CHES Combined sets
What is the goal of data analysis?
The goal of data analysis is to reduce, synthesize, organize and summarize information to make sense of it.
Environmental Reevaluation (process of change):
The process of environmental reevaluation is looking at the behavior being changed (old behavior) in light of its impact or effect on the physical and social environments
Reinforcement Management (process of change):
The process of reinforcement management has to do with rewards & punishment. Although unwanted behavior can be changed through the fear of punishment or negative consequences, rewards for engaging in the targeted behavior are more natural. The reward can be from the person to himself or herself or from someone else
What is a stratified sample?
a probability sample that first divides the survey population into strata and then randomly selects participants from each strata
Photovoice
blends a grassroots approach to photography and social action
Educational media
can be used to emphasize key points and for skill acquisition practice and can include audiovisual aids
Effective health communication on a social network level
can change group communication patterns, usually through the groups leader
Effective health communication on the societal level
can influence norms, policies, laws, and environments
At what level do theories address factors on the assumption that others people influence behavior change?
interpersonal level
ACHA Mission
the principal advocate and leadership organization for college and university health.
What level focuses on factors within social systems such as rules, regulations, norms and policies.
Community Level
is a strategy for making written and oral information, easier to understand.
Plain Language
is a systematic method of locating, synthesizing and interpreting a collection of work by researchers and practitioners.
A literature review
What type of objective is this? By 2020, the number of bicycle lanes on streets in River City will increase by 35 percent.
Environmental objective
directly involves participants in the change process. These strategies include initiatives such as coalition building and lobbying
Community Mobilization Strategies
What type of objective is this? By 2025, the number of high air pollution alert days in the city will decrease by 10 percent.
Environmental objective
The process of informing a priority population about a health issue.
Health Communication for Community Level Planning
a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
Health Disparities
What should a marketing plan identify?
A marketing plan should identify the audience(s), message(s), and the communication methods to be used. The marketing plan should also support program goals and objectives.
offered in increments vs. all at once. Not a trial run. Participants are priority population
Phasing in
Epidemiologic model
"Focuses on epidemiological data like death rates, prevalence rates, birth rates, etc." This model assesses how many people are dying vs how many are being born, how many have had the disease chronically vs how many people have been recently diagnosed with the same disease. This model asks questions like who's dying from the problem, who has had the disease and who has recently been diagnosed with the disease. (Prevalence vs. incidence)
Social model
"Investigates social or political issues that influence health" This model assess social and political factors that may influence the health of the community. The social model look at things like the lack of sidewalks in a town, the lack of banned smoking laws, the lack of education for children's car seat positions.
Primary Prevention
"Involves actions to keep a disease from occurring." it aims to prevent disease or injury before it even occurs. This can be done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury.
Public health model
"Similarly attempts to quantify health problems and often uses epidemiologic data. This model, however, can be more focused on a specific population and can be mindful of limitations of resources". This model is similar to the epidemiologic model but tends to focus on a more specific population. This model asks questions like how many females ages 13-17 are becoming pregnant because of the lack of transportation to the free health clinic that is located 15 minutes out of town.
Primary Data
"includes information that health education specialists collect to answer unique questions about the specific purpose of the project"
SWOT
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) An apporach to planning that minimizes planning time and moves quickly to action steps by assessing internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities
CNHEO Members
- AAHE : American Association for Health Education; - ACHA: American College Health Association; - APHA-PHEHP: American Public Health Association's Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section; - APHA-SHES: American Public Health Association's School Health Education and Services Section; - AHSA: American School Health Association; - DPHE: Directors of Health Promotion and Education; - ESG: Eta Sigma Gamma; - SSDHPER: Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Education and Recreation - SOPHE: Society for Public Health Education
Health Communication Campaign Model
- analyze the community health problem - identify the priority audience's needs and - appropriate strategies to reach them - use communication theories and marketing techniques - select the settings, channels and activities to be included in the message - evaluate outcomes
Ways to promote health education profession
- develop a personal plan for professional growth and service - be able to describe state of the art health education practice - be able to explain major responsibilities of health education specialists - develop professional literature - engage in service to advance the the health education profession.
Critical steps to creating an environment that is conducive to learning include:
- getting management or stakeholder support - identifying resources to support implementation - obtaining buy-in from implementation staff and the audience
This is a database for health education information indices, major health education journals, and journals from nursing and many other disciplines
CINAHL
Ways to involve the community in the health decision-making process
- involve the community/priority audience in the process; - clarify the community/audience's role as early as possible; - ask the community/audience how they wish to be involved; - identify and respond to the needs and interests of a variety of community groups.
To reach audiences with low literacy, it is important to
- keep materials short, simple and organized; - use examples and graphics; - be clear and concise; - generate a consistent message; - pretest materials with the target audience; - summarize or highlight the main points; - include a balance of white space with words and pictures; - use few polysyllablic words; - maintain the readability at 4th grade reading level.
Important cultural principles include
- remembering that everyone is a member of a culture or cultures; - acknowledging that culture affects health beliefs and practices; - being both culturally sensitive and culturally competent are essential to effective communication.
Ways to contribute to professional literature
- writing for publication in peer reviewed journals, electronic or print books. - publish lessons learned and evaluation findings in "notes for the field" opportunities in research journals - publish in more practice oriented journals (ie Health Promotion Practice) - submit abstracts or presentations at meetings.
Sources to Consult during program development
-Healthy People 2020 -National and state standards and benchmarks for school health education -Agency and organization mission statements
What are the stages of the Transtheoretical Model?
-Precontemplation: person is not interested in addressing the problem; some people may be unaware of or in denial about the problem - Contemplation: person is aware there is a problem and intends to do something in the next 6 months - Preparation: person has taken steps and plans to address the problem in the next month - Action: person has taken action (changed behavior) within the past 6 months - Maintenance: Person has maintained the behavior change for the next 6 months - Termination: person has no temptation to return to the old behavior
General Data Analysis Information
-data analysis planning should begin with the planning of a program and will guide data collection decisions. -analysis depends on the research questions, data sources and availability, and the intended audience who will use the findings
Descriptive Analysis
-describes -is more exploratory -profiles characteristics of group -focus on what -assumes no hypothesis -requires no comparison group
Analytic Analysis
-explains -is more exploratory -analyzes why a group has characteristics -focuses on WHY -assumes a hypothesis -requires a comparison group
4 Primary Communication Channels
-intrapersonal -interpersonal -organization & community -mass media
Components of Program Planning
-understanding and engaging the priority population -conducting a needs assessment -developing goals & objectives -creating an intervention -implementing the intervention -conducting program evaluation
Often planners need to begin the planning process by ...
... gaining support from groups of key people to ensure that planning & implementation proceed smoothly & to ensure that they can acquire the necessary resource support.
In terms of using images in messaging, HES's should
1) ask, how can I use pictures to support key points? 2) minimize distracting details in pictures 3) use simple language in conjunction with pictures 4) closely link pictures to text and/or captions 5) include people from the intended audience in designing pictures 6) have health professionals, not artists, plan the pictures 7) evaluate pictures' effects by comparing response to materials with and without pictures.
What are the 5 generic phases of program implementation?
1. Adopt the program 2. Identify & priority tasks to complete 3. Establish a management system 4. Put the plans into action (pilot testing, phasing, total implementation) 5. End or sustain an program or intervention
What are the steps for an effective coalition?
