CHLD-3304.783 Experimental Psychology

8. Which of the following describes a stratified random sample?

60% of the population is left-handed so 60% of the subjects chosen are also left-handed

15. What would you recommend Pepsi-Cola do differently?

Sample consumers from across the nation to ensure that people who like limes and min and those who do not respond....

1. The difference is scores that occurs when we test a sample drawn from a population is called _____

Sampling error

2. A risk-benefit analysis involves _______

Showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risk

5. Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error?

Simple random sample

Asking individuals to rate how often each of 20 items related to depression symptoms occurs in their daily lives is an example of what type of data collection technique?

Survey-chapter 4

9. The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in all of the following EXCEPT

The study being extended because of adverse effects on the participants

1. Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. Sarah suggests that actually, parenting probably causes both introversion and attendance at social activities. Sarah is suggesting that parenting is a(n)

Third Variable

15. Studies with the highest amount of risk receive full review by the IRB, meaning that each member of the IRB will review the research proposal

True

9. Which of the following does not require that you know the chances that any one individual will be selected?

Volunteer/Convenience samples

A psychologist investigating the research question "Which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting __________ research.

applied

The testability canon of the scientific method states that

explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrect

3. Correlational studies are the same as quasi-experiments.

false

Using records of car crashes where individuals were not wearing seatbelts to measure use of seatbelt behavior is an example of which observation technique?

archival observations-chapter 4

Susan's dad told her Santa Claus exists and she believes him. Which way of knowing is Susan using?

authority

5. ______ refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study.

beneficence

2. Participants in Lulu's study are randomly assigned to relaxation therapy or cognitive restructuring. Differences in test anxiety are measured following exposure to either condition. This example best illustrates what type of design?

between-subjects

7. Correlational studies are not well-suited for answering ____ research questions

casual

12. A Likert scale is an example of a(n) _____ response scale?

closed-ended

14. Forcing participants to participate in research without their consent is called

coercion

6.In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of _________ in the experiment.

conditions

8.An extraneous factor is also called a(n)

confounding variable

12. studies with children generally require ______

consent from a parent or guardian

Suppose a psychologist developed a test to measure intelligence, but this test was poorly developed and really only measured how well people perform on standardized tests (in other words, it's a measure of test-taking ability and not intelligence). This test would lack __________.

construct validity.-chapter 5

7. _________ can be used to counter order effects

counterbalancing

3. According to ethical guidelines, at the end of their participation participants should be fully informed about the purpose of the study and given an explanation of any deception that was used. This process is called __________.

debriefing

8. In many cases, researchers do not fully disclose the purpose of the study to reduce _____ characteristics where the participants may alter their behavior based on their perceptions of the study's purpose or hypothesis

demand

3.Which of the following research questions can be answered using an experimental design?

does mindfulness meditation increase concentration

15. When a question such as, "Do you feel anxious often and talk to others about it," appears on a survey it is called a __________ question.

double-barreled

When we ask people to complete a survey we are using __________ to learn about behavior.

empiricism

11. Which of the following would help control for bias in a pre-test post-test design?

including a control group that does not receive the treatment

10. Manipulation of an independent variable in a study _________ the internal validity of the study.

increase

14. Random assignment is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and ________ the internal validity of the experiment.

increase

13.Without including multiple __________ variables in a single experiment, we would not be able to detect the different effects a factor might have on behavior in different situations.

independent

When different observers of behavior record the behavior in a similar way, the measure is said to have good __________.

inter-rater reliability-it is in both chapters 4 and 5

Ruling out alternative explanations for results increases the _________ validity, whereas increasing the realism of the behaviors examined in a study increases the __________ validity

internal, external-Chapter 4

6. A researcher might use a quasi-experimental design when the independent variable

is an individual difference

6. Fair selection of participants is covered by the principle _______

justice

Observing children while they play on a playground involves __________ observation whereas observing children complete a special memory task under controlled conditions involves __________ observation.

naturalistic; systematic-chapter 4

Roger studies the best user interface for people-computer interactions. Roger's research is

Applied

External validity is typically more important for ______________ research than _________ research.

Applied; basic

The goal of this type of research is to answer questions about the most fundamental processes of thought and behavior.

Basic research

1. Informed Consent Involves

Both B and C

"Does lack of sleep cause depression?" is an example of a ________ research question.

Causal

A variable that affects the results of the study, but is not a variable of interest in the study is called a(n) _____________ variable.

Confounding-both chapters 4 and 5

A researcher who examines the relationship between individuals' tooth flossing frequency and the incidence of heart disease in these individuals is using the ___________ research design.

Correlational-chapter 4

14. The Pepsi-Cola company uses a survey to determine whether consumers enjoy their new Mint-Lime flavored soda. People in New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas are asked to try the beverage and respond to a survey. The cola is big hit. Pepsi decides to put the cola on the market but is surprised when sales are less favorable than projected. What bias influenced their finding

Coverage error

If a researcher makes a hypothesis for a study based on results that were reported in previous studies, they are making a __________ hypothesis.

Data-Driven

If a researcher makes a hypothesis for a study based on results that were reported in previous studies, they are making a __________ hypothesis.

