Chemistry Chapter 12

Methylene

--CH2==>condensed formula

SATURATED HYDROCARBON

Hydrocarbon in which ALL THE BONDS IN THE MOLECULE ARE SINGLE BONDS.

Organic chemistry

STUDY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

Line-angle structural formula

zig zag line in which carbon atoms are represented as the ENDS OF EACH LINE and as CORNERS. PRESUMPTION: --carbons on ends are bonded to THREE HYDROGEN ATOMS --Carbons in the middle of the carbon chain are each bonded to TWO CARBONS and TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS.

Heptane combustion

C7H16 + 11 O2 --> 7CO2 + 8H2O + ENERGY

4-bromo-3=chlorotoluene

CARBON ATOM ATTACHED TO THE METHYL, HYDROXYL, OR AMINE GROUP IS NUMBERED as CARBON 1 (in commonly named benzenes such as toluene, phenol, or aniline) In this case there is a TOLUENE so that methyl is number 1, then you number in direction to reach next lowest number. (The attached picture is incorrect and needs to have its BROMO moved to the 4th position.)

EXAMPLES OF BUTANE CONFORMATIONS

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3 ! CH2--CH2 CH2 ! ! ! CH3 CH3 CH2 ! CH3

HALO GROUP

HALOGEN ATOM ATTACHED TO CARBON CHAIN: FLOURO CHLORO BROMO IODO

HALOALKANES

HALOGEN ATOMS REPLACE HYDROGEN ATOMES IN AN ALKANE. NUMBERED AND ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.

NAMING CYCLOALKANES WITH SUBSTITUENTS

**If there is ONE substituent==>substituent name PLUS cycloalkane name ex: Methylcyclopentane **If there are TWO OR MORE substituents==>RING numbered by assigning c1 to substituent that comes FIRST ALPHABETICALLY, then count in direction that gives LOWER NUMBER to the next one. Ex: 1-Chloro-3-methylcyclohexane.

POLYETHYLENE

Polyethylene is a polymer made from ethylene monomers. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE): flexible, breakable, less dense, and more branched. High-density polyethylene (HDPE): stronger, more dense, melts at a higher temp.

IF YOU SEE _______ ending, it has ________ bond(s).

"ANE": only SINGLE ENE: at lease ONE DOUBLE. "YNE": at least ONE TRIPLE.

ALKANE

"SATURATED": single bonds only

Organic compounds

--ALWAYS CONTAIN Carbon and HYDROGEN --Sometimes contain nonmetals such as Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, phosphorus, or a halogen. -MORE THAN 90% OF THE COMPOUNDS IN THE WORLD ARE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DUE VERY STRONG BONDING BETWEEN THE COVALENT BONDING BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS, ALLOWING THEM TO FORM LONG CHAINS.

cis and trans isomers

--ARE DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS WITH DIFFERENT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

In identifying if a pair of formulas are structural isomers or the same molecule:

--Add up number of C atoms and H atoms to make sure they give the same molecular formula. --How long is the longest chain? --Are the substituents/branches or drawn up/bent ends all part of the same chain of carbons? If so, they are NOT structural isomers. They are the same molecule. --If there is a DIFFERENT ORDER TO THE BONDING or the length of the longest chain is different, then they are structural isomers.

3 ways Oil Spills can be cleaned up

--Boom put around it to contain it then skimmers come scoop up the oil and put it in tanks. --Substance that attracts oil used to pick up the oil then scraped off into tanks. --Bacteria that ingest oil are used to break oil down into less harmful products.

methyl

--CH3=>condensed formula

AROMATIC CARBONS/BENZENES

--CONSIST of a RING of six carbon atoms with ONE hydrogen atom attached to each carbon (BENZENE) ('ENE' so we know it has at least one double bond). --Alternating double, single C bonds between adjacent Carbons. --DO NOT easily undergo addition reactions. --Each Carbon atom uses THREE valence electrons to BOND TO THE HYDROGEN ATOM and TWO ADJACENT CARBONS --TWO POSSIBLE STRUCTURAL FORMATIONS in which the double bonds can form between two different carbon atoms. --The SIX ELECTRONS are SHARED EQUALLY among the six Carbon atoms making Benzene especially stable. Most often represented by line-angle structural formula showing a hexagon with a circle in the center.

