Chp 3: Politics

8. 1964: Freedom Summer

a. 1000 SNC volunteers (mostly white college students) trained in non violent tactics and sent to Mississippi to increase black voter registration and bring quality education b. Met with mass arson, beatings, deaths

Felon disenfranchisement

a. 5.3 million American citizens are denied the right to vote because of felon conviction b. Link to racial domination

1. Civil Rights Movement

a. A collection of organizations and people who carried out political acts in dismantling the white power structure by abolishing racial segregation, non-white disenfranchisement, and economic exploitation b. Galvanized by lynching of Emmett Till

3. Montgomery Bus Boycott

a. Began a few days after Rosa said no on December 1 1955 b. Organized by the Women's Political Council c. Led to King being nominated as head of the Montgomery Improvement Association d. Lasted for more than a year e. November 15: 1956: Supreme Court outlaws racial segregation on buses

Threat Hypothesis

a. Compared to whites who live in racially homogenous areas, whites who live near nonwhites are more likely to develop racist attitudes about nonwhite people

7. Freedom Rides of 1961

a. Congress of Racial Equity (CORE)—white and black young activists—decided to ride from DC to New Orleans b. Got to Birmingham before they were attacked by white mobs, re-started, beaten again in Montgomery

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a. Cracked legal discrimination b. Outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, religion, sex or national origin in hotels, theaters, transportation, restaurants, and the workplace

White Backlash

a. Direct response to the Civil Rights Movement; more covert forms of discrimination

United Farm Workers of America

a. Founded as part of Chávez's movement to protect migrant workers against exploitation b. A labor union i. Won contracts that secured fair working conditions such as rest periods, access to clean water, and pension plans

2. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

a. Founded in 1909 by black and white intellectuals b. Dominant black protest organization that preceded the modern Civil Rights Movement c. A formal bureaucratic organization based in NY that did battle with racial domination primarily in the courts

4. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

a. Founded in 1957 as an evolution of the MIA

12. American Indian Movement

a. Founded in 1968 b. Pan-Indian organization encouraging activists to partake in acts of civil disobedience

Substantive Representation

a. Genuine political representation marked by a correspondence between the goals of nonwhite representatives and those of nonwhite citizens b. Not satisfied until both kinds of diversity are met

Implicit Racial Appeals

a. How politicians secure white support b. Work better than explicit in more than one way; even "progressive" whites internalize a degree of racial resentment

5. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

a. Incorporated politically mobilized young people to the Civil Rights Movement

10. Voting Rights Act of of 1965

a. Johnson prohibited voter discrimination, outlawed literacy tests, and gave the federal government the power to oversee voter registration

American Racially Polarized Electorate

a. Majority of Whites GOP; nonwhites vote Democrat consistently b. Because candidates can count on the "loyalty" of poor whites (GOP) and nonwhites (Dem) they often won't cater policies to them and their voices will go unheard

9. Selma to Montgomery March

a. March 7, 1965 b. Immediately attacked by Sheriff's department i. "Bloody Sunday" c. End of the month, King + thousands more volunteers set off to march again d. Traveled 54 miles over 4 days

Social Movement that Need Not Speak its Name

a. Middle of the ground white inherent interests b. When faced with legislation that supports racial equality, most whites come together to oppose such measures, acting as a solidified political force that usually dissipates once the threat is eliminated

27. Pan-ethnic Movements

a. Modern movements based on a unified racial identity that transcends ethnic, national, or religious differences

Coded Language

a. Often used by right wing politicians to defend the white power structure implicitly

28. Reparations

a. Some from of compensation to nonwhites for past wrongs

Civil Society

a. The area of social life where we find public debate, community organizing, and citizen-led political mobilization

Gerrymandering

a. The process by which elected politicians redraw and manipulate the borders of political districts to secure political advantage b. Supreme Court deemed race-based gerrymandering illegal with Shaw v. Reno (1993) and Miller v. Johnson (1995)

Superficial Representation

a. The process of appointing to political positions nonwhites disconnected from the needs and problems of most nonwhite citizens b. Diversity in skin color, not political voice

Discursive co-optation

a. The strategic act of borrowing, manipulating, and deploying terms and ideas originally developed by political opponents b. Right wing politics using the CR Movement against itself

Tyranny of the Majority

a. Tocqueville's observation that our political system is often steered by majority interests that overrun minority rights and concerns

23. Principle-Implementation Gap

a. White disapproval of discrimination as a concept but refusal to support federal programs aimed at combating these problems

6. Sit-ins

you kno what a fukin sit in is you dumbshytt a. Greensboro 4 on February 1, 1960