1. Analyze the issue or problem on which the coalition will focus 2. Create awareness of the issue 3. Conduct initial coalition planning & recruitment 4. Develop resources & funding for the coalition 5. Create coalition infrastructure 6. Elect coalition leadership 7. Create an action plan
What are the constructs of the Theory of Reasoned Action & Planned Behavior?
1. Attitudes 2. Social norms 3.Volitional control 4. Behavioral control
What should health education specialists do to reduce the likelihood of legal improprieties?
1. Be aware of legal liabilities 2. Use only professionals or experts in the area being presented 3. When appropriate, require medical clearance for participation 4. Instruct staff not to practice outside their area of expertise 5. Follow building codes and regualtions
Apply findings from evaluation/research
1. Communicate findings to stakeholders 2. Evaluate feasibility of implementing recommendations from evaluation 3. Apply evaluation findings in policy analysis & program development 4. Disseminate research findings through professional conference presentations
According to The American Society of Training and Development (ASTD), what are the 5 best practices of training and development that training developers should do?
1. Consider the root causes of a need for training 2. Conduct a systematic needs assessment and, based on that, develop a design framework 3. Integrate e-learning, if appropriate 4. Develop training that engages learners 5. Develop an evaluation plan
What is the 6-step process for conducting a needs assessment?
1. Determine the scope of work and the purpose for the needs assessment 2. Gather the Data 3. Analyze the Data 4. Identify any factors linked to the health problem 5. Identify the focus for the program 6. Validate the need before continuing with the planning process.
What are the 5 key areas of social determinants of health that Healthy People 2020 developed?
1. Economic Stability (Ex. poverty, employment, food security, housing stability) 2. Education (Ex. high school graduation, enrollment in higher education, language & literacy, early childhood education & development) 3. Social & community context (ex. social cohension, civic participation, perceptions of discrimination & equity, incarceration/institutionalization 4. Health & health care (ex. access to health care & primary care, health literacy) 5.Neighborhood & built environment (ex. access to healthy foods, quality of housing, crime & violence, environmental conditions)
What are the 5 major factors that contribute to determinant of the health of a population?
1. Genes and biology (Ex. Sex & age) 2. health behaviors (Ex. healthy eating, physical activity, alcohol use, injection drug use, unprotected sex, and smoking) 3. Social environment or social characteristics (Ex. Discrimination, income, gender, & social support) 4. Physical environment or total ecology (Ex. Where a person lives, crowding conditions, & built environments) 5. Health services or medical care (Ex. access to quality health care & having/not having insurance)
Valid information resources may include:
1. Governmental agencies 2. Quasigovernmental agencies 3. nongovernmental agencies
Evaluation should be ongoing in the consultative relationship. Generally, it is divided into three steps. What are those steps?
1. Identification of the evaluation questions or criteria 2. Assessment of the achievement of the questions or criteria 3. Dissemination of findings
Regardless of where health information originates, the following are steps for identifying the information needed to dissemination:
1. Identify the need 2. Match the need to likely source 3. Pursue lead 4. Judge the quality and quantity of the information found 5. Organize the available material in a format most useful to the user
What do well planned health education programs do?
1. Incorporate collected data about the health issues addressed and/or about other similar programs 2. Organize at the grassroots level to involve the population that will be affected
What are the 5 levels of influence for health behaviors?
1. Individual: knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that influence behavior 2. Interpersonal: association with family, friends, and peers that define social identity, support and role 3. Institutional: rules, regulations, and policies which may constrain or promote recommended behaviors 4. Community: social networks and norms 5. Public Policy: Local, State, and federal policies and laws that regulate or support actions/practices
What are the constructs of the Diffusion of Innovation theory?
1. Innovation 2. Communication channels 3. Time 4. Social system
What are the steps in formal consulting? (page 197)
1. Issue recognition (client awareness of problem & decision to use the consultant) 2. Consultant selection (meetings, proposals developed & evaluated, selection) 3. Engagement (Identification of barriers/concerns; developing strategies for change) 4. Issue definition (data gathering) 5. Resolution pathways (developing alternatives) 6. Pathway implementation 7. Termination and evaluation (report writing & follow-up)
What are the constructs for the Self-Efficacy Theory?
1. Mastery Experience 2. Vicarious Experience 3.Verbal persuasion 4. Somatic & emotional states
What are the constructs of the Health Belief Model?
1. Perceived susceptibility 2. Perceived Benefits 3. Perceived barriers 4. Perceived seriousness 5. Modifying variables 6. Cues to action 7. Self-efficacy
What are the constructs of the Social Cognitive Theory?
1. Self-efficacy 2. Observational learning 3. Expectations 4. Expectancies 5. Emotional arousal 6. Behavioral capability 7. Reinforcement 8. Locus of control
What are the phases of the PRECEDE-PROCEED theory?
1. Social Assessment 2.Epidemiological assessment 3. Educational and ecological assessment 4. Administrative and policy assessment 5. Implementation 6.Process Evaluation 7. Impact Evaluation 8. Outcome Evaluation
What are the constructs of the Transtheoretical Model?
1. Stages of Change 2. Decisional balance 3. Processes of change 4. Self-efficacy
CDCynergy Social Marketing Version Outline Steps
1. Test creative concepts with intended audiences to see if the ideas resonate 2. Pretest specific messages with intended audiences to ensure that they hear what you want them to hear 3. Pretest products and materials with intended audiences to ensure that your products and materials elicit the intended response and produce the desired actions 4. Choose the pretest settings-the places where you hope to provide your service(s) or expose your audience to messages 5. Pretest product distribution plans
What are the two primary sources for population and health statistics?
1. The United States Census 2. the National Center of Health Statistics
What aspects should health education specialists think of when selecting individuals to deliver the program?
1. The characteristics of the individual(s) who will conduct the training are critical to its success 2. Participants for training sessions should be considered future intervention deliverers 3. Understand the organizational context where the intervention will be delivered
Uses of pretesting
1. To asses K.S. A. and behavior 2. To asses ability to comprehend 3. To assess attention and recall 4. To identify strengths and weaknesses in knowledge, skills, or other abilities 5. Determine personal/individual relevance of the information to be presented 6. To gauge sensitive or controversial elements of the health issue
Components of CHES credentialing
1. academic preparation 2. passing a written exam 3. continued professional development
Key steps in policy evaluation
1. adopting a conceptual model for understanding the process of policy change 2. developing a theory about how and why planned activities lead to desired outcomes 3. selecting benchmarks to monitor progress 4. measuring progress towards benchmarks and collecting data
Goals of photovoice
1. enable community members to record their concerns about and strengths of their community 2. to promote dialogue about the issues addressed in the videos 3. to reach policy makers
Is a public or private, nonprofit organization of demonstrated effectiveness that is representative of a community or significant segments of a community and provides education or related services to individuals in the community.
A community based organization
What should a training needs assessment determine?
A training needs assessment should determine what the desired learning outcome is, the characteristics of the participants, the learning context, and the content and training expertise.
___ may be inferred through the discrepancy of services provided to ones community group as compared to another, such as bicycling and walking lanes.
Actual needs
determines the resources (funding, staff, other) available for the program
Administrative & Policy assessment phase
What type of objective is this? "Prior to the start of the program, planners will contact licensed counselors in the area to provide the lunch-and-learn emotional well-being presentations for the program."
Administrative objective
These objectives detail the tasks or activities completed by program facilitators for the program to succeed. They are the daily tasks and work plans that lead to the accomplishment of all other planned objectives. Administrative objectives are also referred to as process objectives.