ALKANES USED IN

--Fuels --Oils (ex. Mineral or motor) --Laxatives --Petroleum jelly

PROPERTIES OF AROMATICS

--HIGH MELTING and BOILING POINTS (due to individual cyclic structures being very close together and to being flat symmetrical structures) PARA isomers are more symmetric so have higher melting and boiling points than ORTHO and META ISOMERS. o-xylene melts at -26C, m-xulene at -48C and p=xylene at 13C. --LESS DENSE THAN WATER (but DENSER than HYDROCARBONS) EXCEPTION: HALOGENATED BENZENE compounds are denser than water. --INSOLUBLE IN WATER --USED AS SOLVENTS FOR OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. This containing strongly polar functional groups will be somewhat soluble in water. --RESISTANT TO REACTIONS THAT BRAK UP THE AROMATIC SYSTEM. --FLAMMABLE.

ALKANES

--HYDROCARBON in which the carbon atoms are connected ONLY BY SINGLE BONDS. --end in "ANE" --One of most common uses of ALKANES: fuels. --CONNECTED IN A ROW OR A CONTINUOUS CHAIN. One carbon atom Alkane=Methane. Two carbon atom alkane=ethane 3 carbon atom alkane=propane 4 carbon atom alkane=butane

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE WRITTEN:

--With CARBON first --FOLLOWED by HYDROGEN --THEN any other elements.

4-methyl-2-pentene

--pent indicates 5 carbons in longest chain --"ene" indicates the presence of at least one double C-C bond. --2 represents the PLACEMENT of the first DOUBLE CARBON BOND (necessary since there are more than 3 bonds) --methyl indicates the substituent and its location.

BENZENE RING IS FOUND IN:

--some amino acids (building blocks of proteins) --in Pain relievers *aspirin) -in ACETAMINOPHEN and IBUPROFEN --In flavorings such as vanilla

trans-2-butene

-CH3 groups attached on opposite sides of the double bond.

cis-2-butene

-CH3 groups attached on the same side of the double bond

Other 3-D representations of Methane:

1) Ball-and-stick: atoms shown as balls; bonds as sticks. -tetrahedron w/ bond angles of 109* 2) Wedge-dash model: 3-d shape represented by symbols of the atoms with lines for bonds in the plane of the page, wedges for bonds.

Identifying functional groups allows us to:

1. Classify organic compounds according to their structure 2. Name compounds within each family. 3. To predict their chemical reactions.

Naming cycloalkenes

1. IF NO SUBSTITUENT, DOUBLE BOND DOES NOT NEED A NUMBER 2. If SUBSTITUENT: --CARBONS in the double bond are numbered as 1 and 2. --Ring is numbered in the direction that will give the lower number to the substituent.

EXAMPLE OF NAMING ALKENE CH3 CH3-CH-CH=CH-CH3 5 4 3 2 1 4-methyl-2-pentene

1. Longest chain that contains DOUBLE BOND (5 C in the chain and has double bond so replace 'ane" with 'ene'--pentene) 2. Number Cs starting from nearest double bond. 3. PLACE THE NUMBER OF THE FIRST CARBON BOND in the double bond in FRONT OF THE ALKENE NAME so long as there are more than THREE Cs) 4. Give location and name for each substituent (alphabetical) as a prefix to the alkene name.

Example of NAMING ALKYNE CH3-CH2-C=_C-CH2-CH3 1 2 3 4 5 6 3-hexYNE

1. NAME THE LONGEST CARBON CHAIN THAT CONTAINS THE TRIPLE BOND. 2. Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearer the triple bond. Place the NUMBER OF THE FIRST CARBON IN THE TRIPLE BOND IN FRONT OF THE ALKYNE NAME. 3. Give the location and name for each substituent (ALPHABETICAL ORDER) as a PREFIX to the alkyne name.

NAMING ALKANES WITH SUBSTITUENTS

1. Write the ALKANE NAME for the LONGEST CHAIN of C atoms. 2. Number the carbon atoms starting from the end nearer a substituent 3. Give the location and name for each substituent (ALPHABETICAL ORDER) as a PREFIX to the name of the main chain.

