Child Psych Final

Sroufe and Rutter have suggested that the child focuses on different aspects of the environment at different times. At which age does the child focus on the biological world? a. 0 to 1 years of age b. 1 to 2-1/2 years of age c. 3 to 5 years of age d. 6 to 12 years of age e. 13 or more years of age

a. 0 to 1 years of age

Anita has just begun to grasp conservation, seriation, and class inclusion. She is probably ________ years old. a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d. 12 e. 15

a. 6

Automatic, reflexive responses give way to behavior that appears to be more volitional at approximately what age? a. 6 to 8 weeks b. 10 to 12 weeks c. 3 to 4 months d. 6 to 8 months e. 10 to 12 months

a. 6 to 8 weeks

Who used the term "dilemma" to refer to a period of semiupheaval that occurs when a system changes? a. Erikson b. Piaget c. Freud d. Riegel e. Bee

a. Erikson

Which of the following theorists proposed the least testable ideas? a. Freud b. Vygotsky c. Piaget d. Bandura e. Pavlov

a. Freud

Lenny loves the snow in winter, but Mel wants to live where there is no snow. This is an example of which of Rutter's principles? a. Individuals differ in their reactivity to the environment. b. There is a two-way interplay between individuals and the environment. c. People process their experiences rather than just serving as passive recipients. d. People act on their environment so as to shape their experiences. e. The interplay between persons and their environment needs to be considered in an ecological framework.

a. Individuals differ in their reactivity to the environment.

Research supports the notion of a link between formal operations and a. Marcia's stage of identity achievement. b. Kohlberg's level of preconventional reasoning. c. Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation. d. Piaget's stage of concrete operations. e. Epstein's internal models.

a. Marcia's stage of identity achievement.

Whose theory would support the idea that from the beginning, the baby organizes her experiences into expectancies or schemas? a. Piaget b. Freud c. Skinner d. Watson e. Erikson

a. Piaget

One immense cognitive advance in the transition that occurs on entrance to the preschool years is the a. ability to use symbols. b. presence of three-word sentences. c. emergence of multiple attachments. d. beginning of play with peers. e. emergence of conservation.

a. ability to use symbols

Max is an early developer, taller and more coordinated than his age mates. Max will probably be a. ahead in cognitive development as well. b. a target of peer rejection and ridicule. c. below average in intelligence. d. low in social skills. e. emotionally immature.

a. ahead in cognitive development as well.

In an infant, which of the following would have the LEAST canalization? a. attachment models b. physical development c. perceptual processes d. linguistic development e. cognitive processes

a. attachment models

Late adolescence is more a time of ________ than is early adolescence. a. consolidation b. transition c. assimilation d. concrete operations e. accommodation

a. consolidation

Debbie is a new mother and she will be more alert to her baby's signals during breast-feeding because of the release of what hormone? a. cortisol b. estrogen c. testosterone d. estradial e. androgen

a. cortisol

According to Bandura, a. direct reinforcement is not al ways necessary for learning to occur. b. observational learning occurs only if the observer is reinforced. c. reinforcement is important in ob servational learning but not in modeling. d. all learning can be explained using operant conditioning principles. e. intrinsic reinforcements are external reinforcements

a. direct reinforcement is not always necessary for learning to occur.

Between 6 and 12 months of age, Keshawn should acquire the ability to a. discriminate facial expressions. b. walk alone. c. use deferred imitation. d. play with peers. e. experience pride and shame.

a. discriminate facial expressions.

There are many gradual changes in middle childhood including a. greater physical skill. b. more reliance on appearance. c. less attention to underlying qualities. d. less of a role of peers. e. less attention to attributes.

a. greater physical skill.

Scarr argues that development in the early years is a. highly canalized with strong self-righting tendencies. b. not impacted at all by environmental factors. c. random and completely at the mercy of environmental factors. d. the product of the culture in which the child is raised. e. solely the result of genetic programming

a. highly canalized with strong self-righting tendencies.

