Child PSY Ch. 6

__________ refers to the way that adults in societies gradually communicate the rules of the family and society.

Socialization

Hayley had an insecure attachment to her mother at 12 months, but her mother became more competent at parenting between 12 and 24 months and showed a higher degree of sensitivity and responsiveness. Based on the longitudinal study of Belsky and Fearon (2002), we would expect that __________.

Hayley's attachment security and social competence would increase with time

All of the following are aspects of the temperamental dimension positive emotionality except __________.

behavioral inhibition

A fussy infant receives more attempts from parents to soothe her than a less fussy infant. This is a possible example of a(n) __________ on temperament.

bidirectional effect of genes and environment

Studies of environmental stressors in families' lives reveal that attachment classification __________.

can become more or less secure as the amount of stress in families' lives changes

Between birth and 12 months, infants need help with __________, but during the second year, toddlers develop more strategies due to increasing cognitive skills as well as encouragement from adults.

emotion regulation

A toddler shows a sad look and pats her mother on the arm after she witnesses her mother hurt her finger. This reflects the self-conscious emotion __________.

empathy

Each of the following is a potential predictor of disorganized attachment at 12 months except __________.

parenting that is sometimes sensitive/responsive and sometimes not

Improved understanding and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are occurring because researchers have identified specific aspects of social behavior or social understanding that are missing or delayed in children with autism. Examples of these missing or delayed behaviors or understanding include each of the following except __________.

playing with objects

Researchers interested in learning whether the changes in infants' understanding of their own and others' communication and social goals at the end of the first year are universal studied infants and young children ages 9 months to 3 years in rural areas in Canada, Peru, and India. These researchers noted that the 9- to 12-month-old infants and the children ages to 3 years in all three cultures engaged in the following behaviors at similar ages, except

pretend play

In a classic series of studies that illustrate goodness of fit in action, Dutch researchers provided sensitivity and responsiveness training for some mothers of irritable infants, which resulted in greater levels of __________ among the children.

secure attachment

According to Bowlby, anyone who regularly cares for an infant will come to be recognized as a __________, a safe place from which to explore and return for physical and emotional comfort.

secure base

Occasionally toddlers get into a conflict over a toy, at which point it is probably best for caregivers to find satisfactory toys for both children. Which type of play is least likely to result in this kind of conflict?

solitary play

The classic study conducted in two types of kibbutz facilities in Israel revealed __________ was related to the achievement of a secure attachment.

that time spent together at night

According to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, expectations about the reliability, consistency, warmth, and effectiveness of the caregiver's responses form an integrated "concept" termed ____________________________.

the internal working model

The advent of __________ initiates true social coordination in which parent and infant exchange looks and facial expressions.

the social smile

Each of the following is an emotional display pattern that develops between 4 and 6 months except __________.

active withdrawal

Kagan and colleagues obtained evidence that a common characteristic of adults with a history of behavioral inhibition in childhood is __________.

an over-reactive amygdala

Because of substantial research into ASD, it is now viewed as a disorder caused by __________ that lead(s) to deviations in brain development occurring in the first 2 years after birth.

diverse but not fully understood biological factors

Infants' expressions of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety reflect cognitive advances including __________.

advances in memory allowing them to compare past and present situations/people and find the present situation or person unacceptable