Child Psychology Midterm
In the context of the genetic code, the fundamental unit of heredity is a chemical called -arachidonic acid -theonine -deoxyribonucleic acid -adenosine monophosphate
deoxyribonucleic acid
The process by which children learn behavior that their culture considers appropriate for each sex is called -sexual differentiation -gender-typing -gender mainstreaming -sexual selection
gender-typing
The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the ___________ of childbirth. -fourth stage -third stage -second stage -first stage
third stage
Men who smoke are more likely to -experience exposure to large amounts of radiation -transmit genetic abnormalities to offspring -lack any mutational changes in their sperm -exert a greater effect on prenatal development than mothers who smoke during pregnancy
transmit genetic abnormalities to offspring
Once a woman has had one cesarean delivery, many physicians warn that she should only attempt a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) with caution. -True -False
true
In the context of the mechanisms of heredity, normal human females have ______________ and normal human males have ________________. -an XY pairing of chromosomes; an XO pairing of chromosomes -two X chromosomes; an XO pairing of chromosomes -an XY pairing of chromosomes; a YX pairing of chromosomes -two X chromosomes; an XY pairing of chromosomes
two X chromosomes; an XY pairing of chromosomes
In the context of the four patterns of crying identified by Wolff, the frustration cry is characterized by -two or three drawn-out cries with no prolonged breath-holding -a rhythmic cry in which excess air is forced through the vocal cords -a high pitch and a monotonic vocalization accompanied by prolonged breath-holding -a sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning
two or three drawn-out cries with no prolonged breath-holding
Tehra's obstetrician is employing a medical procedure that uses stacked sound waves reflections to generate a computer-aided image of the developing fetus. This procedure allows the obstetrician to observe the movements of the fetus in Tehra's womb and determine if there are any problems with her pregnancy. The procedure used is called -karyotyping -ultrasound -amniocentesis -bioacoustics
ultrasound
Which of the following is a noninvasive technique of assessing prenatal development? -chorionic villus sampling -amniocentesis -umbilical cord sampling -ultrasound
ultrasound
Genes that produce alternative expressions of a trait are called -karyotypes -autosomes -alleles -gametes
alleles
in which of the following procedures is a sample of fluid taken from around the fetus and analyzed for possible defects? -chorionic villus sampling -amniocentesis -ultrasound -embryoscopy
amniocentesis
During the germinal stage of prenatal development, the ____________, a fluid-filled membrane, encases the developing embryo, giving it room to move. -chorion -placenta -amniotic sac -ovarian follicle
amniotic sac
Explain how environmental influences such as maternal nutrition and physical activity can have both positive and negative effects on prenatal development.
. Babies born to mothers who do not consume sufficient calories have a higher risk of death and surviving babies may be stunted.
Which of the following is also called trisomy-21 because it is characterized in more than 90 percent of cases by an extra 21st chromosome? -Tay-Sachs disease -sickle-cell anemia -Down syndrome -cystic fibrosis
Down syndrome
Every sex cell in the normal human body has 23 pairs of chromosomes. -True -False
False
Heritability refers to the relative influence of heredity and environment in a particular individual. -True -False
False
The fetus obtains oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide through the fallopian tubes. -True -False
False
In the context of prenatal assessment techniques, a similarity between amniocentesis and ultrasound is that both -offer direct access to fetal DNA for diagnostic measures -involve the most risk among all prenatal diagnostic procedures -can guide fetal blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants -can be used for sex screening of unborn babies
can be used for sex screening of unborn babies
Addison, a 7-month-old baby, accidentally presses the keys on a piano. Startled by the sound, he moves back and looks at the piano intently. He then moves forward and presses the keys and enjoys pressing them. In the context of the information-processing approach, Addison is beginning to understand -imitation -causality -joint attention -habituation
causality
Temperament is a -measure of cognitive development in infants and toddlers. -nonlinguistic form of communication -variable aspect of an individual's behavior -characteristic style of approaching people and situations
characteristic style of approaching people and situations
At age 5, Krystal was diagnosed with an abnormality. Excess mucus was getting collected in her lungs and digestive tract, and she did not grow like other normal children her age. Given the information, she was most likely suffering from -Down syndrome -neural tube defects -cystic fibrosis -Huntington's disease
cystic fibrosis
A typical 2-year-old boy is unable to -cry when he wants to communicate that he is hungry -experience shame when he wets the bed -laugh when his mother plays peekaboo with him -smile to express joy when his father picks him up
experience shame when he wets the bed
Leah, a 2-year old girl, has been amusing her parents with her ability to remember new words, peoples' names, and the names of her dolls. In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, Leah is most likely exhibiting -explicit memory -deductive reasoning -procedural knowledge -latent thought
explicit memory
In the first couple of days of life, newborns typically -have small heads in proportion to their bodies -lose weight -have evenly toned skin -develop lanugo
lose weight
The most common cause of infertility in men is -artificial insemination -malnutrition -low sperm count -high sperm modality
low sperm count
Jada is born 5 days before she was due. She weighs 4 pounds at birth. Jada is most accurately classified as a -premature baby -preterm baby -high-birth-weight baby -low-birth-weight baby
low-birth-weight baby
Which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage marks a transition to the preoperational stage of early childhood? -primary reflexes -mental combinations -primary circular reactions -tertiary circular reactions
mental combinations
Which of the following concepts best explains the excitement that is most likely to be reported by 3-year-olds on their first day of school? -operant conditioning -novelty preference -pictorial competence -guided participation
novelty preference
Linda, a 2-year-old girl has learned that if she sits on the floor and cries, sooner or later, an adult will give her a piece of candy. In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, this is an example of -classical conditioning -operant conditioning -latent learning -extinction
operant conditioning
Which of the following involves learning based on reinforcement and punishment? -operant conditioning -mental sets -information processing -cognitive dissonance
operant conditioning
When a baby "reads" the expression of a caregiver for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation, it is referred to as -social referencing -separation anxiety -social facilitation -situational compliance
