Child development exam #3

21. Billy and Rodney are both building with construction bricks. They are sitting apart, each with his own set of bricks. What type of play is this?

parallel play

11. Which scenario illustrates prosocial behavior?

Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.

14. Because parents so often remind their children of their positive accomplishments, it is common for children to develop _____.

protective optimism

3. By the age of 6 years, most children have developed their _____.

self-concept

What is another term for flexibility?

shifting

In developed nations, fatal illnesses are rare until late adulthood because of _____

medical prevention

Which of the following illustrates tertiary prevention for child maltreatment?

offering help to caregivers to provide better care

4. Jazmine is playing with her blocks while other kids play around her. She is unaware of what they are doing. This is an example of _____ play.

solitary

6. One of the benefits of children having imaginary friends is that _____.

the imaginary friend meets various intrinsic psychosocial needs

In the past 20 years, the incidence of plumbism has declined due to _____.

the removal of lead from paint and gasoline

Skills that the child can accomplish with assistance but can't yet perform independently are part of _____.

the zone of proximal development

Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired _____.

through brain maturation and practice

The individual who probably grew up with permissive parents is _____.

Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control

7. The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____.

Regulate emotions

2. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the Electra complex causes girls to _____.

adore their father and resent their mother

Which is a leading cause of death among children between the ages of 1 and 4 years?

drowning

An example of a gross motor skill is _____.

Kicking a ball

Avia is learning how to read. How old is she likely to be?

6

Nathan is Canadian, and he weighs 55 pounds. About how many years old is he likely to be?

6

Which statement is true?

-Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values.

Which theory states that gender-role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce?

-evolutionary theory

Freud would say that a typical 5-year-old child is in the _____ psychoanalytic stage of development.

-phallic

Child neglect is _____ times more common than child abuse.

3

Each year of early childhood, a well-nourished child will gain about 4.5 pounds and grow about _____ inches.

3

Mark is excited to play soccer with his son. At what age will his son be able to kick a ball for introductory soccer?

3

By the age of _____, children are convinced that certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other.

4

Most teacher-directed preschool programs stress _____.

Academics

Poor impulse control signifies a personality disorder in _____.

Adulthood

15. Rough-and-tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ at a later age.

Antisocial behavior

24. By the age of 6 years, most children have developed their _____.

self concept

Neuroscience has proven which statement about bilingual adults who mastered both languages before age 6?

Both languages reside in the same area of the brain with no detriment to the cortex structure.

To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called _____.

Centration

When considering children's health and body growth, what is most different between 5-year-old Gregg's cohort and his 80-year-old great-grandfather's cohort?

Children no longer suffer from undernutrition, but now face overnutrition.

Which early-childhood method has been found to boost reading several years later in elementary school?

Core- focused teaching

What is one implication of urbanization for gross motor skill development?

Crowded cities prevent children from practicing their gross motor skills.

13. Children who have peers to actively play with tend to _____.

Develop physical skills

Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed _____.

Theory of mind

A key factor that strengthens a preschooler's cognition is _____.

Having an older sibling

Benjy is a preschooler. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the "2" button to cook for two minutes. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why?

He is overimitating his mom.

25. Avia is an angry 5-year-old girl. She was able to stop herself from hitting another child because she has developed _____.

emotional regulation

When a child is taken from their parents and entrusted to another relative they are experiencing _____.

Kinship care

Nicoli suffered a stroke in the left hemisphere of his brain. Which skill is most likely to have been affected?

Language

16. What have teachers noted as effects of too much screen time among young children?

Less outdoor play

Researchers have discovered that _____ helps a child to develop theory of mind months ahead of a child who does not.

Living with older siblings

. Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program.

Montessori

27. Which difference has been found in how adults talk to young children?

Numbers are used more often with boys than girls.

If you want to find reliably high-quality group care for your preschooler, what type of program should you look for?