Administrative or Process Objective
What type of objective is this? Before the start of the program, the planning committee members will place physical-activity resources in each of the communities served by the health department.
Administrative or process objective
What type of objective is this? Prior to the start of the program, planners will contact ten OB/GYN physicians to gather support for the program.
Administrative or process objective
is the process of influencing outcomes such as policy decisions in organizations by taking into consideration how the political, economic, social systems impact people's lives
Advocacy
AAHE stands for
American Association for Health Education
ACHA stands for
American College Health Association
APHA-PHEHP stands for
American Public Health Association's Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section
AHSA stands for
American School Health Association
What does an analysis plan do?
Analysis determines if the outcomes of the program were different than expected in the beginning of the program
explain etiology and causal associations ( ex. cohort and case control) aim to estimate the strength of a relationship between an exposure and an outcome
Analytic studies
is a type of distance learning in which training occurs outside of real time where the instructors and learners communicate at different times.
Asynchronous training
Personal right to self-determination and choice
Autonomy
What are the 6 frequently applied ethical frameworks that can be applied to planning programs which includes needs assessments?
Autonomy Criticality Egalitarian Needs-Based Resource sensitive Untilitarian
"Behaviors or actions of individuals, groups, or communities. Behavioral indicators may include compliance, consumption and utilization patterns, coping, preventative actions and self-care"
Behavioral Factors
These objectives describe the behaviors or actions that the population will engage in to resolve the problem and lead to attainment of the program goal. They are statements of desired outcomes that indicate whom is to demonstrate how much of what action and by when.
Behavioral Objective
What type of objective is this? Among those attending the program, weight-bearing activity will increase by 50 percent over the following six months.
Behavioral objective
Limitations of pretesting
Cannot ensure learning. Does not guarantee behavior change. May not be precise. Is not a substitute for experience and judgment.
Resources to utilize when HES are working on advocacy issues
Capwiz (Mega Vote, Elected Official Finder, Issues and Legislation, Media Guide, Legislative Action Center)
A model with 6 phases that help the health education specialist to understand the priority population and what communication strategies will best help those in that population change behavior
CDCynergy
Project-specific Benchmark of progress for 'Changing definitions/reframing'
Change official purpose of vending machines to include providing nutritious food for students.
are groups of individuals in an alliance who represent various organizations from within the community who agree to work together toward a common goal
Coalition
CNHEO stands for
Coalition of National Health Education Organizations
community groups and collaborative efforts
Coalitions
What does collecting primary data allow?
Collecting primary data allows the health education specialist to obtain accurate data about problems, influences, and potential solutions to health issues specific to the community.
doing something that should not have been done
Commission
How will conducting a literature review during a needs assessment phase help health education specialists?
Conducting a literature review during the needs assessment phase will help health education specialists understand the existing body of knowledge on the topic and populations, as well as identify information gaps to be included in the needs assessment.
One that has an unpredictable or unexpected impact on the dependent variable
Confounding Variables
The following forces effect the organizing, financing, and delivery of health-related policy
Congress Federal health agencies states health care providers businesses and local communities
Consciousness raising (process of change):
Consciousness raising is the process whereby people obtain information about themselves & the problem behavior. It is the process of becoming aware of the problem & the causes & consequences of continuing a particular behavior
Ensures concepts of instrument relate to theory (tests the theoretical framework within which the instrument is expected to perform)
Construct Validity
is the process by which the knowledge of one person is used to help another make better decisions
Consultation
the assessment of the correspondence between items composing the instrument and the content domain from which the items were selected. Ex. A questionnaire regarding CVD should include all the risk factors associated with CVD
Content Validity
data that have potential for infinite values for variables
Continuous Data
are accidental but not random
Convenience Sample
Disadvantages of interactive digital media
Credibility and access, risks associated with poor or inaccurate information and privacy/confidentiality
equal opportunity to meet own needs, such as healthy life
Needs-based
Measures correlation to another measurement variable (ex. Standardized test scores predict college success; concurrent-comparing new instrument against old, if the results are the same then it is valid.)
Criterion Validity
is one of several related techniques for doing project planning. CPM is for projects that are made up of a number of individual "activities." If some of the activities require other activities to finish before they can start, then the project becomes a complex web of activities.
Critical Path Method (CPM)
The worst off benefit the most
Criticality
Refers to an ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures. it comprises these components: a) awareness of one's cultural worldview b) attitude towards cultural differences c) Knowledge of one's orientation affects different professional practices and relationships
Cultural Competence
Is understanding, valuing, and respecting the similarities and differences between culturally-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
Culturally Sensitive
Involves ideas, beliefs, values, customs, and norms that are learned from family and community, and are passed down from generation to generation
Culture
This involves creating an organized, compressed way of arranging data (such as through a diagram, chart, matrix, or text). Display helps to facilitate identifying themes, patterns and connections that help answer evaluation questions. This step usually involves coding, or marketing passages in text or parts (or images, sections of a video etc.) that have the same message or are connected in some way. An accompanying explanation of what the selected passages have in common is created
Data Display
When should data analysis planning begin?
Data analysis planning should begin with the planning of a program and guide the data collection decisions.
-such as cross-sectional; describe the occurrence of disease and disability in terms of person, place, and time using prevalence surveys, surveillance data & other routinely collected data to describe the phenomena
Descriptive studies
What is the theoretical concept of the Diffusion of Innovation Theory?
Diffusion of Innovation is the process by which new ideas (innovations) are disseminated (diffused) and adopted by a society. As new ideas are adopted and integrated into to society -that is, they become the norm-behavior changes.
This theory is a community-level theory that describes the rate at which a new program or activity will spread throughout a group of people. According to this theory, the characteristics of those accepting the new program help to explain community readiness to change. - Innovators are the first to adopt the new idea or program - Early Adopters wait until after the Innovators adopt - Early Majority adopts once the opinion leaders have done so - Late Majority adopts once the new idea or program becomes the norm - Laggards are the last to adopt or they may never adopt The theory also incorporates constructs related to the innovation: relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability and trialability.
Diffusions of Innovation Theory
..... focus attention on the interaction of the individual and environment. This requires that health education specialists be familiar with individual behavior change strategies as well as strategies to change the environment or physical surroundings. Several ecological models have proposed, each with a unique way to frame this interaction. The onion ( approaching the problem from multiple levels)
Ecological Models
data that is limited to a specific number
Discrete Data
Why is it advantageous to use a mixed methods approach?
Doing this helps health education specialists make sound recommendations for future programs and may help introduce new hypotheses for future evaluation.
Dramatic relief (process of change):
Dramatic relief, also referred to as emotional arousal, is being able to express feeling about or reacting emotionally to the behavior in question and the possible solutions.
this is a collection of databases that offer evidence-based strategies, programs, and medicine, such as Cochrane Database of systematic reviews, The Database of Abstracts of Revies of Effectiveness, health Technology Assessments, methods, and article reviews. Each database from the EBMR collection is a separate file and must be browsed separately. For example, the Cochrane Library offers full reparts that provide the evidence for and against the effectiveness and appropriateness of treatments such as education and medication
EBMR
This database contains journals related to school health, school-aged children, and education in its broadest sense. Often, ERIC includes articles from professional journals and documents, which are abailable online in full text or on microfiche in large libraries, especially at colleges or universities. ERIC documents are materials that are not found in journal literature, such as proceedings from conferences or policies.
