Chemistry Chapter 1 & 2

groups (PERIODIC TABLE)

-vertical columns -elements in groups have similar chemical & physical properties

indications that a chemical change has occurred

. Smoke/ production of gas/ temperature change 2. Color change 3. Odor 4. Energy change (endothermic/ exothermic) 5. Can't get back what you started with

8 central themes of chemistry

1)Chemistry as the central science: chemistry is used in other sciences 2)Electrons and the structure of atoms 3)Bonding and interactions: chemical compounds and bonds 4)Reactions: Chemical reactions 5)Kinetic theory: particles in matter are in constant motion 6)The mole and quantifying matter: measurements 7)Matter and energy: Heat during chemical reactions 8)Carbon chemistry: 10 million carbon containing compounds

3 reasons to study chemistry

3 reasons to study chemistry 1)Explaining the natural world: figure out how things work. Ex. why does bread go bad so fast. 2)Preparing for a career: a lot of jobs require chemistry. Ex. creating a new toothpaste, firefighter 3)Being an informed citizen: where money should go. Ex. cancer research

Heterogeneous mixture

Heterogeneous mixture not uniform throughout. You can see various components (chicken noodle soup)

Two types of mixtures

Homogeneous and heterogeneous

Inorganic chemistry

Inorganic chemistry study of chemicals that do not contain carbon, mostly rocks, minerals, metals (mainly non living things)

5 traditional areas of study

Organic chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Biochemistry, Physical chemistry

3 states of matter

Solid, liquid, and gas

What contributions did alchemists make to science?

alchemists wanted to change metal into gold; developed techniques & laboratory equipment; did not provide logical explanations for their work

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). Liquid, solid, and gas. Example: a desk. Example of something that is not considered : heat, sound, sunlight

chemical change examples

burning, rotting, rusting, decomposing

irreversible physical change

cannot return to original state

chemical change

change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

reversible physical change

changes back

alchemy

chemistry based on the transformation of matter;chemical science aiming to change metals into gold

Applied Chemistry

chemistry directed at solving a problem or goal

examples of intensive properties

color, odor, luster, density, malleability, conductivity, hardness, boiling/melting/freezing point

Analytical chemistry

composition and measurement of matter. (what something is made of)

physical property

condition of a substance that can be measured without changing its chemical composition. (Color, malleability, conductivity, boiling/ melting points, state of matter (Solid, liquid, gas)

How did Lavoisier transform chemistry?

created the scientific method which was a logical, systematic approach to problem solving

Independent variable

the variable that you can change during an experiment 2 (manipulated variable)

controlled variable

variable that stays constant throughout the entire experiment & that you cannot change

Homogeneous

(aka SOLUTION) uniform throughout. You cannot see various components. (gatorade

What is the difference between a vapor and a gas?

***vapor - describes gaseous state of a substance that is generally liquid or solid at room temperature (water vapor) ***gas - substances that exist in a gaseous state at room temperature (oxygen)

physical change examples

---freezing, boiling, condensing, ---tearing, breaking, cutting, shredding

differences between conventional plastics and bioplastics

---plastics are made by bonding together monomers through a reaction called polymerization ---bioplastics are made by converting the sugar from plants into plastic

compound

-2 or more elements that are Chemically combined in a fixed ratio. -cannot be separated by physical means

5 techniques to separate mixtures

-Filtration (solids), -magnetism (metals), -Distillation (separates based on boiling points (most complex), -Centrifuge (density)- (spin in circle), -Evaporation

mixture

-a physical blend of 2 or more substances -Can be separated by physical means -Variable composition.

periods (PERIODIC TABLE)

-horizontal rows -elements have nothing in common

element

-in its simplest form of matter that retains its own set of physical / chemical properties -cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

chemical formula

-tells us what elements we have -number of atoms of each element

alloy

homogeneous mixture of 2 or more metals (BRASS, STEEL)

law of conservation of mass

in any physical or chemical reaction, mass is consevred

Explain why all samples of a substance have the same intensive properties.

intensive properties are primarily the physical properties of a substance; properties that stay with a substance no matter what

examples of extensive porperties

mass, weight, volume, length

What always happens during a chemical change?

matter is produced that has different chemical composition that the original matter

substance

matter that has to have a uniform and definite composition.

Scientific method

observation, hypothesis, test hypothesis, theory, and scientific law

Biochemistry

processes that takes place in living organism (digestion, muscle contraction, biomolecules)

Intensive properties

properties that depend on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount.

Pure chemistry

pursuit of knowledge for one's own sake

Physical change

some properties of a material might change but its chemical composition will remain the same.

Physical chemistry

studies, rates, and mechanisms of chemical reactions (energy transfer)

Organic Chemistry

study of carbon containing compounds. (development of plastics, pesticides, medicines)

precipitate

substance that forms when you add 2 liquids together; will form a solid

What is technology? How is it related to chemistry? Give examples of technology that is related to chemistry.

technology is the means by which society provides its members with those things needed and desired to accomplish tasks, making them easier, quicker & possible; ---examples of technology related to chemistry: lab equipment new medicines conservation/production of energy

chemistry

the study and composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

dependant variable

the variable that is observed during an experiment (responding variable)