One that matches your childs needs

Olivia's mother is concerned about her nutrition. If she's like most 5-year-olds around the developed world, she probably suffers from the nutritional problem of

Overeating

. Marilynn is ready to learn how to play catch. Which factor is necessary for Marilynn to acquire the skill?

Playmates

Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities is referred to as _____.

Reported maltreatment

Megyn is a 3-year-old who is working on a craft project at preschool. She has to be repeatedly reminded to sit still, to continue working on the craft, and to stop interfering with her classmate's work. What is the most likely explanation for Megyn's behavior?

She is displaying normal lack of impulse control.

20. Which strategy produced higher scores among children playing a game in a research study?

Telling the children that one particular child is good at this game.

The left side of the brain notices details, while the right side grasps _____.

The big picture

Why are children drawn toward eating lead-based paint chips?

The paint chips taste sweet

Romanian children raised in orphanages demonstrated _____ when shown pictures of emotional faces.

less reactivity in their limbic system

Humans seek reasons, causes, and underlying principles to explain the world around them. The research term for this tendency is _____.

Theory- theory

Why does a language shift typically occur?

Theory-theory leads children to conclude that the minority language is inferior to the majority language.

Which of these is an example of secondary prevention?

Using school crossing guards

12. A common disciplinary technique for a child's misbehavior that North American parents use with preschool children is _____.

Using time-outs

5. William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him, "Do you think you would be able to use it?" William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate?

William's positive self-concept

Why are young children more likely to be harmed by environmental pollutants than older children and adults?

Young childrens' organs are still developing.

Which of these acts would be considered child maltreatment?

a caregiver leaving a young child alone while going to the store

According to Erikson, children have _____ and thus believe that they can achieve any goal.

an unrealistic self-concept

17. Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles are _____ theorists.

cognitive

18. Hernando and Andrew are taking turns playing with a ball. This is an example of _____ play.

cooperative

Which skill is known as one-to-one correspondence?

counting objects

A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to _____.

demonstrate centration

The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is _____.

egocentrism

22. Compared to parents in the United States, _____ Canadian parents use slapping, pinching, or smacking as a form of punishment.

fewer

Writing your name is a _____.

fine motor skill

8. The idea that there are only two genders and that they are opposites is referred to as _____.

gender binary

23. A recent longitudinal study in Canada of almost 2,500 children found that the average 3-year-old spent more than two hours a day on a screen. Which of the following was NOT a result of screen time use?

improved physical functioning

Executive function skills are _____.

inborn

28. Research has found that students who have been physically punished at school are more likely to experience all of the following except _____.

increased academic performance

What was Maria Montessori's objective when she created her preschool?

individual achievement

Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age _____.

initative vs guilt

In early childhood, the amygdala is not well connected to more reflective parts of the brain, causing sudden _____.

intesne emotions

Four-year-old Graciela is a fluent bilingual, which means that she _____.

is fluent in both her native language and her second language

Miguel is 4 years old and is counting his toy cars with a single number per item. He is demonstrating _____.

one-to-one correspondence

According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses _____.

scaffolding

26. According to Freud, boys in the third psychoanalytic stage of development _____.

secretly want to replace their fathers

Experiencing stressors such as a fire alarm is _____ beneficial to developing children.

sometimes

A common food allergy for young children is _____.

soy

Maria Montessori believed that children needed _____

structured, individualized projects

In _____ an object or a word can stand for something else, including something out of sight or imagined.

symbolic thought

Studies of children solving the day-night test reveal that _____ correlates with maturation of the prefrontal cortex.

telling plausible lies

10. Angelica is 3 years old and says frequently that she wants to "marry Daddy." According to psychoanalytic theory, this is a manifestation of _____.

the Electra complex

9. In Freudian theory, a little boy who develops sexual feelings toward his mother and becomes jealous of his father is experiencing _____.

the Oedipus complex

The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is _____.

the corpus callosum

29. The idea that our human emphasis on sex differences blinds us to the reality that the two sexes have far more in common than traditional theories recognize is referred to as _____.

the gender similarities hypothesis

One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to _____.

use symbolic thought