social referencing
The __________ approach to cognitive development primarily examines the impact of the environment on learning processes. -social-contextual -neuroscience -psychometric -information-processing
social-contextual
According to the ___________, growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward. -lateral principle -neurological principle -proximodistal principle -cephalocaudal principle
proximodistal principle
One-year-old Tommy's parents take him to his grandmother as they need to go out. When they are about to leave, Tommy starts to fuss and cry. In this scenario, Tommy is demonstrating -situational compliance -separation anxiety -disorganized attachment -anxious attachment
separation anxiety
Tara is an 8-month old infant. When her mother's cousin comes to visit and holds her, she starts crying. In the scenario, Tara is exhibiting -stranger anxiety -separation anxiety -anxious attachment -secure attachment
separation anxiety
A pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring is called -dominant inheritance -multifactorial inheritance -sex-linked inheritance -recessive inheritance
sex-linked inheritance
Which of the following is a form of child maltreatment that is likely to cause brain damage, paralysis, or death? -shaken baby syndrome -turner syndrome -sudden infant death syndrome -down syndrome
shaken baby syndrome
Which of the following is a blood disorder that is more common in African Americans than in other ethnic groups and does not generally appear until at least 6 months of age? -sickle-cell anemia -Tay-Sachs disease -thalassemia -cystic fibrosis
sickle-cell anemia
Elizabeth, a pregnant woman, continues her habit of smoking against the advice of her doctor. The fetus is small for its gestational age, and it dies after 20 weeks of gestation. The doctors speculate that poor prenatal nourishment and smoking must have led to the death of the fetus. Elizabeth's baby is termed a ________________ baby. -stillborn -preterm -postmature -small-for-date
stillborn
About two-thirds of injury deaths in the first year of life are by -burn injuries -traffic accidents -toxoplasmosis -suffocation
suffocation
Wendy, who is 15 months old, is asked by her father if she is tired. Wendy lies down and acts as if she is sleeping to communicate her desire to be put to bed. This type of nonverbal message is referred to as a -presymbolic gesture -conventional social gesture -verbal gesture -symbolic gesture
symbolic gesture
In the context of language development, an early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words is called -transformational grammar -telegraphic speech -a holophrase -motherese
telegraphic speech
Respiratory distress syndrome is common in preterm babies who lack an adequate amount of surfactant -True -False
-true
Tiana's father gives her a few blocks and cubes to play with. She plays with them for a while and manages to place three red cubes on top of two blue cubes and build a tower. She is excited to show the colorful tower to her father. In the context of key milestones in the first 3 years of life, Tiana is most likely -7 months old -15 months old -5 months old -10 months old
15 months old
The normal human gestation period ranges between _____________ weeks. -28 and 32 -37 and 41 -21 and 25 -10 and 15
37 and 41
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Breastfeeding (2005) recommends that babies be exclusively breast-fed for ____________ because breast-feeding has economic as well as health benefits. -18 months -9 months -6 months -10 months
6 months
Which of the following is a true statement about the physical growth and development in infants and children? -Boys are slightly smaller than girls at most ages -Teething in infants usually begins after the child's first birthday -Children grow fastest between the ages of 3 and 6 -A newborn baby's head is disproportionately large
A newborn baby's head is disproportionately large
Which of the following statements is true about miscarriages? -A vast majority of early miscarriages are easily preventable. -The risk of miscarriages is negligible after the 20th week of gestation. -A vast majority of early miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities. -The risk of miscarriages decreases with the increase in age of the mother.
A vast majority of early miscarriages are due to chromosomal abnormalities.
Why are babies' heads so large in proportion to their bodies? -The head widens the birth canal so the rest of the body can pass easily -The brain is surrounded by a large volume of fluid that gradually subsides after birth -The head has excess fat at birth to protect it when it passes through the birth canal -At 1 year, the brain is at 70% of its adult weight
At 1 year, the brain is at 70% of its adult weight
Which of the following statements is true of the Moro reflex in babies? -Babies display this reflex by extending their legs and arching backward -Babies display this reflex when both their palms are stroked at once. -It typically disappears by 1 month of age -It typically appears at birth
Babies display this reflex by extending their legs and arching backward
Which of the following is true of the walking reflex in babies? -Babies display this reflex by fanning out their toes and twisting their feet in. -Babies display this reflex when their bare feet touch a flat surface. -It typically disappears during the third month. -It typically disappears at birth
Babies display this reflex when their bare feet touch a flat surface
Which of the following statements is true of the rooting reflex in babies? -Babies display this reflex when their cheek or lower lip is stroked -It typically disappears by 3 months -It typically appears during the seventh month of gestation -Babies display this reflex by assuming a fencer position
Babies display this reflex when their cheek or lower lip is stroked
Dr. Lewis, a pediatrician in Seattle City Hospital, gives young parents advice on how they can reduce the likelihood of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). What is he most likely to tell them? -Infants should sleep in adults beds with one of more adults -Infants should sleep on soft surfaces, such as pillows or quilts -Infants should not be given pacifiers -Babies should be laid down to sleep on their backs
Babies should be laid down to sleep on their backs
Which of the following statements is true of infants' sleep patterns? -Babies' sleep time decreases by the time they are 2 years old -Youngest babies wake up the least frequently -Babies' sleep schedules vary across cultures -Youngest babies' sleep the least
Babies' sleep schedules vary across cultures
Which of the following is true of peer relationships among preschoolers? -Children between ages 2 and 4 usually like to play with older children. -Preschoolers usually show no particular interest for playmates of the same sex or gender. -Beginning at about 4 years, children begin to conform to peer pressure -Preschoolers tend to idolize disruptive, demanding, intrusive, or aggressive children.
Beginning at about 4 years, children begin to conform to peer pressure
What the major milestones of language development during the first three years?
Between 6 and 9 months, babies babble in syllables and start imitating tones and speech sounds. By 12 months, a baby's first words usually appear, Children should be able to recognize receptive speech by age two.