ETHANE COMBUSTION

2 C2H6 + 7O2 --> 4CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY

EXAMPLE OF ALKANE WITH SUBSTITUENTS NAME

2,3-dimethylbutane BUTANE=Alkane name giving number of atoms in the longest carbon chain. METHYL (names at the beginning) INDICATE THE substituents attached to the longest carbon chain. di: indicates there are TWO IDENTICAL GROUPS (of methyl) 2,3- INDICATES WHERE THE SUBSTITUENTS are ATTACHED to the carbon chain. ANE: shows there is only SINGLE bonds.

5 or more Carbon atom alkanes prefixes:

5--Pent 6--Hex 7--Hep 8--Oct 9--Non 10--Dec

TRANS isomer

ATOMS BONDED TO DOUBLE CARBON ATOMS (in alkene) are on OPPOSITE SIDES of the double bond. GENERALLY ARE MORE STABLE than CIS counterparts because the groups that are bigger than hydrogen atoms on the double bond are FARTHER APART. trans="across"

CIS isomers

ATOMS BONDED TO DOUBLE CARBON ATOMS (in alkene) are on the SOME SIDE of the double bond. GENERALLY ARE LESS STABLE than TRANS counterparts because the groups that are bigger than hydrogen atoms on the double bond are CLOSER TOGETHER. cis="on this side"

ADDITION REACTIONS for ALKENES

Addition of atoms or groups of atoms to the carbon atoms in the double bond. Have different names depending on the type of reactant added to the alkene.

BRANCHED ALKANE

Alkane with at least one branch

ALKANE PROPERTIES: DENSITY AND SOLUBILITY

Alkanes are: NONPOLAR INSOLUBLE in WATER (water does NOT mix with OIL) SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SOLVENTS (other alkanes) Less dense than water (0.62 g/mL to 1.0 g/mL)

PROPERTIES OF ALKANES: MELTING AND BOILING POINTS

Alkanes have the LOWEST MELTING and BOILING points of all organic compounds. --Contain ONLY NONPOLAR bonds of C-C and C-H --ATTRACTION OF BONDS is due to weak dispersion force -As number of CARBON atoms INCREASE, the NUMBER OF ELECTRONS INCREASE which increases the ATTRACTION. SO...ALKANES with HIGHER MASSES have HIGHER MELTING AND BOILING points. (THE MORE Carbons and the longer the Carbon chain, the higher the boiling and melting points.) BOILING POINTS OF BRANCHED ALKANES ARE GENERALLY LOWER than the straight-chain ISOMERS.

SUBSTITUENT/BRANCH

Atoms arranged in a side group attached to a carbon chain when an alkane has four or more carbon atoms.

Methane EXPANDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA Methane CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA

CH4

Combustion of METHANE (natural gas)

CH4(g) + 2O2--> CO2 (g) + 2H2O + energy

ALKYL GROUP

Carbon branch for alkanes Can't exist on their own; MUST BE ATTACHED TO A CARBON CHAIN. ALKANE THAT IS MISSING ONE HYDROGEN. Named by replacing "ANE" with "YL"

COMBUSTION OF ALKANE ALKANES burn readily in OXYGEN to produce:

Carbon dioxide, WATER, and ENERGY. EXOTHERMIC REATION Alkane (g) + O2 -->CO2(g) + H2O (g) + energy

ALKENE

Contains ONE OR MORE CARBON-CARBON double bond. Double bond forms when adjacent carbon atoms SHARE TWO PAIRS OF VALENCE ELECTRONs.

CYCLOALKENES

Cyclic alkenes names as cycloalkanes. Have double bond within a ring structure.

CYCLOALKANES VS ALKANES AND BOILING POINT

Cycloalkanes have higher boiling points than straight chains alkanes of THE SAME NUMBER of CARBONS because of their rigid structure allows them to be stacked close together.

CONFORMATIONS of ALKANES

DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS of alkanes that occur during the rotation about a single bond. Because alkanes have only single carbon-carbon bonds, groups attached to each C are NOT in fixed positions and can rotate freely about the bond connecting the carbon atoms (like toy car wheels) As groups turn around the single bond, the carbon chain in the condensed structural formulas may appear at different angles but each represents the same compound with four carbon atoms.

Cyclobutene

Doesn't need a number because doesn't have substituents. "ENE" indicated it has a double bond Cyclo indicates cycloalkene cyclo indicates it has 2 FEWER H atoms. "but" indicates FOUR carbons so SQUARE.