Adolescents are similar to toddlers in their emphasis on a. independence. b. altruism. c. cooperation. d. selfishness. e. social skills

a. independence.

Which of the following is involved in the emergence of a global sense of self-worth? a. inductive logic b. egocentrism c. understanding of reciprocity d. deductive processes e. irreversibility

a. inductive logic

Cross-cultural research has shown that across cultures, children in middle childhood do all of the following EXCEPT a. learn their place in an existing network of roles. b. develop individual friendships. c. segregate their play groups by gender. d. learn the beginnings of concrete operations. e. develop the cognitive underpinnings of reciprocity

a. learn their place in an existing network of roles

In Aslin's five models of influence on development, the purely physical model is a. maturation. b. induction. c. cognition. d. assimilation. e. facilitation.

a. maturation

What type of cell division produces gametes ? a. meiosis b. codominance c. mitosis d. splicing e. cloning

a. meiosis

Early adolescents show some of the same qualities as toddlers. Which pair of characteristics exists in both groups? a. negativism and a demand for independence b. authoritativeness and physical aggression c. depression and negativism d. demand for independence and physical aggression e. aggression and depression.

a. negativism and a demand for independence

The cognitive shift from concrete to formal operations leads to all of the following EXCEPT a. pubertal changes. b. changes in self-concept. c. changes in identity. d. changes in moral judgment. e. changes in peer relationships

a. pubertal changes

In order for conception to occur, the sp erm must reach the ovum by traveling from the ________ to the ________ where fertilization takes place. a. vagina; fallopian tube b. uterus; vagina c. fallopian tube; cervix d. uterus; cervix e. cervix; vagina

a. vagina; fallopian tube

Kevin has a very narrow range of potentially supportive environments in order to develop optimally. Kevin is a. vulnerable. b. resilient. c. recuperative. d. insecure. e. immature.

a. vulnerable.

Early adolescence has certain characteristics in common with the period from a. birth to 18 months. b. 2 to 3 years. c. 5 to 7 years. d. 8 to 9 years. e. nine to eleven years.

b. 2 to 3 years.

In humans, the result of mitosis is a ________ chromosome cell and the result of meiosis is a ________ chromosome cell. a. 46; 46 b. 46; 23 c. 23; 46 d. 23; 23 e. 92; 46

b. 46; 23

The first global judgment of self-worth appears at the age of a. 5 to 6 years. b. 7 to 8 years. c. 9 to 10 years. d. 10 to 12 years. e. 11 to 12 years.

b. 7 to 8 years.

Errol played sandlot baseball as a child and because of this experience decided to become a sports writer. This is an example of which of Rutter's principles? a. Individuals differ in their reactivity to the environment. b. There is a two-way interplay between individuals and the environment. c. People actively process their environment rather than being passive recipients. d. People act on their environment so as to shape their experiences. e. An ecological framework needs to be considered.

b. There is a two-way interplay between individuals and the environment.

Which of the following begins in the early middle childhood years and is still going on at ages 11 and 12 years? a. centration in all aspects of thought b. a more abstract self-concept c. egocentrism d. formal operations e. a decrease in gender segregation

b. a more abstract self-concept

According to Haan, early adolescence is a time dominated by ________, whereas late adolescence is primarily a time of ________. a. consolidation; transition b. assimilation; accommodation c. egocentrism; universalism d. stagnation; change e. egocentrism; stagnation

b. assimilation; accommodation

Which of the following is the internal model that is the most fully developed by 18 or 24 months of age? a. self b. attachment c. global worth d. self-esteem e. identity

b. attachment

Cross-modal transfer, depth perception, and the identification of patterns of sounds and sights all emerge a. before 4 months of age. b. before 8 months of age. c. after 16 months of age. d. after 24 months of age. e. during the preschool years.

b. before 8 months of age.