Gannon and his twin brother, Garrett, have just been evaluated for their response to stress, ability to calm down, reflexes, hand-mouth coordination, alertness, and response to cuddling in a test that took half an hour to complete for each of them. Which of the following tests is described in this scenario? -Denver Developmental Screening Test -PKU screen -Apgar scale -Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Which of the following statements best characterizes the ability to feel touch and pain in newborns? -Newborns lack the receptors for pain till about 1 year of age -Typically, anesthesia is the safest pain management measure used for newborns. -Sensitivity to touch develops only after birth. -By 32 weeks of gestation, all body parts of fetuses are sensitive to touch.
By 32 weeks of gestation, all body parts of fetuses are sensitive to touch.
Which of the following is true about drug use during pregnancy? -All medications that have been tested and proven to be safe on animals are safe for use by pregnant women -Central nervous system depressants can be harmful when taken during pregnancy -Taking prescription drugs with a controlled protein-rich diet greatly reduces the risk of harm to pregnant women -Over-the-counter drugs are safe for use by pregnant women
Central nervous system depressants can be harmful when taken during pregnancy
List and describe three ways in which the environment of childbirth delivery has changed in the past 100 years.
Childbirth used to be in a home. Childbirth is now in a hospital with an attending physician. Medication is now involved in childbirth to help with pain.
Which of the following is true of shared intentionality and collaborative activities in children? -Children who show the tendency to share tend to help and comfort others -Collaborative activities decrease during the second year of life as toddlers become more adept at communication -Children begin to collaborate with caregivers in joint activities between 9 and 12 months of age -The motivation to help and share and the ability to understand others' intentions develop between 3 and 4 years of age
Children begin to collaborate with caregivers in joint activities between 9 and 12 months of age
Which of the following is true about the effects of chronic stress during pregnancy? -Chronic stress in pregnant women can cause babies to be born with an abnormally large head size -Chronic stress in pregnant women can leave babies at risk of developing anencephaly -Chronic stress in pregnant women can make them more vulnerable to inflammatory diseases -Chronic stress in pregnant women can result in postterm delivery.
Chronic stress in pregnant women can make them more vulnerable to inflammatory diseases
Key milestones in the first 3 years of life relate to head control,hand control, and locomotion. In the context of locomotion, identify a true statement about crawling. -Crawling is technically a motor milestone -In visual cliff experiment, new crawlers are highly likely to avoid the cliff -Crawling helps babies learn to better judge distance and perceive depth -Between 3 and 5 months, most babies begin to get around by crawling
Crawling helps babies learn to better judge distance and perceive depth
In the context of early emotional responses of children, which of the following is true of crying? -Crying is the earliest and most powerful way infants can communicate their needs -The frustration cry is characterized by a sudden onset of loud crying without preliminary moaning -The basic hunger cry often involves the infant holding its breath for a prolonged period -A higher pitch and a more monotonic vocalization is more characteristic of the cries of a full term infant than a preterm infant of the same age.
Crying is the earliest and most powerful way infants can communicate their needs
Who among the following is at the greatest risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)? -Barry, who is 2 weeks old and has irregular sleep patterns -Alexandria, who is 10 months old and has frequent colds -Curt, who is 1 month old and whose mother is addicted to alcohol -Samantha, who is 6 months old and had a difficult birth
Curt, who is 1 month old and whose mother is addicted to alcohol
Who is most likely to have a low-birth-weight baby? -Dana, who is 33, short, and a smoker -Adele, who is 25, is tall, and had one cesarean delivery -Carol who is 20, is pregnant for the first time, and is in good health -Bianca, who is 30, does cardio exercises, and has never been pregnant before
Dana, who is 33, short, and a smoker
What is Down syndrome? Explain how often it occurs. What challenges does a person with Down syndrome face? Be specific.
Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality. 6,000 babies are born with it each year. They talk slower, have different facial features, and have speech problems.
List and describe/define the three types of temperament (Thomas, Chess, & Birch). How does "Goodness of Fit" impact temperament?
Easy children are children with a generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and a readiness to accept new experiences. Difficult children are children with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses. Slow-to-warm up children are children whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences. Goodness of fit is the appropriateness of environmental demands and constraints to a child's temperament.
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)? List three to four ways in which FAS negatively impacts the developing fetus. Describe two-three long term effects after birth.
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy. Poor growth, birth defects, and damage to the CNS. Delayed Development and behavioral problems.
_______________ are the functional units of heredity. -Genes -Zygotes -Follicles -Gametes
Genes
Which of the following is a broad measurable difference seen between male and female infants in the United States? -Girls are more vulnerable to illness and fatality since conception than boys. -Girls are less reactive to stress and more likely to survive infancy -Boys achieve the motor milestones of infancy about 2 months later than do girls. -Boys' brains at birth are about 10 percent smaller than girls' brains.
Girls are less reactive to stress and more likely to survive infancy
Which of the following is true of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) measure? -HOME items cannot assess the environmental deficits a toddler may experience -The HOME instrument for infants and toddlers requires 1 day to be administered to the subject -HOME scores are significantly correlated with measures of cognitive development -The HOME instrument avoids the use of a rating on a yes-or-no basis
HOME scores are significantly correlated with measures of cognitive development
Describe two ways in which heredity (inherited characteristics) impacts the development of infants and toddlers. Describe two ways in which environment (culture, experiences) impacts the development of infants and toddlers.
Heredity is the transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through their genes. It influences all aspects of physical appearance such as height, weight, body structure, and intelligence. conversational style and memory others and the environment also shapes how they think and behave Language is one of the
Which of the following statements is true of the long-range effects of prenatal malnutrition? -Children whose mothers had low vitamin D levels late in pregnancy are likely to suffer from osteoporosis later in life -Pregnant women with low zinc levels who take daily zinc supplements are more likely to have babies with small head circumferences. -High folate levels during pregnancy have been associated with later attention-deficit/hyperactivity in 7-to 9-year-old children. -Maternal calorie restrictions put children at high risk of becoming bulimic later in life
High folate levels during pregnancy have been associated with later attention-deficit/hyperactivity in 7-to 9-year-old children.
Which of the following is true about umbilical cord sampling? -It analyzes the tissue from the membrane surrounding the fetus -It is a noninvasive procedure used to detect chromosomal abnormalities. -It involves analyzing amniotic fluid -It allows direct access to fetal DNA.