ERIC
Involves receiving free news placement
Earned Media
Utilize the various dimensions, to affect behavior change. Ecological perspectives take into consideration five levels of influences on health behavior: intrapersonal (individual), interpersonal (group), institutional, community and public policy
Ecological Approaches
are activities usually associated with classroom-based courses, workshops, distance learning courses, or seminars
Education strategies
Determines predisposing (individual knowledge & affective traits), enabling (those the make possible a change in behavior, such as skills), and reinforcing (feedback & encouragement for a changed behavior, perhaps from significant or important others) factors.
Educational & Ecological assessment phase
All persons of equal value; minimize disparities
Egalitarian
Barriers or facilitators created mainly by societal forces or systems
Enabling factors
are "Determinants outside the individual that can be modified to support behavior, health, and quality of life". (Economic factors, physical factors, and public services as well as accessibility, affordability, and equity of health services)
Environmental Factors
These objectives refer to environmental or nonbehavioral influences on a health problem. These factors include social, physical, psychological, policy, and service environments.
Environmental Objective
Identifies the health problems of the priority population & prioritizes behavioral (individual) & environmental (external) risk factors associated with the health problem
Epidemiological assessment phase
Assesses a process or program to provide evidence and feedback for the program
Evaluation
____help to establish boundaries for the evaluation by stating what aspects of the program will be addressed.
Evaluation questions
refers to application of observation-, theory-, and science-based experiments to improve the health of populations
Evidence-based
____ can be observed through individuals' use of services, such as an exercise class taken by older adults at a senior center.
Expressed needs
-the measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
Face Validity
Types/sources of secondary data:
Federal Government agencies State and local agencies Nongovernment agencies and organizations Existing records Literature
an ongoing document by the federal government that contains most routine publications. May also contain parallel projects & programs that are not yet implemented
Federal Register
What affects the HES ability to participate in certain types of advocacy efforts while at work?
Federal, state and organizational laws and polices
the extent to which delivery of an intervention adheres to the protocol or program model originally developed.
Fidelity
Define what the construct "time" means from the Diffusion of Innovation Theory.
How much time it takes for the innovation-decision process to occur, and the rate at which different segments of the social system adopt the innovation.
What does the epidemiological model focus on?
Focuses on epidemiological data (death rates, prevalence rates, birth rates etc.)
requires a contract or written agreement between two parties, the client and consultant. Formal consultants are hired for their expertise in a particular area for which the client needs assistance, advice, direction, etc. Formal consulting follows the steps of diagnosis, recommendation, action, evaluation, and termination.
Formal Consulting
looks at the process of evaluation from the beginning of the planning period all the way through the implementation process
Formative Evaluation
Populations most likely to have low literacy and be at risk for poor health
Older Americans and those with lower educational levels
Innovation Network www.innonet.org
Free clearinghouse of more than 100 advocacy evaluation resources free newsletter Advocacy Evaluation Update free report Speaking for Themselves: Advocates' Perspectives on Evalution
The Evaluation Exchange www.hfrp.org/evaluation/the-evaluation
Free downloadable publication from the Harvard Family Research Project, Evaluation Exchange Spring 2007 issue focused on advocacy evaluation
a chart in which a series of horizontal lines shows the amount of work done or production completed in certain periods of time in relation to the amount planned for those periods.
GANTT Chart
Are general, long-term statements of desired program outcomes and provide the direction upon which all objectives are based. They specify the priority population & often include action words such as increase, reduce, or eliminate
Goals
Prior to first meeting with legislator
HES should conduct research, identifying personal and professional information including endorsers, committees, sponsors and influencers
Before contacting a legislative official
HES should have an understanding of the issue, prepare brief and clear "talking points"; they need to state the problem, proof of the problem, and the solution being advocated
The purpose of this is to protect personal health information. In order for health data to be used, individual permission must be granted with some exceptions
HIPPA
This database collects rating scales, questionnaires, checklists, tests, interview schedules, and coding schemes/manuals for health and social sciences. Health and psychosocial instruments in this database are used and/or published in literature and often recognize reliability and validity concerns. Health education specialists may use these instruments for assessment and/or evaluation purposes
HaPI
Project-specific Benchmark of progress for 'Shifts in critical mass'
Have four of seven school board members to make a motion to hold a hearing on the issue of vending machines in school
This model is a popular behavior change model that has been extensively used and researched over the years. It is an individual-level model first developed by social psychologists in the United States Public Health Service to understand why individuals did not act on information about prevention or disease detection. In this model, there are six major constructs thought to affect behavior change: - Perceived susceptibility: a person feels at risk for the disease - Perceived severity: there are serious consequences to contracting the disease - Perceived benefits: there are benefits to taking action to prevent or control the disease - Perceived barriers: there are consequences to taking action to prevent or control the disease - Cues to action: cues or triggers that encourage a person to take action - Self-efficacy: a person is confident in taking action against the disease (think of scared straight show) (scaring people into getting screenings)
Health Belief Model
Informs and influences practices, behaviors, or policies in an effort to improve individual or community health
Health Communication
HEJA-2010
Health Educator Job Analysis-2010; identified 223 Sub-competencies, organized into 39 competencies with 7 major Areas of Responsibility
attainment of the highest level of health for all people.
Health Equity
is the degree to which an individual has the capacity to obtain, communicate, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate health decisions
Health Literacy
Is the creation and delivery of health promotion programs using multidisciplinary, evidence-based strategies to motivate the public toward positive health practices
Health Marketing
mandate actions through laws, regulations, or rules. Such actions are justified on the basis of "the common good"
Health Policy and Enforcement Strategies
use all types of communication channels to change behavior
Health communication strategies
change the social or physical environment in which people live or work. They usually affect a large number of people and may change behavior by influencing awareness, attitudes, and knowledge through guided choice
Health engineering strategies
include services, tests, or treatments to improve the health of the priority population
Health-related Community Service Strategies
Helping relationships (process of change):
Helping relationships are relationships with people who act as a support system for changing the unwanted, unhealthy behavior
Common advocacy evaluation questions
How are advocates building their professional capacity by learning skills such as communications, media relations, strategy development and campaign planning? Based on influential factors in the political, social and economic environments, what advocacy strategies are likely to be the most effective for policy change efforts? How can multiple agencies work together effectively to advocate for mutually desirable policy changes? How can advocacy strategies be changed during the campaign to more effectively influence desired policy changes?
Why is it important for health education specialists to identify the types of stakeholders when planning a program?
Identifying types of stakeholders allows health education specialists to develop relationships with stakeholders and help create an effective planning team to conduct a needs assessment, as well as to help with the development, implementation, and evaluation of programs.
Assess the immediate effect of an intervention
Impact Evaluation
assesses the immediate effects of an intervention
Impact evaluation phase
is a specified set of activities designed to put into practice an activity or program. In this, one seeks to accomplish the setting up, management, and execution of the project service, or program
Implementation
selects strategies & activities; begin program
Implementation phase
are "Educational, social, and cultural characteristics, of the individual. They include personal knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions related to health"
Individual Factors
used to draw conclusions about a population from a sample. Involves inferences about central tendency such as mean, median or mode
Inferential Statistics
does not require a written agreement or formal contract. This type of consulting consists of acting as a resource person responsible for organizing health education materials and responding to requests for health education information and literature/materials
Informing consulting
Advocacy Evaluation Resources
Innovation Network The California Endowment The Evaluation Exchange
What are the components of a logic model
Inputs outputs short term outcomes mid term outcomes long term outcomes
composed of researchers and community members or stakeholoders who review proposed research for compliance with federal regulations governing research involving human subjects
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Intercorrelations among items with instruments
Internal Consistency
have common units of measurement between scores but NO true zero
Interval Scores
is a set of learning activities, delivery plan and evaluation activities designed to achieve the desired outcomes of the program. These may use single or multiple strategies to accomplish objectives.