Data-Driven Chapter 2

Predicting that a dog should breathe because all mammals breathe and all dogs are mammals is an example of __________ reasoning.

Deductive

A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a

Descriptive research question

Imagine that Susan and Steve always argue on Friday nights but not much during the rest of the week. Susan thinks to herself, 'There must be a reason we fight so often on Fridays. I am going to identify the cause!'. Susan is relying on which scientific canon to try to solve her argument problem?

Determinism

5..What does random assignment ensure?

Difference in the dependent variable will not be due to systematic differences between people by condition

Darla believes that dogs are aggressive. She always notices mean dogs and often ignores or doesn't remember nice, friendly dogs. What is Darla doing?

Exhibiting confirmation bias

A researcher who examines the causal relationship between amount of exercise (randomly assigned as 30 min per day or none) and memory abilities is using the ___________ research design.

Experimental-chapter 4

This term refers to the degree to which the results of a study apply to people in the real world

External validity

A researcher travels around the world looking at swans. Based on all her observations she concludes that all swans are white. She used what type of reasoning?

Inductive - Chapter 2

"Santa Claus exists! I feel it in my gut!" exclaimed Susan. Which way of knowing is she using?

Intuition

McBride 3

McBride 3

McBride 4

McBride 4

McBride 5

McBride 5

McBride 6

McBride 6

13. I ask a number of people to volunteer to respond to a survey about the volleyball court at UTPB. My results, obtained from 15 students who were willing to complete my survey, indicate that the volleyball court is a cherished and well utilized space on campus. One potential bias in my survey may result from __________.

Non-response error

A researcher who examines the difference in anxiety level between individuals who smoke and those who do not smoke is using the ___________ research design.

Quasi-experimental (ex post factor design)

3. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Participants aged 60 and older who responded to an ad in the local newspaper were recruited for the study. All of the participants were presented with the same study list. Then, half of the participants used a treadmill and the other half solved puzzles for 20 minutes. Then, all participants completed a recognition test for the study list. Which sampling technique was used for this study?

Volunteer/convenience sample

6. Which of the following describes a cluster sample?

a group of students in a local preschool class are selected as a sample to represent all preschoolers in the area

2. Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. This finding represents

a negative relationship

2. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Participants aged 60 and older who responded to an ad in the local newspaper were recruited for the study. All of the participants were presented with the same study list. Then, half of the participants used a treadmill and the other half solved puzzles for 20 minutes. Then, all participants completed a recognition test for the study list. What is the most likely population for this study?

adults over the age of 60

4. Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by _______

an review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB)

12.A test for an interaction effect compares means for

the levels of one independent variable against the levels of another independent

13. Expedited studies need to be reviews by only ____ member of the IRB, which speeds the process of review

one

14. In correlational research multiple measures are collected from _______ group(s) of subjects to determine if those measures co-vary.

one

9.At minimum, how many independent variables must be included in a study in order for it to be classified as an experiment?

one

9. A relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with an increase in the other variable is called

positive relationship

11. The development and validation of surveys is called __________.

psychometrics

5. Quasi-experimental designs are similar to experiments except that they lack

random assignment

The difference between an independent variable and a quasi-independent or subject variable is that the quasi-independent variable lacks __________.

random assignment.-chapter 5

1. Which of the following is not necessary for true experimental design?

random sampling

10. Pre-test post-test designs are quasi-experiments when they do not contain a:

randomly assigned control groups

13. This can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average—the next time they are tested, they are more likely to score near their personal average, making scores unreliable.

regression toward the mean

8. Analyses that allow predictions include

regressions

If I set my alarm to read 8:10 when it is really 8:00 (i.e., it is 10 min fast) and the alarm goes off each day when it reads 8:10, it will be ___________ but not ___________

reliable; valid.-chapter 5

7. Informed consent is an important element of the principle of ______

respect for persons

7. When the lifeguard analyzed his data from his survey of children he found that no one reported peeing in the pool over the summer. The lifeguard concluded that the item was likely biased because of _______________.

social desirability

4. Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population at random such that the proportions of members of different groups are the same in the population and the sample?

stratified random sample

which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals at random from pre-existing groups within the populations

stratified random sample

12. These occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing.

testing effects

10. The first APA ethical code was based on ____

the Nuremberg code

11. Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted

the benefit of the research must outweigh the risk

A study is conducted to examine the effect of timing instructions on test scores. Participants in the study are asked to complete a simple math test with either time limit instructions (i.e., the participants are told they must complete the test within 3 minutes) or no time limit instructions (i.e., the participants are not given a time limit for the test). Participants are randomly assigned to one of the instruction types. The independent variable in this study is __________.

time limit instructions-chapter 5

10. All studies, regardless of sampling technique are subject to sampling error

true

4. Correlational studies lack true independent variables.

true

15. In the simplest type of pre-test post-test design, a behavior is measured

twice

11.In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s).

two

15. In this design, subjects' scores in one condition are compared with their scores in the other condition.

within-subject design

4.Participants in Mary's study are randomly assigned to hear sexist jokes and see sexist ads. Some see the jokes first and then the ads while other see the ads first and the jokes second. This examples best illustrates what type of design?

within-subjects