2-Methylcyclopentene

Double bond so counting started at 1st carbon of double bond. Methyl is at the 2nd Carbon in double bond.

C2H4 (SIMPLEST ALKENE)

ETHENE (or commonly ethylene) (ALKENE) (2 carbons connected by DOUBLE bond and each is attached to 2 Hs.) Each carbon atom in the double bond has a TRIGONAL PLANAR ARRANGEMENT with bond angle of 120 degrees so it is FLAT because the carbon and hydrogen atoms all lie in the same plane. (plant hormone; ripens fruits and accelerates breakdown of cellulose i plants)

Two-dimensional formula examples

EXPANDED STRUCTURAL FORMULA: shows all the atoms and the bonds connected to each atom. CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULA: shows the carbon atoms each grouped with the attached number of hydrogen atoms.

CONDENSED STRUCTURAL FORMULAS ALKANES

Each Carbon atom and its attached hydrogen atoms are written as a group. A subscript indicates the NUMBER OF HYDROGEN atoms bonded to each CARBON ATOM.

PROPERTIES OF ALKANES: ROOM TEMPERATURE property

FIRST FOUR (methane, ethane, propane, butane) are GASES at ROOM TEMP. 5-8 Carbon ALKANES: LIQUIDS AT ROOM TEMP. (LIQUID ALKANES ARE HIGHLY VOLATILE so useful in fuels) (Pentane, hexane, heptane and octane) 9-17 CARBONS: HIGHER BOILING POINTS. Found in KEROSENE, diesel, jet fuels, and motor oil, and mineral oil. 18+ CARBONS (PARAFFINS): WAXY SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMP. Vaseline

Carbon atom ALWAYS FORMS ________ covalent bonds.

FOUR

Organic compounds are organized by their:

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS. Compounds that contain the SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP have similar PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

WHICH HAS HIGHER BOILING POINT: Pentane or Heptane? Propane or Cyclopropane Hexane or 2-methylpentane

Heptane (longer chain) Cyclopropane (cycle with SAME amount of C as alkane has higher) Hexane (chain better than branched)

CYCLOALKANES

Hydrocarbon cyclic or ring structures TWO FEWER HYDROGEN ATOMS than the corresponding alkanes. -CnH2n --SIMPLEST cycloalkane=CYCLOPROPANE (C3H6) has a ring of THREE CARBON ATOMS bonded to SIX HYDROGEN ATOMS. --Most often drawn using their LINE-ANGLE STRUCTURAL FORMULAS.

Benzenes

Hydrocarbon which consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with ONE HYDROGEN atom attached to each carbon. Each carbon atom uses three valence electrons to bond to the hydrogen atom and TWO adjacent Carbons LEAVING ONE VALENCE electron. Carbon atoms are arranged in a FLAT RING with ALTERNATING single and double bonds between the adjacent carbon atoms. Have TWO DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS in which the double bonds can form between two different carbon atoms. =AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

ALKENES

Hydrocarbons that contain DOUBLE bonds

ALKYNES

Hydrocarbons that contain TRIPLE bonds

XYLENE isomers

ISOMERS OF dimethylbenzene

IUPAC system

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's system to name ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

When an organic consists of a chain of THREE OR MORE CARBON atoms, the CARBON ATOMS do NOT LIE IN A STRAIGHT LINE; they are arranged in a zigzag pattern. A simplified structure that represents this is called the:

LINE-ANGLE STRUCTURAL FORMULA

POLYMER

Large molecule that consists of small repeating units called monomers.

SIMPLEST HYDROCARBON

METHANE (CH4) --Carbon atom forms an OCTET by sharing its four valence electrons with FOUR HYDROGEN ATOMS.

chlorobenzene

ONLY ONE SUBSTITUENT so the RING IS NOT NUMBERED.

PREFIXES USED TO SHOW POSITION OF SUBSTITUENTS IN NAMING AROMATICS/BENZENES

ORTHO (o)--indicates a 1,2-arrangement META (m)--indicates 1,3 arrangement PARA (p)--indicates 1,4 arrangement

HYDROCARBONS

Organic compounds that consist of ONLY CARBON and HYDROGEN. EVERY CARBON ATOM HAS FOUR BONDS!

PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS: LOW MELTING AND LOW BOILING POINTS NOT SOLUBLE/FLOATS IN WATER (unless polar group present) LESS DENSE THAN H2O (ex. vegetable oil) UNDERGO COMBUSTION and BURN VIGOROUSLY IN AIR/HIGH FLAMMABILITY Elements present: ALWAYS C, H, and sometimes O, S, N, P, or CL, F, Br, I particles: mostly Molecules Bonding: Mostly covalent Polarity of bonds: Nonpolar (USUALLY...unless strong electronegative atom is present)

PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC CMPOUNDS HIGH MELTING AND BOILING POINTS MOST (ionic ones) ARE SOLUBLE in H2O Most do NOT burn in air/LOW FLAMMABILITY elements present: Most metals and nonmetals Particles: mostly ions Bonding: manu are ionic, and some are covalent. Polarity: Most are ionic or polar covalent (a few non polar covalent)

HYDROGENATION ADDITION REACTION

REACTANTS: Alkene + H2 Catalysts: Pt (Platinum), Ni (Nickel), or Pd (Palladium) used to speed up the reaction PRODUCT: Alkane H atoms add to each of the carbon atoms in a double bond of an alkene. Double bonds are converted to single bonds in alkanes. SO...Hydrogen atoms are used with a catalyst, to break the double bond turning alkene into alkane. ex: 2-Butene turned into Butane Cyclohexene turned into cyclohexane 2-methyl-1-butene turned into 2 Methyl Butane. (SO...you LOSE THE NUMBER in from of the carbon chain that was depicting the double bond)

HYDRATION ADDITION FOR ALKENES

REACTANTS: Alkene + H20 Catalyst: H+ (strong acid) PRODUCT: ALCOHOL In hydration, an alkene reacts with water. --Hydrogen atom from water forms a bond with one carbon atom in the double bond, --Oxygen atom in --OH forms a bond with the other carbon. Reaction catalyzed by a strong acid such as H2S04. Used to prepare alcohols which have --OH (hydroxyl) functional group

POLYMERIZATION ADDITION REACTION

REACTANTS: Alkenes CATALYSTS: High temperature, pressure. PRODUCT: POLYMER Requires high temperature, a catalyst, and high pressure (over 1000 atm) Polymer grows longer as each monomer is added at the end of the chain. Polymer may contain as many as 1000 monomers.

ALKENE DOUBLE BONDS

Rigid NO ROTATION around the double bond. Atoms or groups are attached to the carbon atoms in the double bond on one side the the other.

ALKYL HALIDES

SIMPLE HALOALKANES Carbon group named as ALKYL GROUP followed by the halide name.

SIMPLEST ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Single C-C hydrocarbons

BRANCHED VS. STRAIGHT ALKANES and BOILING POINTS/MELTING POINTS

Straight/linear chains have more surface area, so more points of contact between the surface of the molecules, so MORE ATTRACTIONS, therefore HIGHER MELTING AND BOILING POINTS. Branched alkanes have a SMALL area of contact/more compact so fewer attractions/points of contact, therefore LOWER MELTING AND BOILING POINTS (takes less heat/energy to break them apart since they don't have as much surface area. ) The more branches the lower the melting point.

THE MOST ACCURATE REPRESENTATION OF METHANE IS:

THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE-FILLING MODEL in which SPHERES show the relative size and shape of all the atoms

ALKYNE

TRIBPLE BOND forms when TWO CARBON ATOMS share THREE PAIRS of valence electrons. Two carbon atoms of the triple bond are each attached to ONE hydrogen atom.

p-dichlorobenzene

TWO SUBSITUENTS; RING NUMBERED. Chloros are in 1,4 arrangement-PARA (p)

o-dichlorobenzene

TWO SUBSTITUENTS SO RING IS NUMBERED. Chloros are in a 1,2 arrangement so that is an ORTHO (0) arrangement.

m=dichlorobenzene

TWO SUBSTITUENTS SO RING NUMBERED. Chloros are in 1,3 arrangements=META (m)

PENTANE (C5H12) STRUCTURAL ISOMER

Three different structural isomers for pentane.

ETHYNE (C2H2) (simples YNE)

Two carbon atoms of the triple bond are each attached to ONE HYDROGEN atom which gives triple bond a LINEAR geometry. Commonly acetylene (used in welding)

ALKENES AND ALKYNES

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS (because do NOT contain the maximum number of Hydrogen atoms; because they are not exclusively only single bonds.)