Intervention
is a specific technique or approach used in an intervention to get the desired outcome
Intervention Strategy
what level influences behavior, such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, self-concept, developmental history, past experience, and skills?
Intrapersonal Level
What does the Social Model focus on?
Investigates social or political issues that influence health
Secondary Prevention
Involves actions to detect the presence of a disease in its early stages when it is easier to treat
Tertiary Prevention
Involves actions to reduce the severity of a disease that has already occurred, to minimize complications or promote recovery
an intervention or program that includes individuals who are part of the at-risk population.
Large Audience
These objectives are short-term descriptions of awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and skills in relation to the content being taught. Health education specialists should formulate and state objectives with precision. Meaningful objectives should include implied or stated evaluation standards.
Learning Objective
are the means used to carry out the program. These are the instructional sessions that will address the learning objectives
Learning activities
What type of objective is this? The participants will be able to identify three forms of weight-bearing activity after the first session.
Learning objective
In 1959, Donald Kirkpatrick developed a four-level model to evaluate training that is widely used. The levels are:
Level 1: Reaction Level 2: Learning Level 3: Behavior Level 4: Results
is any attempt to influence specific legislation according to federal law
Lobbying
is a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a special interest
Lobbyist
Intervention planning should be aimed at multiple objectives and a variety of individuals.
MATCH
a multi-level community-planning model that consist of 5 phases with several steps within each stage. This model recognizes that intervention planning should be aimed at multiple objectives and a variety of individuals and can be used in a variety of settings
MATCH
Although this database contains primarily medical journals, many health education journals are also indexed. PubMed is its online searchable interface through the web site of the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It offers free access to citations from MEDLINE and other journals. Users can search health information by keywords in title, author, abstracts, and other fields. The results are provided in the form of article sources, abstracts and sometimes Web links to retrieve full documents
MEDLINE
Maintenance stage:
Maintenance is the final stage of change. During this stage people work to prevent relapsing to the old behavior. Maintenance begins after 6 months of being in the active stage of changing & continues for at least 6 months
A systematic statistical method of evaluating data based on numerical results of several independent studies of the same problem.
Meta-analysis
Define what the construct "communication channels" means from the Diffusion of Innovation Theory.
Methods through which the innovation is made known to the members of the social system.
A statement of the general focus or purpose of a program. this statement can be a one-sentence statement or a short narrative that broadly defines the program's purpose. This statements identify the scope or focus of the organization or program and are enduring over time.
Mission Statement
the failure to act in a careful or reasonable manner; resulting from omission (not doing something you should have done) or commission (doing something you should not have done
Negligence
scores that cannot be ordered hierarchically but are mutually exclusive (2 or more vents that cannot happen at the same time ex male & female, heads or tails)
Nominal Scores
___ describes a discrepancy between an individual's or group's current status & that of others, such as smoke free environment in restaurants among different cities.
Normative needs
___ are usually written to include: what will change (outcome), when or under what conditions the change will occur, how much change will occur, and who will change.
Objectives
refers to any systematically organized information accessible on the Internet, which may be used by health education specialists to obtain health knowledge and/or resources for the health education process. It may include text documents, citations, abstracts, images, audios, videos, and/or Web links
Online Database
scores that do not have a common unit of measurement between them but are hierarchical
Ordinal Scores
a term that encompasses strategies and interventions that focus on building capacities and well-being within groups and organizations to achieve maximum effectiveness and efficiency. It includes team building, organizational design, fostering strong & ethical organizational cultures, intergroup relations, group problem solving, & managing organizational change
Organizational Development
Determine whether the long term program goals were met
Outcome Evaluation
Determines whether long-term program goals were met
Outcome evaluation phase
____ are the activities, services, and products that will reach the participants of a program as a result of carefully leveraging resources through skillful planning
Outputs
This model is currently the most often used formal planning model in health education. This model developed as PRECEDE in the 1970s, was expanded in the 1980s to incorporate PROCEED. This model has 8 phases.
PRECEDE-PROCEED theory
refers to television, radio, print, billboards, transit, or digit advertising.
Paid Media
are individuals who receive the intervention or participate in the program
Participants
What's the difference between stakeholders and partners?
Partners are either individuals or organizations that bring knowledge, skills, or resources to the table and are willing to share risks, responsibilities, and rewards. Stakeholders are those who affect and are affected by change and those who have an vested interest in the results and/or what would be done with the results.
Fifth "P" of social marketing according to health promotion professionals
Partners; refers to the importance of mobilizing resources by working with other organizations.
provide the background and science behind issues and planned action; but there can be a time gap between the research and publication that causes the information to be seen as dated.
Peer-reviewed publications
Pre-Contemplation stage:
People are in this stage from 6 months prior to the point they begin thinking about making a change in their behavior to when they actually begin thinking about changing. People in this stage either don't recognize they have a behavior needing change or are just not ready to change a behavior they know they should
___ refers to what individuals in a community state that they want, such as more healthy food choices in a school vending machine.
Perceived needs
involves tailored health-related messages to meet audience needs and persuade them to adopt healthy attitudes and behaviors
Persuasive Communication
a type of formative evaluation that is conducted before the program is rolled out on a large scale. It shields valuable light on whether materials, strategies, and interventions are feasible, appropriate and acceptable to the priority audience.
Pilot Testing
An action plan for program implementation describes how goals and objectives will be achieved, identifies resource needs and how responsibilities will be assigned. Name each phase of implementation and in your own words, elaborate on each of the five generic phases of implementation.
Phase 1: Adopt the program - this is the first step and is very important. Here health education specialists should identify the population that is needing the help and what kind of program that population will accept and be involved in. Phase 2: Identify and prioritize tasks to complete - This is where the health education specialist will find out what exactly needs to be done in the program and also which should be done first, kind of like a timeline). Phase 3: Establish a management system - This is where the health education specialist organizes and schedules when and what should happen during the program to ensure the program is ran smoothly. This is also where the health education specialist will create position descriptions. Phase 4: Put the plans into action (pilot or field testing, phasing, total implementation) - This is where the health education specialist will select personnel that are qualified via position descriptions. Phase 5: End or sustain a program or intervention - This is where the health education specialist reviews the results of the program to examine how well it worked.
What are the phases of the CDCynergy model?
Phase 1: Define and describe the problem Phase 2: Analyze the problem Phase 3: Identify and profile the audience Phase 4: Develop communication strategies Phase 5: Develop evaluation plan Phase 6: Launch the plan and obtain feedback
What are the phases of MATCH?
Phase 1: Goals selection Phase 2: Intervention planning Phase 3: Program development Phase 4: Implementation preparation Phase 5: Evaluation
are sets of rules and objectives to guide activities
Policies
is defined as the use of any evaluative research to improve or legitimate the practical implications of a policy-oriented program. Among policy-makers, program evaluation is performed when the policy is fixed or unchangeable. However policy analysis is carried out when there is still a chance that the policy can be revise
Policy Analysis
A method for collecting all the individual data from a group of studies, combining them into one large set of data, and then analyzing the data as if it came from one big study.
