All three phases of water are commonly found on Earth Water is a liquid at room temp. and normal atmospheric pressure
Which of the following statements correctly outline the advantages of incinerating synthetic polymers?
Combustion of synthetic polymers produce a large amount of energy Synthetic polymers are chiefly hydrocarbons and are therefore readily combustible
The correct condensed molecule formula of water?
H20
Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of two protons from trihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric acid)?
H3PO4 → 2H+ + HPO4 2¯
Match each type of polyethylene correctly to its common applications
HDPE- opaque containers, heavy duty pipes, milk containers, fencing, LDPE- grocery bags, bubble wrap, plastic food wrap
Match each of the polyethylene correctly to its physical properties
HDPE_ more ordered structure, opaque, greater rigidity, higher melting point, stronger LDPE irregular tangle of polymer chains, lower melting point, transparent, less strength, stretchy
Which of the following correctly describe landfills?
Landfills can leak unwanted materials Landfills are space is plentiful in some regions
Which of the following correctly describe the applications of the big six polymers
PP is used in the manufacture of carpeting PS is used to fabricate food wrap
A 0.25 M solution of the sugar sucrose, C12H22O11, in water is tested for conductivity using the type of apparatus shown. What do you predict will happen?
The bulb will not light up - sucrose is in the molecular form in aqueous solution
if a chemical reaction is reversible, it occurs in both the forward and reverse directions
equilibrium
Arrange the phases of water from least dense to most dense (least at top)
least- gas 2nd-solid 3rd- liquid
As a result, the molecules in a solid state are ____ closely packed than in a liquid state and solid form therefore ____ denser than liquid water
less; less
What properties of polymers that make them useful for many applications?
low density, high, flexibility, and high strength
Match each polymer with the correct description of its surface and properties
portions have- 20 diffrent PET has 2 diffrent amides- link protein monomers Esters- link PET monomers