It allows direct access to fetal DNA.
Which of the following is true of temperament? -It appears to be largely inborn -It is closely related to the age of parents during conception -It is inconsistent over the years -It lacks a genetic basis
It appears to be largely inborn
Which of the following is true of the Apgar scale? -It lacks the ability to assess the severity of a neonate's respiratory immaturity -It is a medical and behavioral assessment of a baby that is performed at least a day after birth. -It indicates a 5-minute score of 3-5 for a vast majority of babies born in the United States. reflecting their excellent condition. -It assesses a baby on dimensions such as appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
It assesses a baby on dimensions such as appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
Which of the following is true about chorionic villus sampling? -It carries a much higher risk of miscarriage than noninvasive procedures -It can provide definitive evidence of a genetic tissue -It involves the insertion of a tiny viewing scope into the mother's uterus -It allows direct access to fetal DNA in the blood vessels of the umbilical cord for diagnosis
It can provide definitive evidence of a genetic tissue
Which of the following is true of conscience in children? -It refers to obedience of a parent's orders in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control\ -It depends on the willingness to do the right thing because a child believes it is right. -It involves a child controlling his or her behavior to conform to a caregiver's demands or expectations -It refers to a child's eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions
It depends on the willingness to do the right thing because a child believes it is right.
Which of the following is true about the placenta? -It helps combat internal infection and gives the unborn child immunity to various diseases -It is connected to the embryo by the fallopian tube -It encases the developing embryo within a fluid-filled membrane, giving the embryo room to move -It contains only maternal tissue
It helps combat internal infection and gives the unborn child immunity to various diseases
In the context of birth defects, which of the following is true of sickle-cell anemia? -Families of Mediterranean descent are primarily at risk for sickle-cell anemia -It is a metabolic disorder resulting in mental retardation -Treatment for sickle-cell anemia involves regular blood transfusions with clotting factors -It increases the susceptibility of at-risk individuals to pneumonia and stroke.
It increases the susceptibility of at-risk individuals to pneumonia and stroke.
Which of the following is true of the phase called "terrible twos" in child development? -It is a universal phenomenon in child development that manifests itself in the same manner across cultures. -It is more evident in those cultures that emphasize collectivism and group welfare rather than personal freedom and choice. -It is closely associated with the value of individualism, and this explains its predominance in the United States. -It is an abnormal phase in child development seen only in cases of acute parental neglect
It is closely associated with the value of individualism, and this explains its predominance in the United States.
Identify the purpose of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. -It is useful for early detection of sensory, neurological, and environmental deficits -It is useful to deal with experiences common to various cultures -It is used to assess the intellectual stimulation and support observed in a child's home -It is useful for measuring fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
It is useful for early detection of sensory, neurological, and environmental deficits
Which of the following is true of prenatal care in the United States? -It is not used by those who are covered by Medicaid policies -It lacks uniform national standards -It has guaranteed financial coverage -It is universal
It lacks uniform national standards
Which of the following is true of the right hemisphere of the brain? -It maintains balance and motor coordination -It is the center of language and logical thinking -It processes visual and spatial information -It is responsible for the sleep-wake cycle
It processes visual and spatial information
Which of the following is true of committed compliance? -It requires intervention of parents -It is often seen in children whose mothers used forms of negative control during infancy -It tends to increase with age -It is a child's eager willingness to cooperate with a parent in a variety of situations
It tends to increase with age
Discuss the role of experiences and social interactions on the cognitive and social development, ages 0-3.
Language is a social act, it requires interaction
Rob believes that vaccinations for children are overrated and are propagated mainly by profit-oriented pharmaceutical companies. Which of the following is the most effective argument to convince Rob of the importance of regular vaccinations for children? -Vaccines are more expensive than many other modes of preventive health care technology -Many controlled diseases have resurged in communities with low rates of vaccination -Some vaccines can cause autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders. -The amount of funding for developing new vaccines has decreased in the past few years
Many controlled diseases have resurged in communities with low rates of vaccination
Which of the following is true about the adverse effects of methamphetamine exposure during prenatal development? -Methamphetamine-exposed children have less white matter in their brains -Methamphetamine-exposed children are extremely overweight at birth -Prenatal methamphetamine-exposure is associated with high blood glucose levels in newborns. -Prenatal exposure to methamphetamines has been linked to unusually large head size in babies
Methamphetamine-exposed children have less white matter in their brains
Which of the following statements about the modern childbirth practices in the United States is true? -A majority of babies are born at home under the supervision of midwives -The prospective father is not allowed to be present while the partner is in labor -Nearly all births occurs in the hospital with a physician attending them -The rates of cesarean births are negligible in the United States
Nearly all births occurs in the hospital with a physician attending them
Define Piaget's concept of object permanence and describe the connection between object permanence and cognitive development.
Object permanence is understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen, heard, or sensed. object permanence may have reflected immature linguistic and motor skills. Piaget may have been mistaken in emphasizing motor experience as the primary engine of cognitive growth. Infants' perceptions are far ahead of their motor abilities
Which of the following is true of the factors involved in the success of socialization? -Two-and-a-half-year-olds whose mothers give in to their requests are better able to resist temptation at age 3 than children whose mothers bargain with them. -Children who have mutually responsive relationships with their mothers at the age of 2 tend to be less likely than other children to show moral emotions in early school age. -Ambivalent attachment seems to foster committed compliance and conscience development in toddlers. -Parents who talk to their 18-to 30-month-old children about emotions tend to have toddlers who are quicker to help others.
Parents who talk to their 18-to 30-month-old children about emotions tend to have toddlers who are quicker to help others.
Dr. Kelly, a renowned child psychologist, treats children with special needs. She examines how these children think and learn about themselves and their world. She also considers how the children coordinate input from their senses and organize their activities according to their environment. Based on the given information, Dr. Kelly is most likely using the ____________ approach. -behaviorist -Piagetian -social-contextual -psychometric
Piagetian
_______________ is the most common cause of intellectual disability and the leading preventable cause of birth defects in the United States. -Prenatal exposure to cocaine -Prenatal exposure to alcohol -Phenylketonuria -Toxoplasmosis
Prenatal exposure to alcohol
List and describe one form of childhood maltreatment. What are some possible long-term effects of maltreatment? Who is most likely to abuse a child?