Which of Aslin's models is purely environmental? a. maturation b. induction c. cognition d. assimilation e. facilitation

b. induction

In peer relationships, gender segregation a. rarely occurs. b. is complete by age 6 or 7 years. c. does not begin until adolescence. d. is over by age 6 or 7. e. is the exception, not the rule.

b. is complete by age 6 or 7 years.

Which aspect of development is thought to be LEAST influenced by environmental variation? a. cognitive b. physical c. social d. language e. moral

b. physical

On a continuum of internal to external influences on development, physical development lies on the internal end of the continuum, whereas social development lies on the external end. This implies that a. physical development is not influenced by external forces, nor is social development influenced by internal forces. b. physical development will occur normally with minimal environmental support, whereas social development requires strong environmental support. c. physical and social development do not influence each other. d. physical development cannot be changed by external forces, whereas social development can. e. development must take place under carefully controlled conditions

b. physical development will occur normally with minimal environmental support, whereas social development requires strong environmental support

Mr. and Mrs. Laracelli have two children and their parenting style will have the least influence on their children's a. cognitive development. b. physical development. c. language development. d. emotional development. e. moral development.

b. physical development.

Late adolescence is most comparable to which other stage of development? a. toddlerhood b. preschool c. grade school d. middle adulthood e. late adulthood

b. preschool

In reviewing Aslin's five models of environmental/internal influences on development, it could be concluded that the two "pure" alternatives, maturation and induction, a. make the most sense for explaining development. b. probably do not occur at all. c. explain about half of the developmental phenomena covered in the textbook. d. are very similar to Piaget's concepts of assimilation and accommodation. e. are useful only in assessing adults.

b. probably do not occur at all.

Dr. Warren is a psychologist who agrees that infancy and early childhood are especially formative. He is using which perspective? a. cognitive b. psychoanalytic c. behavioral d. humanistic e. biological

b. psychoanalytic

Most psychologists agree that babies begin to create two significant internal models. Which of the following are they? a. heredity and environment b. self and relationships with others c. internality and externality d. active participation and passive observance e. stability of objects and permanence of relationships

b. self and relationships with others

Research by Lewis indicates that children from large families a. have less developed social skills. b. show more rapid understanding of other's thinking. c. take longer to develop an understanding of social skills. d. have a poor representational theory of mind. e. rarely acquire close friendships outside the family.

b. show more rapid understanding of other's thinking.

Physiological changes may play some role in the shift to formal operations, because there is some indication that ________ during adolescence. a. a doubling in the weight of the cortex of the brain occurs b. synaptic and dendritic pruning continues c. a major change in the brain-weight to body-weight ratio occurs d. a change in the color of the brain occurs e. hormone production decreases

b. synaptic and dendritic pruning continues

Depression and a drop in self-esteem at the beginning of adolescence seem to be linked most with a. the acquisition of formal operational thinking. b. the number of simultaneous changes that an adolescent experiences. c. increases in disagreements or disputes with parents. d. the development of identity. e. the increase in altruism.

b. the number of simultaneous changes that an adolescent experiences.

When Bee states that the newborn infant is "very much on automatic pilot," she means that a. the newborn sleeps most of the time. b. there are built-in rules or schemas that govern the way the infant looks, listens, explores the world, and relates to others. c. the parents are instinctively capable of guiding the newborn's development, even though they may need help and advice when the infant is older. d. the newborn has cyclical states of arousal. e. the system of transition and consolidation is very strong at this time.

b. there are built-in rules or schemas that govern the way the infant looks, listens, explores the world, and relates to others.

Research aimed at testing Gilligan's versus Kohlberg's ideas about moral development has found that a. boys are more likely to use "justice" reasoning, and girls are more likely to use "care" reasoning. b. there are no differences between boys and girls in Gilligan's types of moral reasoning. c. the sex differences Gilligan hypothesized only occur among children. d. Kohlberg's research seriously distorted the differences between boys and girls in moral reasoning. e. Gilligan had reversed the reasoning of males and females.

b. there are no differences between boys and girls in Gilligan's types of moral reasoning.

