Chemistry: Unit 4 - The discovery of Atoms, nature's building blocks - Samantha_Holliday
What is the atomic number of the first element to start filling a d sublevel?
21
If an atom has 3 energy levels, how many sublevels should it have?
3
What is the maximum number of electrons in the following energy level? n = 4
32
What is the maximum number of electrons found in any energy level of the known elements?
32 Ge (Germanium)
Which atomic number corresponds to the element which is most stable?
36
How many electrons will a non-metal generally have in its outer shell?
4-7
How many electrons can the 5th shell hold?
50
What is the theoretical maximum number of electrons in the n = 5 energy level?
50
The element gold occurs in which period?
6th
What is the maximum number of electrons in the following energy level? n = 2
8
Period
A horizontal row in the periodic table.
Periodic Table
A table of the elements, arranged to illustrate the periodic (repeating) characteristics of the elements when arranged by increasing atomic number.
Family
A vertical column of the periodic table.
Group
A vertical column of the periodic table; groups have similar valence electron structure and similar chemical and physical properties.
Why do the elements of period 4 start a new cycle of properties after the element argon?
Additional electrons after argon begin to fill a sublevel of the n = 4 energy level. The electrons in the outermost energy level are primarily responsible for the properties of an element.
Octet rule
An atom will gain, lose or share electrons in order to obtain eight valence electrons.
Beta Particle
An electron or particle similar to an electron emitted from the nucleus with negligible mass and a charge of -1; represented by β-.
The atomic number of the element which does not usually form compounds because its outermost shell is full is:
Argon 18
Ion
Atom or group of atoms with a net charge caused by unequal numbers of electrons and protons.
In the vertical columns of the periodic table:
Atomic weight increases from top to bottom The number of shells increases from top to bottom
Which element in period 4 is the most chemically active non-metal?
Br aka Bromine (35)
The first attempt at publishing a list of relative atomic masses was made by
Dalton
Who is considered the father of atomic theory?
Dalton
Rutherford's research was primarily involved with:
Defining the components of nuclei
Who was the first to propose the idea of atoms?
Democritus
The last element in any period always has:
Eight electrons in the outermost shell The properties of a noble gas
Valence electrons
Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.
Which elements are included in Group 5A?
Elements that are included in the Nitrogen family are: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi).
Quantum
Energy available or given off in specific, predictable quantities.
Each period of the periodic table ends with:
Group 8 elements aka noble gases
Alpha Particle
Helium nucleus emitted from the nucleus of a decaying isotope; represented by He2+.
Gamma Ray
High energy ray emitted from some radioactive atoms.
Isotope
Members of the same element (same atomic number) but different mass number due to different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus.
Emission Spectrum
The distribution of light when passed through a prism or other device that breaks the light into its individual components.
Which statements are correct about a group?
The elements in each group have similar chemical properties. Each member of the group has the identical electron configuration in the outer shell.
Ernest Rutherford is credited with which discoveries?
The emissions of radioactive elements The proton
What is a common characteristic of the transitions elements?
The next to outermost electron shell begins to fill up.
An alpha particle is:
The nucleus of helium
The use of the term "energy levels" in the text implies:
a quantized amount of energy found at the different levels n = 1, 2, 3, ...
What causes the lines in the emission spectrum for elements?
a quantum release of energy as electrons drop back to their ground state
What is a "curie"?
a unit of radioactive disintegration
Equation for finding the maximum number of electrons in an energy level.
energy level number squared then times two n=x^2 * 2 x=16 n=16^2 *2 n=256 *2 n=512
Which statement applies to the energy change illustrated in the quantized energy emission diagram?
energy released=energy added
What are energy sublevels?
multiple orbitals of specific magnitude within an energy level
James Chadwick's primary discovery was the:
neutron
Which of the following elements is a transition metal?
nickel
Most of the mass of an atom is made up of:
the protons and neutrons
Periodicity is best defined as:
the repeating nature of physical and chemical properties with increasing atomic number
Rutherford and Soddy's research involved:
the theory that uranium successively disintegrated to lead
John Dalton used inductive reasoning to develop his theories.
true
Marie Curie named polonium in honor of Poland.
true
Properties of elements can be predicted from their placement on the periodic table.
true
The Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic within the sequence of their atomic numbers.
true
If the following elements were to combine with each other, choose which demonstrates the Law of Multiple Proportions. Select all that apply.
z:x = 7:1 y:x = 11:1
How many electrons will a true metal generally have in its outer energy level?
1-2
What is the maximum number of electrons in the following energy level? n = 3
18
Select the correct electron configuration for Boron. (Atomic Number 5)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^1
Select the correct electron configuration for Vanadium. (Atomic Number 23)
1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^3
What is the maximum number of electrons in the following energy level? n=1
2
Which element in Group IIA will have the highest melting temperature?
Be aka Beryllium
The discoverer of radioactivity was
Becquerel
Movement of electrons about a central nucleus is a concept by:
Bohr
Electron
Negative subatomic particles; symbolized by e-; located outside the nucleus; in constant motion; 1/1,837 the mass of a proton.
Neutron
Neutral particle found in the nucleus; mass nearly equal to that of a proton; neutrons plus protons constitute mass of atom.
Proton
One of the particles of the nucleus; positively charged; symbolized by p; assigned a mass value of 1 unit; protons plus neutrons constitute mass of atom.
The discoveries of Niels Bohr were:
Orbits of electrons Quantum energy emissions The relationship between outer shell and chemical properties
A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table is known as a ________.
Period
The discoverer of X-rays was
Roentgen
Which scientist supplied the equations to combine wave and particle theory?
Schrödinger
Nucleus
The central core of the atom containing most of the mass and made up of protons and neutrons.
Atomic mass or mass number
The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.
Why do the chemical properties cycle through each period?
The outermost shell of all atoms with two or more electron shells will not have more than 8 electrons.
What do the elements of a period have in common?
The same number of electron energy levels. Transitions from metal to noble gas
Radioactive.
Unstable and capable of disintegrating into different elements, producing radiation and energy.
When do electrons emit energy?
When moving to a lower orbit
Law of Multiple Proportions
When two elements form a series of compounds, A&B, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers.
The light emitted by an incandescent element produces:
a line emission spectrum
A device made by J. J. Thomson to process and detect electrons is the:
cathode - ray tube
maximum number of electrons = 2
d
A quantum is a unit of:
energy
maximum number of electrons = 14
f
A gamma ray is a very high speed particle with no charge.
false
Pitchblende is an ore of plutonium.
false
The broad bands or regions located around the nucleus where the electrons are found are called energy rings.
false
The light reflected off an element produces unique identifying spectrum.
false
The two elements isolated by the Curies were radium and uranium.
false
Chlorine has 17 valence electrons.
false has 7 valence electrons
A vertical column within the periodic table represents a family or _______.
group
Where would electrons in the d sublevel be found?
in energy levels >= 3
Which element is NOT in the cobalt subgroup?
iron
A beta particle:
is an electron has a -1 charge is emitted from the nucleus
J. J. Thomson is credited with which discoveries?
isotopes electrons subatomic particles
The number of positive charges in the nucleus of an atom is equal to:
its atomic number
Where would the electrons in the 3d sublevel be found?
only in the n = 3 energy level
maximum number of electrons = 6
p
Which is the first element in the periodic table to have an electron configuration in the 4th energy level?
potassium
Two isotopes of the same element will always have the same number of
protons
maximum number of electrons = 10
s
The ideas of Democritus were based on inductive reasoning.
true
The mathematics of combining quantum theory with wave motion of atomic particles is known as a ?
wave mechanics