Shaken baby syndrome can cause bruising, bleeding, and swelling, and can lead to permanent and severe brain damage, paralysis, and even death. Parents who abuse children tend to use harsh or controlling parenting practices and have issues with intimate partner violence.
Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment? -Ann and Jennie are fraternal twins who were reared apart, and only Ann has high blood pressure -Bill and Jim, identical twins, were separated at birth and have many similarities such as obesity, blood pressure, and left-handedness. -Sally was adopted when she was 2 years old, and she has developed a good vocabulary because her adoptive father encourages her to read. -Georgio was adopted at birth and resembles his biological father and brother closely
Sally was adopted when she was 2 years old, and she has developed a good vocabulary because her adoptive father encourages her to read.
Fontanels are present in a neonate's skull to -prevent calcium deposits from damaging cartilage -prevent any damage due to toxoplasmosis -allow the head to pass through the mother's birth canal -allow the draining of cerebrospinal fluid
allow the head to pass through the mother's birth canal
Which of the following statements about memory is likely to be true about Isabelle, a 12-month-old infant? -She has fully functional brain structures responsible for memory storage -She can understand the principles of reversibility =She has developed the capacity for working memory. -She has not yet developed the capacity for implicit memory.
She has developed the capacity for working memory.
Donna, a 32-year-old pregnant woman, is obese and likes to indulge in a diet that is rich in calories. She gains 40 pounds during her pregnancy. Which of the following is most likely to occur? -She will have a normal and safe delivery -She will give birth to a baby with a small head circumference -She will give birth to a low-birth-weight baby -She will face greater difficulty in inducing labor
She will face greater difficulty in inducing labor
Which of the following is true of sibling relationships? -The quality of sibling relationships is more affected by the emotional and social adjustment of the younger child than the older one -Rivalry, hostility, and competition are more common than prosocial and play-oriented behaviors among siblings. -Generally, opposite-sex siblings are closer and play together more peacefully than same-sex pairs. -Siblings who engage in dramatic play develop a history of shared understandings that enable them to more easily resolve issues than those who do not.
Siblings who engage in dramatic play develop a history of shared understandings that enable them to more easily resolve issues than those who do not.
Which of the following statements is true about infertility? -Exposure to environmental pollutants is unlikely to be related to infertility. -High levels of caffeine and alcohol consumption are the leading causes of infertility -Obesity is unlikely to have a negative effect of fertility -Smoking is likely to have a strong negative effect on fertility.
Smoking is likely to have a strong negative effect on fertility.
Which of the following statements about obesity is true? -The risk of obesity is free of environmental risk factors -Studies are yet to ascertain if there is a specific genetic code for obesity -Studies indicate that 40 to 70 percent of the risk of obesity is genetic -Obesity is on the rise in Western countries solely because of a genetic vulnerability to obesity.
Studies indicate that 40 to 70 percent of the risk of obesity is genetic
What is SIDS, and what can be done to minimize its occurrence?
Sudden infant death syndrome, lay the baby flat on their back and remove everything from their sleeping area.
In the context of early growth and physical development, which of the following statements is true about physical growth in human babies? -A boy's height typically increases by 10 inches during the second year. -By the first birthday, babies generally have 20 teeth. -A 3-year-old typically is more potbellied and chubbier than a 2-year-old. -Teething usually begins around 3 or 4 months.
Teething usually begins around 3 or 4 months
Which of the following statements about temperament is correct? -Temperament at age 3 closely predicts aspects of personality at ages 18 and 21. -Temperament is fully formed at birth -Temperament is acquired and is primarily influenced by the external environment. -Temperament, once set, rarely changes.
Temperament at age 3 closely predicts aspects of personality at ages 18 and 21.
Compare and contrast the APGAR Scale and the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.
The APGAR and Brazelton Neonate Assessment are alike in the way that they both assess newborn health. The APGAR assesses Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. The Brazelton Neonate Assessment can be performed any age from new born up to two months while APGAR is normally performed twenty minutes after birth. The APGAR assesses five things while the Brazelton assesses twenty eight items.
Which stage of prenatal development lasts the longest in pregnancy? -The neonatal stage -The germinal stage -The embryonic stage -The fetal stage
The fetal stage
Outline the three distinct stages of prenatal development, and explain the characteristics of each stage.
The germinal stage refers to the first two weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, increasing complexity and differentiation, and implantation in the wall of the uterus.The embryonic stage is the second stage of prenatal development (2 to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and development of major body systems and organs. The fetal stage is the final stage of prenatal development (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size.
Which of the following about down syndrome is true? -The conditions of children with down syndrome can be improved with dietary changes -The risk of having a child with down syndrome rises with the age of the mother -The cognitive functioning of children with down syndrome is normal -Down syndrome is a sex-linked chromosomal disorder
The risk of having a child with down syndrome rises with the age of the mother
Which of the following best illustrates the proximodistal principle of infant development? -The upper arms of infants develop before their fingers develop. -Certain reflexes begin to develop even before birth. -The spinal cord develops before the arms become dexterous and agile -Infants explore the environment using a combination of action and perception.
The upper arms of infants develop before their fingers develop.
Which of the following statements is true of emotions? -They seldom involve any overt behavioral manifestations -Their development follows a relatively standard timeline, beginning in early infancy -They involve purely objective reactions to experience -Their physical manifestations and impact on behavior tend to be similar for all individuals
Their development follows a relatively standard timeline, beginning in early infancy
A cesarean delivery is often needed when a fetus is in the breech position or in the transverse position. -True -False
True
Chromosomal abnormalities typically occur because of errors in cell division. -True -False
True
Epidurals given early allow a woman to participate in the birth process. -True -False
True
In the context of infertility in women being caused by blockage of the fallopian tubes, there is a 50 percent likelihood that the tubes are blocked by scar tissue from sexually transmitted infections -True -False
True
Which of the following is most likely to help mothers with diabetes reduce the risk of diabetes-associated birth defects? -Using multivitamin supplements during the first 3 months of pregnancy -Increasing the intake of leafy green vegetables in the last 3 months of pregnancy -Performing strenuous exercise, including weightlifting, during the first three months of pregnancy. -Consuming a controlled diet rick in protein throughout pregnancy
Using multivitamin supplements during the first 3 months of pregnancy
Which of the following statements about immunizations and young children is true? -The scientific community believes that infants receive too many vaccines for their immune system to handle safely. -In the United States, polio and pertussis largely persist because of limited access to vaccinations for these infections. -Vaccines only work if a high enough proportion of the population is inoculated. -In the United States, even poor children receive all the required shots and there are no regional differences in coverage.
