Chemistry of Life quiz 3 and 4

How many electrons does carbon lack in its outer shell?

4

A protein may consist of as many as _______ amino acid molecules.

5,000

What occurs during a decomposition reaction?

A compound partitions into its components.

A complex molecule containing the genetic code.

DNA

Carrying the genetic code and determining an organism's structure and function are the functions of:

DNA

Describe the effect on a protein if one or more amino acids are changed

If one or more amino acids are changed, the protein will change drastically. For example, a person with sickle-cell disease has a mutation where only one amino acid is different, but this disease causes inadequate oxygen supply to the body.

The condition whereby the concentration of reactant product influences the rate and net direction of a reversible chemical reaction.

Law of Mass Action

The rate and direction of reactions are greatly influenced by the:

Law of Mass action or molecular concentration because they relate to the same principle

A sequence of sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous organic bases: DNA and RNA

Nucleic acid

The largest and most sophisticated molecules in a cell are _____.

Nucleic acids

A nucleic acid which participates in the synthesis of proteins.

RNA

an acid located in the cell nucleus

RNA

Which statement correctly relates to DNA and RNA:

RNA reads and translates the DNA code.

The energy required to start a chemical reaction.

activation energy

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by incorrect sequencing of _____.

amino acid

The basic building block of proteins; contains a carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2).

amino acid

basic units of proteins

amino acids

Why can carbon bond to many elements simultaneously?

because it is capable of forming multiple covalent bonds

A substance which will resist changes in pH within reasonable limits.

buffer

Many scientists have concluded that coded information:

cannot arise by random undirected processes

A sugar or polymer of sugar; contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

carbohydrate

C6H12O6 is a type of .

carbohydrate

a polymer of sugar

carbohydrate

Genetic codes contain:

complex information detailed instructions

A chemical reaction where the compound is broken into its constituent parts.

decomposition

A two-sugar polymer.

disaccharide

Carbohydrates are the most readily available source of _____.

energy

What is required for reactants to form bonds?

energy input

molecules rearrange and form new molecules

exchange

A chemical reaction where the substrates trade constituent parts.

exchange reaction

The sugar-phosphate backbones of DNA are connected to one another by sequences of ________ different bases.

four

In the chemical reaction that takes place in the lighting of a match, activation energy is supplied by _____.

friction

A simple sugar (C6H12O6) occurring in plant and animal tissues.

glucose

A chemical synthesized by an organism which aids in the control of a specific function in the organism.

hormone

A natural chemical which controls a specific body function is called a(n)

hormone

The two elements besides carbon found in carbohydrates are _____.

hydrogen oxygen

decomposition using water

hydrolysis

A group of organic compounds including fats, steroids, and phospholipids.

lipid

Choose sources of protein in our diet.

milk meat cheese fish eggs some beans

The building block unit of carbohydrates; a simple sugar.

monosaccharide

The simplest sugars are generally called

monosaccharides

Lipids are soluble in solvents called

organic solvents

The connecting bases of DNA are always made of ______ sets.

paired

Bonds between amino acids are called ______ bonds

peptide

Carbohydrates are manufactured in plants by the process of

photosynthesis

Carbohydrates are produced readily by

plants

synthesis of repeating molecules

polymerization

A substance which results from a one-way chemical reaction is called a .

product

That which is produced as a result of a chemical reaction.

product

A large complex organic molecule consisting of a large number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

protein

The building blocks of _____ are amino acids.

proteins

The products and reactants of a(n) _____ reaction will form at the same rate when equilibrium is attained.

reversible

Which type of reaction is dependent on the concentration of the products and reactants?

reversible

simultaneous decomposition and synthesis

reversible

A chemical reaction in which the reactants used to form the products can also be synthesized from those products.

reversible reaction

molecules formed from components

synthesis

A chemical reaction when two or more units are added together to form a new compound.

synthesis reaction

What determines the coded information contained within DNA?

the sequence of bases making up the "rungs" of the ladder

How do lipids differ from carbohydrates?

they are not soluble in water the H/O ratio is different

Adenine pairs with _______, and guanine pairs with ______ in DNA.

thymine cytosine

A polysaccharide is a polymer of simple sugar.

true

Lipids are composed of the same basic elements as carbohydrates.

True

A protein specialized to protect the body from disease is a(n)

antibody

The common name for C6H12O6 is _____.

glucose

In addition to the elements found in carbohydrates and lipids, proteins contain the element

nitrogen

A sequence of sugars, phosphates and nitrogenous organic bases: DNA and RNA.

nucleic acid

The organic chemicals which help cell walls to conserve internal fluids are _____.

phospholipids

When fats decompose in an organism, energy is released.

True

When compounds which are formed from ionic bonds decompose, the products:

are usually ions of the original elements

Any substance which accelerates a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction.

catalyst

When a reversible reaction is occurring in both directions at the same rate; the products and reactants do not change in concentration.

chemical equilibrium

A bonding of subunits to form a polymer with the loss of water.

dehydration synthesis

The DNA molecule has a structure similar to a

double Helix

What happens when organic molecules decompose?

energy is released

A protein molecule which is specialized to speed up a specific chemical reaction in biological systems.

enzyme

Which of the following chemicals are proteins?

antibodies enzymes hormones

A protein specialized to defend the body against disease.

antibody

Which statement represents dehydration synthesis?

carbohydrate polymers formed as water is removed

Organic compounds consisting of various compounds of sugar are generally called .

carbohydrates

Large organic molecules which are synthesized from multiple identical subunits are:

carbohydrates polymers proteins nucleic acids

bonds broken and elements released

decomposition

(Select all that apply.) The four organic molecules common to organisms are _____.

proteins, fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates

A substance which enters into a chemical reaction is called a

reactant

A plant must supply energy through photosynthesis in order for its complex starch molecules to breakdown to a simple sugar.

false

Carbon is ideally suited to form ionic bonds.

false

Chemical reactions will occur independently of the reactant's temperature.

false

Many elements bond to carbon by exchanging electrons.

false

Starch is a monosaccharide.

false

The most highly concentrated source of energy in the body is

fat

Choose from the following list the three groups of lipids.

fats, steroids, phospholipids

Chemical equilibrium results if:

forward reaction rate equals reverse reaction rate

The most abundant sources of carbohydrates are _____.

green plants

The oxygen-transporting protein in the blood is called

hemoglobin

Nucleic acids carry the ______ codes of life.

hereditary

(Select all that apply.) Choose from the following list the most common elements which bond to carbon.

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules with water being a reactant.

hydrolysis

The breakdown of molecules by the addition of water:

hydrolysis

Steroids are:

lipids

All of the chemical reactions in the organism for maintenance of the processes of life.

metabolism

The process by which organisms decompose food and synthesize energy and tissue is .

metabolism

A chemical compound in which each molecule is made up of two or more simpler molecules strung together.

polymer

A reaction in which two or more molecules unite, forming a more complex molecule.

polymerization

A polymer of simple sugars (monosaccharides).

polysaccharide

The complex sugars are generally called

polysaccharides

A polymer of glucose units.

starch

Cholesterol belongs to the group of lipids called _____.

steroids

Two bases connect the double chain of DNA like a step on a ladder.

true

Starch is made up of:

units of C6H12O6 (glucose)

Which processes are involved in metabolism?

synthesis, growth, repair, decomposition, energy release, reversible reactions, equilibrium, synthesis and decomposition exchange reactions, control of pH

The physical properties of a __________ are highly sensitive to the sequence in which the amino acids are linked.

protein