Research on the influences on the basic processes developed in infancy indicate that a. physical damage always has a severe impact. b. there is a "good enough" range of environment. c. without an optimal environment, the processes will not occur. d. the effects of the environment are obvious early in infancy. e. there is only one acceptable environment for infants

b. there is a "good enough" range of environment.

Luella is 13 years old. Which of Kohlberg's stages is she most likely to be in? a. two b. three c. four d. five e. six

b. three

According to Bowlby, attachment occurs a. through a series of reinforcements. b. through a built-in readiness to create it. c. through classical conditioning. d. only after the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. e. through the acquisition of autonomy.

b. through a built-in readiness to create it.

Early adolescence is more a time of ________ than is late adolescence. a. consolidation b. transition c. accommodation d. formal operations e. assimilation

b. transition

Michelle has just grasped the idea that objects and people continue to exist even when she can't see them. She is probably how old? a. 2 months b. 4 to 5 months c. 7 to 9 months d. 12 months e. 16 months

c. 7 to 9 months

Susan and James are both 3 years old. They are playing together and a conflict has just erupted regarding who will drive the car and who will drive the truck. What effect will this conflict have? a. It will teach Susan and James to fight over things instead of sharing. b. It will develop their aggressive social skills and hinder the development of more positive social skills. c. It will help develop their cognitive skills by creating opportunities to learn about the mental processes of others. d. It will help develop their cognitive skills but will probably hinder the development of their positive social skills. e. It will teach them to seek out same-sex playmates in the future.

c. It will help develop their cognitive skills by creating opportunities to learn about the mental processes of others.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement based on Vygotsky's theory? a. Complex forms of thinking originate in private explorations. b. Children learn best when tasks are easy for them. c. Learning is achieved in the zone of proximal development. d. Children learn best on their own. e. Children are not able to act as tutors.

c. Learning is achieved in the zone of proximal development.

According to Caspi and Moffit, one of the following girls will have higher rates of psychological problems. Which one is it? a. Alicia, who had delayed puberty. b. Kirsten who had an average puberty. c. Leia, who had an early puberty. d. Margo, who had a late puberty. e. Zoe, who has not reached puberty.

c. Leia, who had an early puberty

Internal models of attachment, of the self, of gender, and of relationships are all examples of which of Rutter's principles? a. Individuals differ in their reactivity to the environment. b. There is a two way interplay between individuals and the environment. c. People actively process their experiences rather than just serving as passive recipients of environmental forces. d. The interplay between persons and their environment needs to be considered within an ecological framework. e. People act on their environment so as to shape and select their experiences.

c. People actively process their experiences rather than just serving as passive recipients of environmental forces.

Nora's education created a tremendous financial burden. April's education was not a burden because she was financially well off. Which of Rutter's principles does this illustrate? a. Individuals differ in their reactivity to the environment. b. There is a two-way interplay between individuals and the environment. c. The interplay between persons and their environment needs to be considered within an ecological framework. d. People actively process their experiences rather than just serving as passive recipients of environmental forces. e. People act on their environment so as to shape their experiences.

c. The interplay between persons and their environment needs to be considered within an ecological framework.

The name most associated with the ecol ogical perspective in the study of human development is a. John Bowlby. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Urie Bronfenbrenner. d. Frances Horowitz. e. John Watson.

c. Urie Bronfenbrenner.

Who introduced the term canalization? a. Scarr b. Rutter c. Waddington d. Sroufe e. Erikson

c. Waddington

In Epstein's theory, the baby's theory of reality includes all of the following EXCEPT a. a belief about the degree to which the world is a place of pleasure or pain. b. a belief about the extent to which the world is predictable. c. a belief about the stability of the world. d. a belief about the worthiness or unworthiness of the self. e. a belief about whether people are desirable to relate to.

c. a belief about the stability of the world.

The acceptable range of experience is narrowest for the development of a. physical features. b. perceptual skills. c. a secure central attachment. d. cognitive growth. e. social skills.

c. a secure central attachment.