Vaccines only work if a high enough proportion of the population is inoculated.
Researchers influenced by ___________ study how cultural context affects early social interactions that may promote cognitive competence in infants and toddlers. -cognitive neuroscience approach -the information-processing approach -Piaget's cognitive-stage theory -Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
Self-regulation is defined as -a child's attempt to understand an ambiguous situation by seeking out another person's perception of it. -a child's independent control of his or her behavior to conform to social expectations -the process by which an infant and his or her caregiver communicate emotional states to each other and respond appropriately. -the process by which children develop an enduring tie with their caregivers
a child's independent control of his or her behavior to conform to social expectations
A child who is by himself enters his father's office and starts to fiddle with his father's toolbox, even though his father has told him not to. As he is about to reach into the toolbox, he begins to feel guilty and decides to leave the room. This illustrates that the child has developed -a conscience -social referencing -and avoidant attachment -situational compliance
a conscience
Baby Ellen is suspicious of strangers, throws tantrums frequently, and has irregular patterns of waking and sleeping. Which of the following kinds of temperament does she have? -an aroused temperament -a slow-to-warm-up temperament -an easy temperament -a difficult temperament
a difficult temperament
Noah and Ella, a middle-aged couple, have been married for 7 years and have a daughter. They are expecting their second child, and Ella wants to experience the intimate, personal experience of childbirth. They appoint a trained nurse-midwife who is equipped with medical equipment to assist them during childbirth. Which of the following methods is Noah and Ella most likely to use? -a home birth -a lotus birth -a cesarean delivery -a quiet birth
a home birth
Define emotion. Explain why emotions such as pride, shame, and guilt develop late in infancy and toddlerhood.
a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. For a toddler to have these emotions they must develop self-awareness first.
Baby Eddy's schedules are predictable. He adapts easily, is pleasant, and responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have? -difficult temperament -an easy temperament -a slow-to-warm-up temperament -a highly reactive temperament
an easy temperament
A(n) ______________ is a type of smile that develops between 8 and 10 months in which an infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while continuing to smile. -anticipatory smile -social smile -reflex smile -reactive smile
anticipatory smile
The simplest form of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is _________________, and it can facillitate conception if a man has a low sperm count. -ovum transfer -artificial insemination -in vitro fertilization -gamete intrafallopian transfer
artificial insemination
An apgar score of 3 indicates that the baby is -at a high risk for neurological damage -functioning at a level that is slightly below normal -functioning within the normal range -in excellent condition
at a high risk for neurological damage
____________ is defined as a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship. -internalization -temperament -attachment -empathy
attachment
Infant mortality rate refers to the proportion of -stillbirths -miscarriages -babies who die between 2 and 4 years. -babies who die within the first year
babies who die within the first year
Which of the following is necessary for proper depth perception? -monocular cues -binocular coordination -chromatic vision -20/20 visual acuity
binocular coordination
Most of the early reflexes disappear during the first 6 months to 1 year. Reflexes that continue to serve protective functions, such as __________, remain. -rooting, swimming, and placing -grasping, rooting, and sucking -blinking, gagging, and sneezing -swimming, blinking, and rooting
blinking, gagging, and sneezing
Lily, a 1-year-old girl, notices that Kirsten, her mother's friend, often visits them. She knows that her mother accompanies Kirsten every time Kirsten leaves the house. Lily always cries when the ladies go out. One day, seeing Kirsten at the door, Lily starts crying. In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, Lily's behavior most likely exemplifies -operant conditioning -habituation -classical conditioning -latent learning
classical conditioning
The _____________ examines the hardware of the central nervous system to identify what brain structures are involved i specific areas of cognition. -behaviorist approach -social-contextual approach -cognitive neuroscience approach -psychoanalytic approach
cognitive neuroscience approach
Ozzy is celebrating his first birthday. After he blows out the candles, he blows a kiss to his grandmother. Ozzy's attempt to communicate with his grandmother in this manner is an example of a -representational gesture -verbal gesture -telegraphic gesture -conventional social gesture
conventional social gesture
Which of the following is associated with the embryonic stage of prenatal development? -development of the first bone cells -development of the blastocyst -development of the respiratory system -development of the fingernails and toenails
development of the respiratory system
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is a possible outcome of an inadequate resolution of conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust? -a strong sense of predictability and stability -a close attachment with the mother -deficits in cognitive abilities -difficulties in forming quality relationships
difficulties in forming quality relationships
Which of the following occurs during the first stage of childbirth? -expulsion of the placenta -crowning of the head -clamping of the umbilical cord -dilation of the cervix
dilation of the cervix
An experienced helper who provides emotional support to a woman during labor but does not actively participate in the delivery is referred to as a(n) -doula -health-care professional -gynecologist -obstetrician
doula
In the context of the human brain, the cerebellum grows most rapidly -between 2 & 5 years of age -during adolescence -during middle childhood -during the first year of life
during the first year of life
Which of the following emotions is a self-conscious emotion? -joy -embarrassment -anger -distress
embarrassment
Autism is likely to have an environmental basis rather than a genetic basis and shows greater concordance between dizygotic twins than between monozygotic twins. -True -False
false
Birth weight and length of gestation are poor predictors of an infant's survival and health. -True -False
false
Postmature babies tend to be fatter than full-term babies -True -False
false
Women's fertility is less affected by age than men's fertility, but it declines significantly in the late 30s. -True -False
false
Jane is a drug addict, and she continued taking drugs even when she was pregnant with her daughter Sasha. Sasha, now a 2-year-old, looks smaller than other children of her age. She has trouble memorizing faces and things and has difficulties with perception and attention. The problems suffered by Sasha are most likely to be the effects of -Down syndrome -neonate abstinence syndrome -Prader-Willi syndrome -fetal alcohol syndrome
fetal alcohol syndrome
Which of the following is the reason for anencephaly and spina bifida in infants? -opioid consumption by their mothers during pregnancy -a lack of zinc in their mothers' diets during pregnancy -folic acid deficiencies in their mothers' diets during pregnancy -tobacco use by their mothers during pregnancy