Pooled Analysis
are factors that include knowledge and many affective traits such as a person's attitude, values, beliefs, and perceptions (these factors can facilitate or hinder a person's motivation to change and can be altered through direct communication)
Predisposing Factors
By 2016, the rate of sports-related traumatic brain injury among soccer players in Goodwin, Pennsylvania will decrease by 10 percent.
Program or outcome objective
Consists of the entire population if an intervention is being implemented for the total population.
Priority Population
a random sample drawn from a population when observations and measurements from the total population would be too costly, not feasible or unnecessary
Probability Sample
What is a Probability/random sample?
Probability sampling techniques are those methods in which each member of the propriety population has a known chance of being selected.
evaluation is any combination of measures that occur as a program is being implemented and looks to assure and improve the quality of delivery
Process Evaluation
documents program feasibility
Process evaluation
____ help the evaluator understand phenomena, such as internal and external forces that affect program activities.
Process questions
What are the 4 P's of Social Marketing?
Product Price Place Promotion
A set of planned activities over time designed to achieve specific objectives.
Program
a statistical tool which was designed to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project.
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
Is the process of identifying needs, establishing priorities, diagnosing causes of problems, assessing and allocating resources, and determining barriers to achieving objectives.
Program Planning
Evidence over stability of time
Test-rate reliability
These objectives are related to the ultimate goal(s), but are specific, measurable statements of what the educator wants to accomplish at a given time. They represent the change in health status that is the desired result of the program or intervention. These are the ends rather than the means. they include items such as changes in health status, risk factors, morbidity, mortality, or quality of life.
Program or outcome objective
What type of objective is this? "There will be a ten percent decrease in diabetes related emergency room visits in South County within the next five years."
Program or outcome objective
What type of objective is this? Within three years, osteoporosis-related fractures will decrease by 25 percent in the residents of South County.
Program or outcome objectives
This database includes a summary of journal articles, books, dissertations, and technical reports form professional and academic literature in psychology
PsycInfo
Attempts to quantify health problems and often uses epidemiological data. This model, however, can be more focused on a specific population and can be mindful of limitations of resources.
Public Health Model
Identifies in detail what health education specialists want to learn over the course of an evaluation project. It is usually a sentence or two written with specificity and detail. It also helps to focus and guide efforts involved with data collection and analysis.
Purpose Statement
Describe qualitative data.
Qualitative data is descriptive in nature and attempts to discover meaning or interpret why something is happening
Describe quantitative data.
Quanitative data focuses on quantifying, or measuring things related to health education programs through the use of numerical data to help describe, explain or predict.
-(or stability reliability) is used to generate evidence of stability over a period
Test-retest Reliability
is used when time and money are lacking for a needs assessment. This model offers some basic information, but is often lacking in detail
Rapid Model
Considers differences among scores of items and controls for variations due to error introduced by rater perceptions
Rate Reliability
-focuses on consistency between individuals who are observing or rating the same item or when one individual is observing or rating a series of items. Inter-rater-two or more raters Intra-rater-one person, rating a series of events
Rater Reliability
scores represent data with common measurement between each score and a true zero
Ratio
Project-specific Benchmark of progress for 'Community or individual behavior'
Recruit 100 students to submit requests for healthy snack choices into the school suggestion box
non-probability sample
Recruits sampling frames that are readily accessible to the research team. With non-probability samples, not all units from the priority population have an equal chance of being selected, and thus their representativeness to the population is unknown. Types of non-probability sampling techniques include convenience, purposive, quota, and network sampling.
are factors that involve the different types of feedback and rewards that those in the priority population receive after behavior change (which may either encourage or discourage the continuation of the behavior)
Reinforcing Factors
"Refers to the consistency, dependability, and stability of the measurement process".
Reliability
Is an organized process using the scientific method generating new knowledge
Research
The CDCynergy model
The CDCynergy community-level model, often used for social marketing, has 6 phases of program planning
Project-specific Benchmark of progress for 'Institutional Policy'
School board passes a resolution banning sodas from being sold in school vending machines
What does secondary data help do?
Secondary data is important in defining the needs of a population
The California Endowment www.calendow.org
Sections of Web site on advocacy and evaluation free downloadable materials including The Challenges of Assessing Advocacy: Parts I and II
What is the theoretical concept of the Self-Efficacy Theory?
Self-Efficacy Theory tells us that people generally will only attempt things they believe they can accomplish & won't attempt things they believe they will fail.
is the process in which people look at themselves with and without the problem behavior & asses the differences in their self-esteem
Self-Reevaluation (process of change)
Focus group:
Similar to community forums but are more structured and usually follow a dialogue. People are invited to participate and a skilled facilitator leads the group
This theory states that learning is an interaction between a person and his or her environment, cognitive processes, and behavior. In this theory, this interaction is referred to as reciprocal determinism. Although different sources discuss the components in different ways, there are several major constructs associated with this theory: behavioral capability, expectations, expectancies, self-control, emotional coping responses, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. (triangle; receprical determinism)
Social Cognitive Theory
Encompasses consideration of price, promotion, place and product.
Social Marketing
Is using marketing principles in planning, implementation, and evaluation of health education programs designed to bring about social change. The ultimate objective of marketing is to influence action
Social Marketing
includes collaborative projects, blogs, content communities, social networking sites
Social Media
Defines the quality of life of the priority population
Social assessment phase
Social Liberation (process of change):
Social liberation is the process whereby options or alternatives are sought that support the new behavior
Objectives should be:
Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time-phased
Individuals or agencies that have a vested interest in the health education program
Stakeholders
Stimulus control (process of change):
Stimulus control is when people remove the cues or triggers for the problem behavior from their environment
Project-specific Benchmark of progress for 'Holding the Line'
Stop vending machine lobby from introducing resolution to allow vending machines in junior high and high schools
Consists of the process of developing strategies to reach a defined set of objectives designed to fulfill the mission of an organization
Strategic Planning
What is strategic planning and how does it differentiate from a strategic plan?
Strategic planning is the process that encompasses individual, group, community, environment, policy, and other system-level factors that support or impinge upon the successful implementation of an organizational mission. The strategic planning process captures the course of managing the constant change that affects any organization
divides population into segments based on characteristics of importance for the research Ex. gender, age, social class, education level, religion, etc.
Stratified Sample
is usually associated with measures that enable the specialist to collect conclusions from the impact and outcome evaluations
Summative Evaluation
Types of Primary Data:
Surveys Interviews Self-assessment instruments Observations Community Forums Focus group Nominal group process Delphi panel Community capacity PhotoVoice
is a type of distance learning in which training is in real time and the instructor and the learners communicate at the same time.
Synchronous training:
a published qualitative review of a comprehensive synthesis of publications on particular topics. Often they are helpful in identifying current gaps in a stream of literature that can be filled in with new, data-based health education/promotion research.
Systematic Review
is any combination of information and behavior change strategies intended to reach one specific person or group based on characteristics unique to that person, related to the outcome of interest, and derived from an individual assessment
Tailored Message
is intended to reach some specific subgroup of the general population, usually based on a set of demographic characteristics shared by its members
Targeted Message
is a rich source of information about the health status of the population and monitors trends in health status and health care delivery
The Nation Center of Health Statistics (NCHS)
What is currently the most often used formal planning model in health education?
The PRECEDE PROCEED Model
What is the theoretical concept of the Theory of Reasoned Action & Planned Behavior?