Between 5 and 7 years, children begin to understand all of the following EXCEPT a. seriation. b. class inclusion. c. abstract concepts. d. conservation. e. concrete operations.

c. abstract concepts.

The maturational changes that take place in infancy are equivalent in impact to those that take place during a. toddlerhood and the preschool years. b. middle childhood and adolescence. c. adolescence and old age. d. toddlerhood and middle age. e. toddlerhood and old age.

c. adolescence and old age.

Bernie is 20 months old. Which of his internal models is most fully developed? a. self b. global worth c. attachment d. morality e. identity

c. attachment

Bandura added all of the following concepts to traditional learning theory EXCEPT a. abstract modeling. b. observational learning. c. classical conditioning. d. emphasis on cognitive elements. e. intrinsic reinforcements.

c. classical conditioning.

Piaget puts the elementary school child in the stage of a. sensorimotor development. b. preoperational thought. c. concrete operations. d. formal operations. e. post formal operations.

c. concrete operations

When the preschool child shifts from using herself as the only frame of reference, she is a. using abstractions. b. using reversibility. c. decentering. d. no longer egocentric. e. conserving.

c. decentering

What term did Riegel use to describe the semiupheaval that occurs as systems change? a. trauma b. transition c. developmental leap d. upheaval e. dilemma

c. developmental leap

Now that 2-year-old Emeril has learned to use symbols, a. he will use more physical aggression. b. there will be an increase in temper tantrums. c. he is able to pretend. d. he will be somewhat more defiant. e. he will become more self-centered.

c. he is able to pretend.

Gilligan hypothesized that boys are more likely to operate from an orientation of ________; while girls operate from an orientation of ________. a. care; connection b. justice; fairness c. justice; care d. fairness; care e. morality; values

c. justice; care

On a continuum from fully internally programmed to most externally influenced, which of the following sequences of development would be in the correct order? a. language, cognitive, physical, social b. cognitive, social, language, physical c. physical, language, cognitive, social d. social, physical, language, cognitive e. physical, social, cognitive, language

c. physical, language, cognitive, social

The beginning of early adolescence is defined by a. menarche. b. formal operations. c. puberty. d. concrete operations. e. initiative vs. guilt.

c. puberty

According to Epstein, babies develop a theory of a. attachment. b. family. c. reality. d. systems. e. self.

c. reality.

Tyrone is 8 years old and the quality of his peer relationships is improving because he is now able to understand a. inductive processes. b. conservation. c. reciprocity. d. deductive logic. e. object permanence.

c. reciprocity.

Olivia has experienced a very wide range of environments and yet she is still developing optimally. She is a. vulnerable. b. secure. c. resilient. d. bright. e. mature.

c. resilient.

The rank order of aspects of development, from those MOST influenced by environment to those LEAST influenced by environment, is a. physical, language, cognition, social. b. language, cognition, physical, social. c. social, cognition, language, physical. d. social, language, physical, cognition. e. language, physical, social, cognition.

c. social, cognition, language, physical.

In recent years, research focused on elementary school age children has indicated that a. all aspects of development are determined by earlier cognitive development. b. the cognitive bias that has dominated theories of child development is accurate. c. the peer group and the child's social experience are of central importance. d. all development is determined by physical changes. e. perceptual development lags behind cognitive development.

c. the peer group and the child's social experience are of central importance.

Which aspect of your development is most influenced by factors in your environment? a. your cognitive abilities b. the language you speak c. your social skills d. your physical growth e. your health

c. your social skills

Which of the following BEST describes an example of child development as a system? a. Juan's rate of learning new words accelerated tremendously between 18 months and two years of age. b. Robyn has been crawling for several months, and soon she will be able to pull herself up to a standing position. c. Sharyl understands conservation of quantity, but one year ago she thought that a tall, thin cup held more orange juice than a short, wide cup. d. Naren has begun to talk, and his social interactions with his day care provider have changed. e. Lilith is 36 inches tall and she is adding about four inches a year.

d. Naren has begun to talk, and his social interactions with his day care provider have changed.