folic acid deficiencies in their mothers' diets during pregnancy
The ___________ of prenatal development includes the first 2 weeks of development after fertilization. -germinal stage -fetal stage -embryonic stage -neonatal stage
germinal stage
The order in which the three prenatal stage of development occur is -germinal, fetal, and embryonic -fetal, embryonic, and germinal -germinal, embryonic, and fetal -embryonic, fetal, and germinal
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
Amanda, a middle-aged mother, teaches her son Timothy to tie his shoes. She demonstrates the procedure and then takes her son through the steps until Timothy can perform the task on his own. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, this is an example of -guided participation -receptive cooperation -reciprocal interaction -coregulation
guided participation
Samantha, mother of Luke, a 6-week-old baby, decides to do the dishes. She moves his crib to the kitchen. He lies peacefully in the crib, sucking a pacifier. When she opens the tap, Luke stops sucking and looks in the direction of the running water. After a couple of minutes, he looks away and starts sucking again. In the context of the information-processing approach to cognitive development, this scenario best illustrates -retrieval -habituation -operant conditioning -elicited imitation
habituation
Virginia, a young mother, notices that her baby no longer looks at the picture of the dinosaur on his bedroom wall because of repeated exposure to it. A baby's gradual loss of interest in a particular picture is an evidence of -habituation -operant conditioning -joint attention -classical conditioning
habituation
Recessive defects are expressed only if a child is ____________ for that gene. -azygous -heterozygous -hemizygous -homozygous
homozygous
Which of the following would a newborn most likely prefer? -tangy lemonade -honey -water -broccoli chunks
honey
According to Erik Erikson, a child who develops a predominance of basic trust will have the characteristic of -intimacy -care -love -hope
hope
In the context of the cognitive neuroscience approach to cognitive development, ______________ refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness. -explicit memory -declarative knowledge -procedural knowledge -implicit memory
implicit memory
Dan and Fiona find it difficult to conceive naturally and decide to utilize technology to conceive. Fiona is first given fertility drugs to trigger the production of multiple ova. Her ova are then removed surgically, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and implanted in her uterus. This technique is called -gamete intrafallopian transfer -artificial insemination -surrogacy -in vitro fertilization
in vitro fertilization
Cesarean deliveries are -associated with healthier babies -typically linked to shorter hospital stays. -most common among low-income women -increasing because of the rising proportion of older first-time mothers
increasing because of the rising proportion of older first-time mothers
Intelligence is a trait that is -characterized by a lack of plasticity toward extreme environmental features -determined by a relatively small number of recessive genes -determined from the karyotype of the father -influenced by the effects of large numbers of genes working together
influenced by the effects of large numbers of genes working together
The ____________ to cognitive development in infants focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. -information-processing approach -typological approach -social-contextual approach -behaviorist approach
information-processing approach
Primitive reflexes are related to -reactions to changes in balance -the development of voluntary movements -instinctive needs for survival and protection -reaction to changes in position.
instinctive needs for survival and protection
Unlike psychologists associated with recent findings, Piaget was of the view that -deferred imitation of complex activities exists as early as 6 months -deferred imitation begins with mental representations at 8 to 12 months -invisible imitation of facial expressions is innate -invisible imitation develops around 9 months
invisible imitation develops around 9 months
In the context of the human brain, the left hemisphere -is responsible for respiration and metabolism -processes visual and spatial information -is the center of language and logical thinking -maintains balance and motor coordination
is the center of language and logical thinking
In the context of the information-processing approach, which of the following is true of joint attention? -It develops between 3 and 6 months when babies distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar stimulus -the use of pointing by children to capture the attention of adults around them has no effect on children's language comprehension and production -it is of fundamental importance to social interaction, language acquisition , and the understanding of others' intentions and mental states. -Young children who follow an adult's gaze at 6 months have a smaller vocabulary at 18 months, 2 years, and 2 1/2 years than those who do not.
it is of fundamental importance to social interaction, language acquisition , and the understanding of others' intentions and mental states.
Helena, a 38-year-old woman, delivered a preterm baby boy a week ago. Though the baby was in a delicate condition, the medical expertise of the NICU team was able to save him. The baby is kept under close observation, and for the last 3 days, Helena is being allowed to hold her baby against her bare chest for limited periods of time. The doctors believe that this will help stabilize the baby's heartbeat and forge string bonds between Helena and her son. This scenario illustrates -assisted care -swaddling -kangaroo care -doula care
kangaroo care
_______________ is brought on by a series of uterine, cervical, and other changes that begin about 2 weeks before delivery. -implantation -labor -fertilization -conception
labor
Therese, a neuroscientist, is studying the brain of a patient whose corpus callosum has been severed during a treatment for severe epilepsy. She finds that when images or words are displayed in the right half of his eye's visual field, he can describe them. However, when the images are displayed in the left half of his eye's visual field, he cannot describe them. This scenario illustrates -haptic perception -integration -plasticity -laterilization
laterilization
The adverse effects of nicotine exposure on prenatal development are -restricted to those cases where the mother smokes actively -limited to exposure in the first trimester after conception -linked to secondhand smoke of passive smoking by the mother -limited to minor symptoms such as common cold and bear no impact on long-term development
linked to secondhand smoke of passive smoking by the mother
A few days after birth, many babies develop a yellowish tinge on their skin and eyeballs. These symptoms indicate _______________, which is due to the immaturity of the ________________. -neonatal jaundice; kidneys -anoxia; brain -neonatal jaundice; liver -anoxia; lungs
neonatal jaundice; liver
Macy, a 1-year-old, becomes curious and looks around for her father when he hides behind the door in her room. In the context of Piaget's cognitive-stage theory, Macy is exhibiting -object permanence -habituation -mental combination -operant conditioning
object permanence
Baillargeon's studies on babies' understanding found that -object permanence occurs in infants as young as 3 1/2 months. -vision is particularly important in the development of joint attention. -the more time a baby spends looking at something, the more the baby must like it. -infants in sensorimotor period are unaware of causality
object permanence occurs in infants as young as 3 1/2 months.