NAMING ALKENES and ALKYNES

Use ALKANE name with same number of CARBON ATOMS/prefix, replacing "ANE" with "ENE" for an ALKENE and "YNE" for ALKYNE. 1. Name the longest carbon chain that contains the double or triple bond. 2. Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearer the double or triple bond. 3. Give the location and name of reach substituent (alphabetical order) as the prefix to the alkene or alkyne name.

Markovnikov's Rule

Used to determine the prevalent product that forms when water adds to double bond in asymmetrical alkene hydration reaction. --When water adds to a double bond in which the C atoms are attached to DIFFERENT NUMBERS of H atoms (asymmetrical double bone) the H- from H-OH attaches to the carbon that has the GREATER NUMBER OF H atoms and the -OH bonds to the other carbon atom from the double bond. ex: PROPENE HYDRATION

HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED FATS

Vegetable oils are unsaturated fats composed of fatty acids that contain double bonds. Hydrogenation is used to commercially convert the double bonds to saturated fats such as margarine (more solid). Adjusting the amount of added hydrogen produces partially hydrogenated fats such as soft margarine. Ex: Oleic acid is hydrogenated unsaturated fatty acid in olive oil and converted to stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid.

NAMING AROMATIC COMPOUNDS:

When a benzene is a substituent it is named: -- as a PHENYL group. --C6H5 When benzene has ONLY ONE SUBSTITUENT, the RING IS NOT NUMBERED. When there are TWO substituents, the benzene ring IS NUMBERED TO GIVE THE LOWEST NUMBERS TO THE SUBSTITUENTS. --When a common name such as TOLUENE, PHENOL, or ANILINE can be used, the CARBON ATOM attached to the METHYL, HYDROXYL, or AMINE group is numbered as CARBON 1. -WHEN THERE ARE THREE OR MORE SUBSTITUENTS attached to benzene, THEY ARE NUMBERED IN THE DIRECTION TO GIVE THE LOWEST SET OF NUMBERS AND THEN NAMED ALPHABETICALLY.

CIS-TRANS ISOMERS WITH SAME AND DIFFERENT ATOMS ex. 1,1-dichloropropene NO cis or trans

When the carbon atoms in the double bond of an alkene are attached to two DIFFERENT atoms or groups of atoms, an alkene can have CIS-TRANS isomers. Take this into consideration when drawing. When alkene has identical groups on the SAME carbon atom of the double bond, Cis and TRANS ISOMERS canNOT be drawn. ex. 1,1-Dichloropropene (has TWO Cl on one C...no trans or cis.)

STRUCTURAL ISOMER

When two compounds have the SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOMS. Have the same NUMBER and TYPE of ATOMS but are BONDED in a DIFFERENT ORDER. --SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA --DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOMS

HYDRATION REACTION

When water adds to a symmetrical alkene, a SINGLE PRODUCT is formed. ex: Ethene When water adds to a double bond in an asymmetrical alkene, TWO PRODUCTS are possible and Markovnikov's rule is used to see what will bond with what.

3-hexYNE

YNE indicates there is at least one triple bond. "hex" indicates there are 6 Carbons in the longest chain that contains the triple bond. 3 indicates the POSITION of the FIRST CARBON in the triple bond.

HYDROCARBONS: alkANE: alkENE: alkYNE:

all Single C-C bond (propane...) at least 1 Double C-C bond (propene, ) at least 1 Triple C-C bond (propyne,)

cyclobutane

cyclo=has 2 less H atoms BUTANE=C4H10 cyclobutane=C4H8

ALKENES AND THEIR POLYMERS

monomer-->polymer Recycling code Ethene-->polyethylene (PE) 2, 4 Chloroethene-->Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 3 Propene-->Polypropylene (PP) 5 Tetraflouroethene-->Polytetraflouroethylene (PTFEE) (Teflon) 1,1-Dichloroethene--> Polydichloroethylene (saran) Phenylethene (styrene)-->Polystyrene (PS) 6

HEPTANE:

solvent for rubber cement Density: 0.68 g/mL Boils at 98 degrees C. Liquid at room temp NOT soluble in water. FLOATS on water.