Six-year-old Lara hugs her mother whenever her mother hugs her, but six-year-old Benji wriggles away from his mother when she tries to hug him. Now Lara's mother appears to be more affectionate than Benji's mother. This is an example of which of Rutter's principles? a. Individuals differ in their reactivity to the environment. b. There is a two-way interplay between individuals and the environment. c. People actively process their experiences rather than being passive recipients. d. People act on their environment so as to shape their experiences. e. The interplay between persons and their environment needs to be considered within an ecological framework.

d. People act on their environment so as to shape their experiences.

Who suggested the term "developmental leaps" to describe a period of system change? a. Erikson b. Freud c. Piaget d. Riegel e. Bee

d. Riegel

Which of the following is part of Rutter's principles of the interaction of nature and nurture? a. All individuals react to the environment in the same way. b. People are passive recipients of environmental forces. c. The interplay between people and their environment is one-way. d. There is a two-way interplay between individuals and their environment. e. Only adults can process experiences.

d. There is a two-way interplay between individuals and their environment.

Canalization has been represented metaphorically by Waddington as a. the flow of development through time across the life-span. b. the interconnections among facets of development being similar to cities connected by canals. c. the thread of early experiences influencing development throughout the life-span. d. a marble rolling down a narrow and deep gully on a hillside. e. sand in an hour glass.

d. a marble rolling down a narrow and deep gully on a hillside.

When facing stressful demands, toddlers are most likely to turn to a. friends. b. grandparents. c. an adult outside the family. d. a parent. e. their own resources.

d. a parent.

At some time in development, physiological, cognitive, and social changes occur. During which stage do all three occur as significant changes? a. infancy b. preschool c. school-age d. adolescence e. adulthood

d. adolescence

Two-year-old Jeremy is in which of Erikson's stages. a. integrity vs. despair b. generativity vs. stagnation c. initiative vs. guilt d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt e. trust vs. mistrust

d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Nine-year-old Cassie is very dependent. Even when she was four years old, she was timid and shy. This is an example of a. a move from one stage of development to another. b. maladaptive behavior. c. a developmental pattern. d. continuity across development. e. external influences.

d. continuity across development

Lara is 13 years old. She is probably in a continuous state of a. accommodation. b. consolidation. c. isolation. d. disequilibrium. e. assimilation.

d. disequilibrium.

The transition to the elementary school years includes a(n) a. shift to preoperational thinking. b. tendency to focus on surface properties. c. focus on appearance. d. emergence of a global sense of self-worth. e. an end to gender segregation.

d. emergence of a global sense of self-worth.

In cultures in which families live by subsistence agriculture, children of 6 and 7 are a. considered to be helpless. b. kept dependent until adolescence. c. unable to learn until puberty. d. given almost adult-like roles. e. expected to support themselves.

d. given almost adult-like roles

The 2 or 3-year-old child develops an increasingly generalized a. sense of global self worth. b. conservation concept. c. sense of ethnicity. d. internal model of attachment. e. sense of initiative.

d. internal model of attachment.

Gilligan describes two distinct moral orientations that she called a. obedience and reward. b. hedonistic and needs-oriented. c. personal and universal. d. justice and care. e. concrete and formal

d. justice and care

Gilligan describes two distinct moral orientations that she called a. obedience and reward. b. hedonistic and needs-oriented. c. personal and universal. d. justice and care. e. concrete and formal.

d. justice and care.

According to Flavell, the development of a basic attachment requires an understanding of a. depth perception. b. formal operations. c. concrete operations. d. object permanence. e. conservation.

d. object permanence.

Now that Joshua has reached middle childhood, he will a. rely more on appearance. b. become more indifferent towards peers. c. have decreased physical skills. d. pay more attention to underlying qualities. e. ignore specific attributes

d. pay more attention to underlying qualities.