Amy, a 7-year-old girl, knows that when she kisses her grandfather on the cheeks, he reaches out and tickles her under her chin. In the context of the behaviorist approach to cognitive development, Amy's behavior most likely illustrates -maturation -habituation -adverse conditioning -operant conditioning
operant conditioning
Louise's blue eyes and petite frame are the observable characteristics that comprise her -genotype -alleles -phenotype -genetic imprint
phenotype
When police ask a witness to describe an assailant and the witness says that the assailant is tall with black, curly hair, the witness is describing the assailant's -alleles -genotype -genetic pattern -phenotype
phenotype
An individual's ____________ consists of his or her observable traits; an individual's _________ is his or her underlying genetic makeup. -dominant inheritance; homozygosis -incomplete dominance; phenotype -phenotype; genotype -dominant inheritance; recessive inheritance
phenotype;genotype
The _____________, which contains both maternal and embryonic tissue, develops in the uterus to allow oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between the mother and the embryo. -ovarian follicle -placenta -ectoderm -amniotic sac
placenta
Madeline, a 35-year-old woman, is pregnant with her third child. She has completed 42 weeks of gestation but has not experienced any labor pain or contractions. Her doctor performs a cesarean delivery to save the baby. The baby is longer and thinner than other normal babies and has the size of a normal 1-month-old. Madeline's baby is a _____________ baby. -postmature -low-birth-weight -stillborn -preterm
postmature
A method of childbirth that seeks to reduce or eliminate the use of drugs, enable both parents to participate fully, and control perceptions of pain is called -prepared childbirth -a forceps delivery -medicated childbirth -cesarean response training
prepared childbirth
The overall improvement in U.S. infant mortality rates since 1990 is attributable largely to -prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -reduction of cesarean births -reduction of miscarriages and preterm births -prevention of toxoplasmosis
prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
According to the _____________ of growth, development proceeds from parts near the center of the body to outer ones. -cephalocaudal principle -rostrodorsal principle -dorsoventral principle -proximodistal principle
proximodistal principle
The expression of emotions such as embarrassment, shame, and envy -develops simultaneously with other emotions such as joy and fear -focuses on the bad self rather than on the bad act -requires the development of self-awareness -develops within a year after birth
requires the development of self-awareness
When a baby turns its head toward a soft touch on the cheek and begins to search for a nipple, it is demonstrating the ____________ reflex. -grasping -sucking -rooting -Moro
rooting
Simone and Kumar were both 19 years old when Simone conceived for the first time. During the third month of her pregnancy, Simone suffered trauma because of her elder brother's untimely death in a tragic road accident. After carrying the baby to term, Simone gave birth to a baby boy. The baby is at an increased risk of -phenylketonuria -Tay-Sachs disease -schizophrenia -polycystic kidney disease
schizophrenia
Research on visual recognition memory demonstrates that very young infants -cannot discriminate between new patterns and familiar patterns -attend to new and familiar patterns with the same amount of time and attention -prefer familiar patterns to new ones -tend to prefer new sights to familiar ones
tend to prefer new sights to familiar ones
Environmental agents that can interfere with normal prenatal development are called -estrogens -progestins -androgens -teratogens
teratogens
Which of the following motor skills do infants have at birth? -the ability to hold their heads erect while being held -the ability to roll over on their backs -the ability to sit without support -the ability to turn their heads from side to side
the ability to turn their heads from side to side
Baby Arnold first learned to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. Which principle of development does this sequence demonstrate? -the cephalocaudal principle -the reverse principle -the proximodistal principle -the rostroventral principle
the cephalocaudal principle
Which of the following principles of growth dictates that development proceeds from the head to the lower part of the trunk? -the orthogenetic principle -the cephalocaudal principle -the proximodistal principle -the dorsoventral principle
the cephalocaudal principle
The end of the second stage of childbirth is indicated by -the urge to push the baby -contractions that occur every 2 to 5 minutes -the emergence of the baby from the mother's body -the expulsion of the placenta
the emergence of the baby from the mother's body
In the context of assisted reproductive technology (ART), artificial insemination by a donor recommended when -the male partner is infertile -the production of multiple ova needs to be stimulated -there is an increased risk for children of a multiples birth -there is no female partner
the male partner is infertile
Research on intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns has shown that -adults with insecure attachment representations tend to show little amygdala activation and respond with less irritation than do securely attached adults to infant cries. -mothers who grow up with a working model of themselves are especially attuned and sensitive to their babies' attachment behaviors. -mothers who report an insecure attachment style show greater activation in areas of the brain when viewing their own infant's smiling face than do other mothers. -the way adults recall their early experiences with their own parents is likely to influence the way they respond to their own children
the way adults recall their early experiences with their own parents is likely to influence the way they respond to their own children
According to the cephalocaudal principle, the -lower parts of the body develop before the upper parts -order of development of body parts depends on environmental influences. -upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts -upper and lower parts of the body develop simultaneously
upper parts of the body develop before the lower parts
The tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another is called -habituation -divided attention -visible imitation -visual preference
visual preference
Lucas, a 5-month old baby, has a blue bowl from which his mother feeds him. When his mother keeps his bowl and a pink bowl next to each other, Lucas stares at the pink bowl more than he stares at the blue bowl. In the context of the information-processing approach, Lucas is exhibiting -primary circular reactions -visual recognition memory -visible imitation -guided participation
visual recognition memory
According to Erik Erikson, the strength that emerges because of the favorable resolution of autonomy versus shame and doubt is -love -fidelity -hope -will
will