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP) propose that behavior is based on the concept of intention. Intention is the extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behavior, of the likelihood that someone will engage in a particular behavior. People are more likely to do something if they plan or aim to do it than if they do not.
This model proposes that change is a process, not an event, and that change occurs as people move through a series of stages to adopt a new behavior. What model is this?
The Transtheoretical Model
Why is the Transtheoretical Model useful?
The Transtheoretical Model is particularly useful in that its planned interventions can reach people where they are in their motivation for a particular behavior.
What is the theoretical concept of the Transtheoretical Model?
The Transtheoretical Model proposes that behavior change is a process that occurs in stages. As people attempt to change their behavior, they move through a variety of stages using different processes to help them get from one stage to the next until the desired behavior is attained.
offers quality data about the people and economy in the United States. It has tables of data, searchable queries, and maps of data. The data include the results from the Population and Housing Census, Economic Census, American Community Survey, and Economic Indicators
The United States Census
Health numeracy:
The ability for one to understand numbers
Provide a description for a logic model
The goals of the program and organization should be consistent with the organization mission. Furthermore, organizational structure, roles and functions should assure that the goals of the organization are achieved. A common tool used for portraying this alignment is a logic model. A logic model cannot only provide a graphic representation of the program but can also include the organizational mission, the context in which the program operates, and external variables that can influence outcomes
What is a mixed methods approach?
The mixed methods approach for data collection is to "tell the story" and describe classifications as well as to indicate why something is occurring with the population.
Define what the construct "innovation" means from the Diffusion of Innovation theory.
The new idea, product, process, etc
Preparation stage:
The preparation stage begins once the decision to change the behavior is made. Preparation is a short stage, lasting only about 1 month, since once people decide to change a behavior, they are often anxious to get started. This time is used to make a plan, obtain any tolls needed, learn new skills, acquire resources of money or support, housing, and whatever else is necessary for the change to occur.
This theory was developed first to focus on relationships between attitudes, behaviors, and intentions. The Theory of Planned Behavior was built on to this theory and added the behavioral control construct. Both theories recognize behavioral intention as key in determining behavior and assume that behavior change is influenced by a person's attitude toward the outcome and the social or subjective norms of people important in the person's life. When using these theories, health education specialists should examine the individual's motivation to perform the behavior, determine what the individual's peers think of the behavior, and assess the difficulty the individual will have in performing the behavior
The theory of reason action and planned behavior
What is the theoretical concept of the Health Belief Model?
The underlying concept of the Health Belief Model is that health behavior is determined by personal benefits or perceptions about a disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence.
Informed consent
This is the agreement to voluntarily and willingly participate in a study based on a full disclosure of what constitutes participation in the study, as well as identifies the risks and benefits involved in participation
Action stage:
This is when the plan is put into action. Action is when people are in the active process of modifying their behavior to address the problem they identified in earlier stages In order for action to be successful, it needs to be measured against criteria previously determined to reduce the risk of disease
Asset model
This model assesses what the community is strong in and looks to find ways to use existing programs to alter them and use toward another community problem. This model asks questions like how can a successful nonsmoking program be turned into a successful weight loss program?
relate to both the knowledge and skills that staff members & volunteers need to be able to implement health education/promotion interventions successfully.
Training Objectives
This theory incorporates components of many theories. This theory is particularly useful in that its planned interventions can reach people where they are in their motivation for a particular behavior. This model has several major constructs: stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy. The stages of change construct received considerable attention due to its use in determining readiness to change. This model proposes that change is a process, not an event, and that the change occurs as people move through a series of stage to adopt a new behavior.
Transtheoretical Model
the greatest good for the greatest number; the end justifies the means
Utilitarian
"Is the degree to which a test or assessment measures what it is intended to measure. Using a valid instrument increases the chance of measuring what was intended"
Validity
"Are operational forms of a construct. They designate how the construct will be measured in designated scenarios"
Variables
Define what the construct "decisional balance" means in the Transtheoretical Model.
Weighting the pros & cons of the change
Contemplation Stage:
When people move from pre-contemplation to contemplation it means they recognize there is a problem & they are starting to think about changing. In order to move out of the "thinking" mode, a decision has to be made to either proceed with the change or not. This is decisional balance, the process of weighing the perceived pros and cons and benefits of the new behavior against the old.
Self-Liberation (process of change):
When using the process of self-liberation, people choose to change their behavior, believe they can and commit to making the change. In self-liberation people free themselves from a behavior in which they no longer choose to engage.
CNHEO
a collaboration of membership organizations whose mission is the mobilization of the resources of the health education profession in order to expand and improve health education, regardless of setting.
What is the project plan or work plan?
a detailed road map for how a program will achieve its goals.
Photo Voice
a photographic technique that allows people to record and reflect strengths and concerns as well as promote critical dialogue and knowledge.
What does an program logic model do?
a program logic model visually outlines how program components are linked to outcomes in the form of a simple flow chart.
Examples of Enabling Factors
access to health care facilities, availability of resources, referrals to appropriate providers, transportation, negotiation and problem solving skills.
What must be considered when assessing influences on an individuals health behaviors?
an individual's culture, religious or spiritual beliefs, and skill set must be considered when assessing influences on health behavior
Examples of Web 2.0 and Internet resources
are MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn
Health Education Specialists
are defined by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics as those who promote, maintain, and improve individual and community health.
Professional organizations of policymakers
are information sources valued as credible and practical by policymakers. ex. The National Governors Association
Examples of Reinforcing Factors
are physical benefits such as convenience, comfort, relief of discomfort, or pain; tangible rewards such as economic benefits or avoidance of cost; social benefits such as recognition, appreciation, or admiration
Community forums
are public meetings that bring people together in a particular population to discuss their perceptions of the community's problems.
Observations:
are used to gather data through direct surveillance of the population. These can be accomplished through watching and recording specific behaviors of the population that is being studied
When engaging stakeholders...
ask the following questions: What community resources are available? Who are the allies and adversaries on the issue? Who else shares the problem? What would those groups who share the problem gain or lose by joining the campaign?
Surveys:
can be conducted in many ways and are "used to determine the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, skills, and health status of a priority population". They should consist on well-structured questionnaires that are proven successful and effective.
An individual acting as a private citizen
can participate in any level of advocacy or lobbying but care must be taken not to use employer resources (time, computers, phones, letterhead) when acting as a private citizen
Effective health communication on an organizational level
can support organizational efforts and policy change
Advantages of interactive digital media
customized health information; information access on-demand; wider distribution/faster content updates; increased choices; access to experts on-demand; convenient; viral spread
What is inferential statistics ?
data used to determine relationships & causality in order to make generalizations or inferences about a population based on findings from a sample
History of health education profession
dates back to late 19th century with the establishment for the first academic programs for HES; in the 1940s developed standards for quality assurance and professional development; 1970s health education evolved as a true profession in terms of sociological perspective and began the credentialing process; 1980 Role Delineation Project; 1990 first CHES exam; 2000 Code of Ethics for HES adopted; 2008 CHES accredited by National Commission on Certifying Agencies.
Effective Media advocacy
develop a strategy understand the media develop messages attract journalists attention and trust
The Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession
encourages actions and social policies that support and facilitate the best balance of benefits over harm for all affected parties
What does the Asset Model focus on?
focuses on the strengths of a community, organization, or population and looks to find ways to use existing assets to improve health
Delphi panel
generates consensus by using a mailed or e-mailed questionnaire. This process involves decision makers, staff, and program participants. A questionnaire that contains a few questions is sent out to the entire group, those answers are sent back and analyzed. Based on those responses a second questionnaire is sent out with more specific questions, etc.