Which of the following did Steinberg find to be the critical variable in predicting the level of adolescent conflict with parents. a. gender b. peer group c. ethnicity d. pubertal stage e. age

d. pubertal stage

Mrs. LaRosa has two children. Her parenting style will be most influential in the development of her children's a. thinking ability. b. language. c. height. d. social skills. e. weight

d. social skills.

Lorenz has become irritable and impatient. What hormone is most likely to be involved? a. estrogen b. estradiol c. epinephrine d. testosterone e. progesterone

d. testosterone

Rowe and Marcia's research has shown that full identity achievement was attained only by those who a. achieved Kohlberg's stage six. b. used inductive reasoning. c. had friendships based primarily on reciprocal trust. d. used formal operations. e. were in Erikson's last stage.

d. used formal operations.

Children should be in Kohlberg's good boy/nice girl stage by what age? a. 2 years b. 4 years c. 6 years d. 8 years e. 10 years

e. 10 years

The period between 12 and 20 years has been subdivided into adolescence beginning at age ________ and youth beginning at age ________. a. 16 or 17; 11 or 12 b. 18 or 19; 12 or 14 c. 9 or 10; 12 or 13 d. 12 or 14; 18 or 19 e. 11 or 12; 16 or 17

e. 11 or 12; 16 or 17

Puberty is completed for girls at what age? a. 12 years b. 13 years c. 14 years d. 15 years e. 16 years

e. 16 years

All of the following occur between about seven and nine months EXCEPT a. strong central attachment with separation anxiety and fear of strangers. b. ability to move around independently. c. ability to use meaningful gestures and to comprehend individual words. d. understanding of object permanence. e. ability to participate in pretend play.

e. ability to participate in pretend play.

By 4 months of age, Brianne should achieve all of the following EXCEPT a. the ability to discriminate her mother from others. b. depth perception. c. cooing. d. spontaneous social smiling. e. anticipatory fear.

e. anticipatory fear.

For most young people, a clear identity is not achieved until a. 10 years of age. b. puberty. c. 15 years of age. d. 17 years of age. e. college age.

e. college age.

Babies shift from locating objects in relation to their own body to locating objects with reference to fixed landmarks when they acquire the ability to a. discriminate facial expressions. b. comprehend words. c. understand object permanence. d. talk. e. crawl

e. crawl.

What term did Erikson use to describe the semiupheaval that occurs as systems change? a. trauma b. transition c. developmental leap d. upheaval e. dilemma

e. dilemma

Darcy has become verbally aggressive and impulsive. This is the result of an increase in which hormone? a. testosterone b. TSH c. LH d. progesterone e. estradiol

e. estradiol

Adolescents confronting stressful demands turn to a. coaches. b. teachers. c. peers. d. friends. e. family.

e. family.

Sociodramatic play first appears at what age? a. one year b. two years c. three years d. four years e. five years

e. five years

Samantha is 14 years old and Tyrone is 16 years old. Both are in which of Erikson's stages? a. integrity vs. despair b. trust vs. mistrust c. initiative vs. guilt d. intimacy vs. isolation e. identity vs. role confusion

e. identity vs. role confusion

Keith is 7 years old and Lawanda is 10 years old. They are both in which of Erikson's stages? a. trust vs. mistrust b. autonomy vs. shame and doubt c. integrity vs. despair d. initiative vs. guilt e. industry vs. inferiority

e. industry vs. inferiority

Campbell's research of noncompliant 3-year-old children indicated that those who had improved by age 6 had mothers who had been a. more authoritarian. b. less positive. c. more permissive. d. more attentive. e. less negative.

e. less negative.

Eight-month-old Tony would be in which of Erikson's stages? a. identity vs. role confusion b. integrity vs. despair c. autonomy vs. shame and doubt d. initiative vs. guilt e. trust vs. mistrust

e. trust vs. mistrust

Four-year-old Latisha should be able to do all of the following EXCEPT a. climb stairs one foot per step. b. understand false beliefs. c. begin to have individual friendships. d. understand gender stability. e. understand gender constancy.

e. understand gender constancy.