Elements of advocacy plan
goals organizational considerations (issues that facilitate or impede efforts) constituents, allies and opponents targets (supporter, opponent, or undecided) tactics (used to influence targets to achieve goal)
Those with low health literacy
have an inability to read and understand health literature, navigate the health care system/health marketplace, and critically evaluate health messages in the media.
Secondary Data
have been collected previously for some other purpose and are available for use by others. Health education specialists can use this to gain important insight on community capacity, assets and needs and also involves gathering epidemiological data such as health status, risk factors, incidence and or prevalence rates, death rates, birth rates, and more.
Counter conditioning (process of change):
in counter conditioning, a healthier behavior is substituted for the unhealthy one.
Important considerations in health policy development
include community needs assessment and a scientific assessment of the results, impacts of current programming, and available resources to support and maintain the policy.
Purposes of professional association
include conducting continuing education programs, disseminating research findings, legislative advocacy, and establishing ethics and standards for the profession.
Interactive digital media
includes E-mail, Web surveys, Internet, interactive television, bulletin boards/newsgroups/electronic mailing lists, chat rooms, teleconferencing, Web blogs, CD-ROMS, social networking, Web 2.0 and other evolving media
Levels of the multiple determinants of health on which to focus strategies
individual (behaviors, attitudes) family (structure, support) neighborhood or community (toxins, crime poverty) cultural groups (shared beliefs, values) organizational (educational, system, health care, policies)
Effective health communication on a community level
influences public policy, promotes environmental changes, improves health service delivery, empowerment, and assists in creating healthy social norms
____ are the resources, contributions, activities, and other investments that go into a program
inputs
Community capacity:
is developing a written list of the skills and talents of individual community members, associations, and other resources in the community. Things like a simple survey, interviews, & other assessment methods can be used to gather information. The community members create community asset maps as they map local resources, abilities, and other building blocks for change.
A challenge of persuasive communication
is to identify the most appropriate and effective channel, context, and message content to motivate community members to seek and use health information
Nominal group process:
is where representatives from the priority population are asked to respond to questions based on specific needs. This technique requires groups of 5-7 people while each member has an equal voice in the discussion and voting. All voices are heard. These are designed so that people will share their opinions by privately ranking the ideas proposed and then sharing this ranking with the group in a discussion. (this can take a while to do and can require a large space).
To save valuable time and to produce resources that will help in planning a program for the priority population, it is critical for health education specialists to do what?
it is critical for health education specialists to conduct a needs assessment and collect health-related data from that population
Interviews:
like surveys, can be conducted in a variety of ways such as telephone, face-to-face, electronically, or in groups
___ measured in terms of fundamental changes in conditions leading to morbidity or mortality.
long-term outcomes
Self-assessment instruments
may require people to answer questions about health history, behavior, and screening results like blood pressure, cholesterol, height, and weight. These data are then compared against a database of individuals with similar characteristics which can provide a risk assessment for a number of diseases, as well as life expectancy.
___ are measured in terms of changes in behaviors related to disease or health status
mid-term outcomes
Effective HES advocates
mobilize stakeholders disseminate success with other HES participate in training opportunities to sharpen skills prioritize key issues in public health and education identify appropriate social networks mobilize health ed organizations fund raise plan strategically evaluate advocacy efforts
Effective audiovisual aids
must be stand alone, illustrate only one key point use pictures/charts/graphics with short words represent facts in a clear, uncluttered matter
Methods to build support and communicate need for health programs or health policy change
news, press, video, or radio releases, interviews, letters to the editor and media alerts.
Omission
not doing something that should have been done
Qualitative data analysis methods
observation/audit participants observation document study interviews focus group
These are the multiple determinants that impact health
physical social organizational institutional economical societal political
Areas of policy development
policy process investigates options to increase adoption policy content uses quantitative and qualitative data to investigate effective elements policy outcomes evaluate the impact of policy
Health education professional organizations
provide position papers, resolutions, model policies and toolkits addressing multiple health education issues.
Web 2.0
refers to the second generation of Internet tools that are user-centered and interactive.
Resource sensitive
resources are scare
____ are quantifiable changes in knowledge, skills, and access to resources that happen if planned activities are successfully carried out
short-term outcomes
Data to support advocacy messges needs to be in a form that:
shows public health burden; demonstrates priority of an issue over many others; shows relevance at the local (voting district) level; shows benefits (or sometimes harms) from an intervention; personalizes an issue by telling a compelling story of how people's lives are affected; and estimates the cost of the intervention
To use evidence-based information in the creation of educational materials
the HES may develop tools, such as guidelines, educational materials, practice recommendations, talking points, and translation of reports into activities.
What is the theoretical concept of the SCT?
the SCT is based on the concept of reciprocal determinism, that is the dynamic interplay among personal factors, environment, and behavior. The way in which people interpret their environment, and their personal factors, affect their behavior affects their personal factors, which can affect their environment, and so on; the point being that changing one of these factors, changes all of they and therefore changes behavior.
What does the Social Cognitive Theory state?
the Social Cognitive Theory states that learning is an interaction between a person and his or her environment, cognitive processes, and behavior. This interaction is referred to as RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM.
There are a multitude of reasons to conduct an evaluation. Ideally, the goal for program evaluation is what?
the goal for program evaluation is for program or policy improvement.
Things to consider when revising materials based on pilot testing feedback
the nature of the message (e.g. style, sensitivity, complexity) the function of the message (e.g. calling attention to an issue or teaching a new skill) goals and objectives of the message activities and channels to reach (e.g. senior centers, schools, universities, churches, health clinics) additional effort and implications by modifying the message costs and accountability budget and or/in-kind resources from other sources
APHA-PHEHP Mission
to be a strong advocate for health education, disease prevention and health promotion directed to individuals, groups, and communities in all activities of the association; To set, maintain and exemplify the highest ethical standards of practice on the part of all professionals whose primary purpose is health education and promotion.
What is the foundation of any needs assessment process?
to clearly identify the priority population to be assessed
HES must use evaluation and research findings in policy analysis
to inform health policy debates and address the information needs of decision makers regarding longstanding critical issues such as lack of health insurance, efficient operation of government health insurance programs; effective care delivery, chronic disease and long term care, health care financing, and public health
AHSA Mission
to protect & promote health of children and youth by supporting coordinated school health programs as a foundation for school success.
AAHE Mission
to serve HES and other professionals who promote the health of all people; Encourages, supports, and assists health professionals concerned with health promotion through education and other systematic strategies.
HES can strengthen advocacy efforts by...
using the organization's name in support of an issue, if that organization has an established position on the issue and approves such use
Categories of advocacy strategies
voting behavior (register to vote and encourage others to do the same) electioneering (contributing to the campaign of a candidate supportive of public health and health education) direct lobbying (contacting a policy maker) grassroots lobbying (starting a petition drive to advocate for a specific policy) use of the Internet to access information on health issues media advocacy (responding to members of the media for health-related information)
CHES certification
was developed by, and for, HES to demonstrate the mastery of a set of fundamental skills across all practice settings.
CHID
what is this
After meeting with legislator
write a thank you letter, follow up with the appropriate staff person; find others who support the issue and encourage them to make a phone call, write a letter, sign a petition, or schedule a meeting